Biography
"As Mamay has passed," this proverb is still often used in Russian speech. It is used when it comes to devastation, defeating. This is one of the few expressions of the era of the Kulikov battle, when Dmitry Donskoy broke the Mamaevo army.Childhood and youth
Maama's biography has a large number of white spots, because more than 6 centuries passed from its appearance. Presumably, born in 1335 in the capital of the Golden Horde, the city of Saray-Batu. Rode was from the Mongolian tribe, they confessed Islam. The name is an ancient Turkic version of Mohammed.
A successful marriage with the daughter of Khan Golden Horde allowed Mama in 1357 to take the post of Becoughbek: led by the Supreme Court, the army and led foreign policy affairs. Without marriage to Tulunbek, Mamaim would not allow so high rank.
Golden Horde
In 1359, after the murder of the father-in-law of Berdibek Khan Kulpoy, Mamay declares war. From that moment on, the so-called "Great Jam" in Horde begins. Since Mamay was not a Genghisid, He could not take the title of Khan. Then in 1361 he proclaimed the White Horde Khan (parts of the Golden Horde, the second part was called blue) of his own ash. Abdullah, originating from the genus Batum.
This step caused protests of other applicants for power, Mama from 1359 to 1370 had to fight with nine khans: by 1366 he was able to control the western part of the state, from the right bank of the Volga to the Crimea. Periodically, he owned the capital, the city of Sarame. In the foreign policy, Mamay focused on rapprochement with European states - Venice, Genieta, the Grand Durability of Lithuania and others.
In 1370, the protege of Abdullah died, allegedly, by Maima's hand. Mohammed Bulak, an eight-year-old boy from the genus Batouds rose to his place. De Yura, he ruled the self-proclaimed Mamaevaya Horde until 1380, until he died in the Kulikov battle. In fact, Mamai mistaken, without taking the Khan title.
The relations of a darkness with Moscow developed in different ways. In the early years, Mamay's reign supported the capital, in 1363, a contract for reducing Dani was signed with Metropolitan Alexia. Moscow Prince Dmitry recognized the power of Mamia and Khan Abdullah.
However, in 1370, Mamai selected his great principality and handed over to Mikhail Tver. A year later, Dmitry and a personal visit visited the Bekstolebeck residence and returned a label. The enmity of the two states aggravated after in 1374, the Tatar squad was beaten in Nizhny Novgorod, which was accompanied by Maama's ambassadors. The "great warmth" began, the ending with which only Kulikovsky battle was put.
In 1377, the young Khan Golden Horde Tukhtamam began to dismiss the Earth: in the spring of 1378 conquered the eastern part, the blue of the Horde. Following, he went to the western part, White Horde, where Mamay's actually ruled. By the beginning of the 1380 year, Tokhtamysh managed to return the entire territory of the Golden Horde, only the Crimea and the Northern Black Sea region remained under control.
In such difficult conditions, Mamay makes a decision to organize a campaign on Russia to collect more tribute. Taking into account the fact that the troops of the Horde were overlooked, for the money of the ruler advisors, mercenaries were taken - Circassians, Genoese and others. The culmination of the fight against Rusichs becomes the battle of the Kulikov field, which occurred on September 8, 1380. The head of the Russian troops was the Moscow Prince Dmitry Donskoy.
Modern scientists disagrees into views on the assessment of the number of the Golden Troops. Some say that Maama had 60 thousand people, others believe that from 100 to 150 thousand troops of Dmitry Donskoy, first evaluated in 200-400 thousand people, and later dropped to 30 thousand archaeologists, which carried out excavations on the sticker field, We are confident that on both sides it was from 5 to 10 thousand participants, and the battle lasted not 3 hours, as described in the chronicles, and 20-30 minutes.
Information about the battle was preserved in four written sources: "Zadonshchyna", "Tale of Mamaev Battle", "Brief Chronicle Tale about the Kulikov Battle", "The Spring Chronicles of the Kulikov Battle." The term "Kulikovskaya battle" in science introduced N. M. Karamzin in the "Story of the Russian State".
The troops agreed in the area of failure of the river Uploaded to Don, now it is the territory of the Tula region. For a long time, the reason for the absence of burials on the stalk field remained a mystery, the excavations ended with the finds of weapons. However, in 2006, thanks to the new georadara, they found alleged fraternal burials of the victims. The lack of bone remains explained by the chemical activity of the chernozem, which quickly destructs the fabrics.
On the morning of September 8, the troops waited until the fog will be dispelled. The battle began with small clashes, after which there was a famous match of Alexander Perevaste with a lubeem, in which both were killed. Dmitry Donskoy first observed the battle in the guard regiment, then stood in the ranks, changing clothes with a Moscow boyarian.
Mamay watched the battle from afar. As soon as he realized that the army was defeated, and the landing regiment of Russians finishing the remnants of his warrior, Tatars, headed by the ruler, turned to flight. The proclaimed young khan, in which Mamai was a beckerbeck, died on the battlefield.
