Biography
As far as anxious, a painful impression leaves the reader the novel "The Sun of the Dead", the same bright, complete peace of mind gives rise to the reading of the "summer of the Lord". These unlike each other book made Ivan Shmeleva recognized by the author not only in his homeland, but also abroad.
The Russian writer, who survived the early death of his father, confrontation with the royal censorship, the murder of his son and forced farewell from his native land, nominated twice to receive the Nobel Prize, but did not become a laureate. The writer spent the last years of life in poverty in emigration. In 2000, the remains of Schmelev delivered to Russia and reburied in the capital.
Childhood and youth
Despite the fact that Grandfather Ivan Schmelev in the Father's line was a peasant from the province to Moscow, the future writer was born in a secured family. His Pope Sergei Ivanovich sorted out to the legacy of the debts and organized the artel carpenters. He also belonged to several baths. In the spouse, he chose his daughter to the merchant Evlampia Savinov. October 3 (according to the old style - September 21), 1873, his wife gave him a son, who was named Ivan in honor of the grandfather.
With a cold and strict mother's relationship, Ivan's relationship was always cool, although it was the Evlampia Gavrilovna, who gained education at the Institute of Noble Maiden, taught her son to read Russian classics. More time, the boy spent with his father and hired masters. There was among them and Mikhail Pankratovich Gorkin - an ardent adherent of Orthodoxy, in the elderly he left the job and at the request of Sergey Ivanovich looked at her little Wanney. It is believed that under his influence and formed the interest of Schmelev to religion.
When the boy was 7 years old, the father fell from the horse and could not recover. Mother remained alone with six children. Lived on receipts from bath; In addition, they leased the third floor of the house and basement. Happy, serene the time of childhood finally ended, when at 11 years old Vanya was transferred from the private boarding room, which was standing next to the house, to the first Moscow gymnasium. His student in it later recalled as the most difficult period of youth. "Cold, dry people," he will write about teachers later.
Due to the impressiveness and conflicts with teachers in a couple of years, Shmelev replaced the place of study. He graduated from the sixth Moscow gymnasium in 1894, while the student did not take half of the score to the gold medal. Shmelev comes to Moscow University at the Faculty of Jurisprudence, and a year later in the journal "Russian Review" published a work "at the mill" - sketching provides the young man a literary debut.
Literature
Inspired by the first publication, two years later, Shmelev decides to publish a collection of stories "on the cliffs of Valaam". Material The author gathered on a trip to the monastery. But the royal censor does not allow for printing the work, forcing the writer to remove critical passages. Published taking into account the comments of the censors of the essay leave readers indifferent, and the disappointed author takes a pause in creativity, which is delayed for 9 years.
Having received an education and served the year in the army, the shmelev and his wife and his son moved to Vladimir. The writer works as an official for special assignments under the Vladimir Kazan Chamber of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. Since 1905, Ivan Sergeevich renews work on works and writes Maxim Gorky asking for some of them. The author creates stories and stories, in the center of which is "Little Man."
Returning to the capital, the shmelev in 1909 joins the environment. The literary circle included Ivan Bunin, Alexander Kuprin and other authors, as well as Fedor Shalyapin. The writers unite not only meetings, but also cooperation with the "writers of writers in Moscow", whose co-founders are Bunin and Shmelev.
In 1911, a story "Man from the Restaurant" is published. After 16 years, the adaptation of the work, drawing the fall of the morals, created by the Soviet director Yakov Protazanov. By 40 years, Shmelev becomes known as the author of essays and leads on merchant and peasantry. Describing the sodes, seeing his heavy life, the writer with approval meets the events of February 1917. However, the conformity of confusion and ensuing violence quickly turn hopes into disappointment and horror.
Seeing the destruction of not only the foundations of statehood, but also moral rural, the growing of cruelty and chaos, the bumblebee with his wife and son, the officer of the royal army, who fought on the front of the First World War, leaving in Crimea. Here the family acquires the house and the plot, Ivan Sergeevich writes the story dedicated to the events of the Civil War "as it was" and starts the story "Alien Blood". But the bumblebee shortly manages to stay away from the tragic events. The Red Army occupies Crimea and, despite the efforts and letters of the Father, 25-year-old Sergey Shmelev executed.
The writer whose life is broken by a loss, holds two more years on the peninsula, and then immigrates to Europe. At first he stops in Berlin, and then moved to Paris. In the capital of France, Shmelev will hold the balance of life.
Soon after the move, the "Sun of the Dead" - a novel, drawing the inhumanity of revolutionary events in Russia. "Read this if you have enough courage," said the work of the German writer Thomas Mann, and Alexander Solzhenitsyn described him as "This Certificate of Bolshevism", which reports "despair and universal death of the first Soviet years."