From September 9 to September 16, the dead were buried on the field. On a fraternal grave, a church was built, which was not preserved to the present day. Since 1848, a monument for the project A. P. Bryullov has been standing on the Kulikov field. Historians believe that Dmitry Donskov's victory in the Kulikov field brought around Russia to liberate from foreign domination. For the Horde, the defeat of Mama contributed to its consolidation under the rule of the Unified Khan Takhtamysh.
After the defeat on the Kulik, the Mamay field tried to collect the army again to take revenge on Dmitry Donskoy. However, it was not possible to take another blow to Russia, because Khan Tukhtysh was actively trying to win the latest possessions of Maama.
In September 1380, Mama Mamia and Tokhtamysh army met in the battle of "on Kalki". According to the preserved memories, there was no direct battle - the main part of Mamaeva troops simply moved to the side of Tukhtamysh. Mamay did not decide to resist them, escaped to the Crimea. With the victory of Tukhtamysh, a long-term civil war ended, and the Golden Horde became a single state.
Personal life
Mother's senior wife took Tulunbek, the daughter of Khan Golden Horde Berdibek. The marriage was beneficial for the dark, he was assigned the title of Khan's son-in-law, "Gurgen". Thanks to the proximity to Berdibek Mamai, he received the post of Beclabek - the first minister. This is the highest rank that "non-camping" could apply.
In 1380, after Mamay lost in the battle at Kalka, he fled to the Crimea, where he was killed. Tulunbek, along with a harem - younger wives - got tichtamusha. He made a decision to marry the widow Mamaha to increase its own legitimacy in the eyes of the metropolitan nobility.
Six years later, against Tokhtamysh made a conspiracy, the information about which was not preserved. Probably, he was trying to replace his descendant Batu on the throne. It is believed that the participants of the conspiracy were the adherents of Mamay led by Tulunbek. Tukhtamama executed his wife, suspecting in treason.
To say exactly how many children were, it does not seem possible. It is known that one of his sons, Mansur Kiyatovich, after the death of his father left the Crimea and created an autonomous principality between the Grand Lithuanian principality and the Golden Ord, which subsequently became part of Lithuanian.
His son Alex in 1392 accepted Orthodoxy, having received the name Alexander. He married his own son on the princess Anastasia Ostrog. The second descendant of Mansur, the Skider, became the head of the Polovtsy in the western part of the Northern Black Sea region.
In the 16th century, the princes began to be called in the official Lithuanian documents of Glinsky, by the name of the city of Glinsk, where the residence was located. Presumably, this is modern gold. Glinsky - the fascinated Lithuanian genus, from which Elena Glinskaya occurred, the mother of Ivan Grozny. Thus, one of the descendants of Math was the Grand Duke of Moscow and All Russia.
The genus Dashkevichi, Vishnevetsky, Ruzhinsky, Ostrog, also consider the descendants of Maths. These princely surnames played an important role in the formation of a modern Zaporozhye.
Another descendant of becolebek is the Ukrainian Cossack Mamay. In 2003, the film directed by Olesya Sanina was released about the latter. The painting is based on the author's version of the emergence of the legend about the Ukrainian Mama. Half the ribbon budget amounted to personal savings director.
Death
At the time of the death of Mama was 45 years old, the cause of death is murder. There are several legends about how Mamai died. It is known that after the defeat from Tokhtamysh's troops, Mamai fled to the fortress of Cafu (modern Feodosia). He had accumulated wealth with him. Genoese residents living in the fortress, first accepted it in exchange for a part of the treasure, and then killed on the order of Tichtamysh.
According to other data, Maama passed to Tokhtamysh, who did his own life of Becoughbek. Han buried him with all the honors, the grave is presumably located in Sheikh Mama (the modern name - the village of Aivazovskoye, not far from Feodosia). Kurgan accidentally discovered the artist I. K. Aivazovsky. According to other data, Mamay's Mamay is buried (modern urban settlement Old Crimea).
There is a legend that the Domnika Mama was buried in golden armor in the mound, called in his honor, which is located on the territory of the modern city of Volgograd. Numerous excavations at the Mamaev Kurgan version were not confirmed, the tomb was not found. Currently, Mamaev Kurgan is known as the monument-ensemble "Heroes of the Stalingrad Battle".
Memory
- 1955 - Karyshkovsky P. O. "Kulikovskaya battle"
- 1981 - Shennikov A. A. "Principality of descendants of Mamaia"
- 2010 - Kuneshaev R. Yu. "Mamai: the story of" Anti-Hero "in history (the 630th anniversary of the Kulikovsky battle is dedicated)"
- 2010 - Kuneshaev R. Yu. "Mamai Chronicle and Mother's historical (attempt to spread stereotypes)"
- 2012 - Pucalov A.V. "To the question of the nominal coins of Mamaia"