Fearing for the fate of the Motherland, seeing the destruction of the centuries of the formable culture and substitution of values, the shmelev creates stories-pamphlets. In the second half of the 20th critical motives, nostalgia is replaced by the old way. "Lunch for different", "Russian Song" - these stories are filled with bright descriptions of Orthodox holidays, life, traditions.
The top of this stage becomes a story "Bogomol" and the novel "Summer Lord". It is noteworthy that the works were created in parallel. Both books have gained great popularity among Russian emigrants.
With sincerity and warmth, the author resurrects the atmosphere of childhood, and with it - lost pre-revolutionary Russia. For the first time, the "summer of the Lord" is published in 1933 in Belgrade, "Bogomol" - in 1935 there. At the homeland of Shmelev, books are in the world only in the late 80s.
The last period of creativity of the Russian writer was marked by a strengthened longing in his homeland. Shmelev adds to the memoirs of the pea of 1896 and creates an essay "Old Valaam". In 1936, using the Genre of said, the novel "Nanny from Moscow" writes, the main heroine in which the elderly woman is in favor of going to emigration.
Shmelev So hated the Bolshevik regime that he took the invasion of the fascists in the USSR as God's Providence. In a letter to Philosopher Ivan Ilyin, Germany's attack called "the feat of a knight, raised the sword on the devil" and expressed the hope that the overthrow of the power of the Communists will open the way for the spiritual and moral revival of the country.
In 1948, Ivan Sergeevich began work on the novel "The Way of Heaven." The work remained unfinished due to the death of the author, but according to the chapters created it is obvious that he wanted to show the exercise of God's fishery in the real world.
In the Soviet period, the work of Shmelev was regarded as anti-Soviet. Publish the books of the emigrant writer began only in restructuring. In 1993, a house-museum was opened in Alushta, and soon the author earned recognition in his homeland.
Personal life
Ivan Shmelev married 20 years, shortly after receipt of the university. His wife became Olga Ohtheron. An unusual last name was explained by the origin from a noble Scottish family. Her ancestors moved to Russia at the end of the 18th century. Father Alexander Alexandrovich became the hero of the defense of Sevastopol.
Marriage with Olga Alexandrovna was happy, together the couple lived for 40 years. It was a wife shortly after the birth of Soul Serezha in 1896, he persuaded the novice writer to visit Valaam. She died in 1936. Ivan Sergeevich survived her for 14 years.
Death
Together with other writers of Russian emigration, Ivan Bunin and Dmitry Merryovsky Shmelev, twice, included in the number of applicants for the Nobel Prize. Nevertheless, he failed to become the winner. The older the writer became, the more material difficulties he experienced.
Ivan Shmelev died in 1950, June 24. The cause of death was a heart attack. He was buried at the cemetery of the city of Saint-Genevieve de Boua, but now his remains rest in the necropolis of the Don Monastery, located in the capital of Russia. The reburial was held in 2000. And the remains of Olga and Sergey Shmeleva moved here.
Bibliography
- 1897 - "On the cliffs of Valaam"
- 1907 - "Citizen Uklayikin"
- 1911 - "Man from the restaurant"
- 1913 - "Wolf Dock"
- 1916 - "Sigor days"
- 1918 - "Unfortunate Bowl"
- 1927 - "About one old woman"
- 1927 - "Love History"
- 1923 - "The Sun of the Dead"
- 1933 - "Summer Lord"
- 1935 - "Bogomol"
- 1935 - "Old Valaam"
- 1936 - "Nanny from Moscow"
Quotes
"The day of the day is more terrible - and now the handful of wheat is more expensive than a person." "Empty road is not empty: it is written by the fragments of human lives." "- I will not be killed by this and not divided: the paths are unrequisite, but hidden from smart and reasonable. "Interesting Facts
- For the first time with Cancer, Ivan Shmelev was still in the sixth gymnasium. The student included in the text of the work on the temple of the rescuer's skeptical words of Nadon's seeds, for which he received a "unit," missed the exam and remained for the second year. According to his own confession, since then has unbelievable philosophy.
- As a child, he suffered from nervous tick because of the permanent fears of the mother. Instead of persuasion, Evlampia Gavrilovna was taken for rugs. If notes that the son twitches the cheek, gave the brace.
- The first love was survived at eight years, but soon the feeling was changed by new experiences. The impressions of youth to make the basis of the novel "History of the Love" of 1927, according to which in 2006, the Yaroslavl multiplier Alexander Petrov created an animated film.