Biography
"All-Union Older", Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the country, "The head of the USSR" Mikhail Kalinin was a bright, but ambiguous person. For active revolutionary activities, he was arrested 14 times, he showed an increased interest in the ballerinas of the Bolshoi Theater, but managed to leave the memory of himself for many years in the names of cities, streets, universities.Childhood and youth
Mikhail Ivanovich Kalinin was born in 7 (19) in 1875 in the village of the Upper Trinity of the Tver Province (now - Kashinsky district of the Tver region). In the family of Ivan Kalinovich and Maria Vasilyevna, the boy became the firstborn, and he soon had to adapt to heavy peasant work.
Up to 11 years old, Mikhail received a home education, then in the initial Zemsky school. The program designed for four years, he mastered in two, having received a commendable sheet when released for knowledge and diligent behavior.
One day a boy, walking around the neighborhood district, met the unusual children - dressed in clean clothes, washes and combed. Their Father was the civil general, nobleman Dmitry Petrovich Mordukhai-Boltsky. Mikhail's mother, having learned about the advantageous neighborhood, came to the estate of Tetkovo, where the family lived, and the work was laughed in tearfully for her son. So the future revolutionary entered them to serve the Lacey.
In 1889, the landowners transported Kalinin to St. Petersburg, thereby giving him a ticket to the world. Here, in the house of Mordukhai Bolotovski, a rich library was located. The hosts allowed the boy to take books, and he, prone to gaining knowledge, read the pages one after one, early having studied the world classical literature, Plato's dialogues and philosophical works Socrates.
In 1893, Mikhail Kalinin entered the Tokary student to the Old Arsenal Patron Plant, two years later he went to Putilovsky Plant and joined the underground organization of social orientation. In July 1899, he was arrested on suspicion of distributing leaflets of "outrageous content". Despite the fact that there was no evidence of this assumption, Kalinina and his associates were exiled to Tiflis.
In the youth of the revolutionary, a fervent character was distorted, so the arrest did not convince quitting agitation. Already in the link, he joined the Tiflis Social Democratic Organization and met Georgian on nicknamed Koba, the future Joseph Stalin. Later, in 1901, during the Kalinin strike as an organizer, I was sharpened in the Metekh Castle, and then sent to Revel (now - Tallinn).
In total, Mikhail Ivanovich's biography had 14 arrests, none of which, however, did not lead to a real conclusion.
Career and revolution
The first Russian revolution of 1905 became a major event in the life of Mikhail Kalinin. The young man met Vladimir Lenin and made a pleasant impression on that pleasant impression. Kalinin embodied the standard of the Social Democratic Movement of the Bolsheviks: a person from the working class, who knows how to interest and convince the crowd, well acquainted with the theory of Karl Marx.
During the February Revolution of 1917, Kalinin proved the person attributed to him to lead the people: he headed the column of demonstrators to the prison "Crosses". As a result of the invasion, all prisoners - killers, rapists, robbers came out to freedom. For several weeks, Petrograd became the center of Crime.
Mikhail Ivanovich participated in the preparation of the October Revolution, several installation meetings Vladimir Lenin spent in Kalinin's apartment. In 1918, the revolutionary began to publish articles about the petty bourgeoisie. He called on Bolsheviks not to join confrontation with this class, and on the contrary, to provide an opportunity to work. Lenin rigorously criticized Kalinin for such thoughts:
"I dramatically rebel against Comrade Kalinin, because the block with a small bourgeoisie, with chauvinists - unthinkable. This is the betrayal of socialism. "Only after the Kronstadt uprising of 1921, Mikhail Ivanovich's arguments were heard. The result was the introduction of NEP.
In 1919, Kalinina appointed the post of Chairman of the DVI. Lion Trotsky in the memoirs "Portraits of revolutionaries" attributed this initiative to himself. At the same time, during the election, he uttered the words that Mikhail Ivanovich's nickname "All-Russian (All-Union) Street" for many years:
"We will call the comrade Kalinin and say to him:" In the previous years you have been a rural outdoor, and now I have been left to be the first Soviet All-Russian old-age. "After appointment to a high position, which Lenin in a joke called the head of state, Kalinin did not quit social activities. For example, it helped eliminate the consequences of hunger in the Volga region that followed the Civil War. In 1923, together with the Clemet, Voroshilov traveled the North Caucasus to clarify the policies of the Soviet government to local residents.
For advice and help to the revolutionary, people and power were also treated. So, in 1932, when solving the question of expulsion of 38 thousand peasant families, which were excluded from collective farms, to the opinion of Kalinina were unquestioned. And the opinion is such:
"I consider it unreasonable such an operation."And it has already begun, canceled.
On December 1, 1934, Mikhail Ivanovich signed a decree on making changes to the Criminal Procedure Code. These changes, in fact, legally allowed repression. Later, during the period of mass cruel punishment, the population went for help to Kalinin. He answered:
"My wife himself is arrested, and I can't help her. And I can not help you. "Personal life
In 1906, Mikhail Ivanovich took Ekaterina Ivanovna Lornberg, Estonka by nationality. In the family, which is impossible to call happy, five children were born.
The first son Valerian was born in 1907. Kalinin was not his native father. Valeryan graduated from the Leningrad Polytechnic Institute, in the early 1930s he got married, son appeared. In 1935, the boy died. After that, a quick-hearted father began problems with the psyche and in 1947 he committed suicide.
Alexander was born in 1908, also graduated from the Leningrad Polytechnic Institute. After the release, I was combined with a marriage with the daughter of the People's Commissar of Natalia Gukovskaya. They did not have children. He died at the age of 80, in the rank of candidate of technical sciences.
Daughter Kalinina Lydia (1912) and Anna (1916) dedicated life to medicine. One was the therapist, the other - X-ray. Lydia is the only one of the children who did not stop communicating with the repristed mother. After a great victory in 1945, they along with Catherine Ivanovna lived in Moscow.
The fifth daughter, Julia, died shortly after the appearance of the world.
In addition to family personal life, Mikhail Kalinina had one more, secret. In the book "Kremlin goats. Confession of Stalin's mistress "Vera Davydova, close to the leader, wrote that the revolutionary was breathing unevenly to the ballerinas of the Bolshoi Theater.
"Mikhail Ivanovich gave them chocolate, imported underwear, invited to dinner. In the calculation of gifts, they did not refuse him in small liberty and kisses in the neck, "wrote Davydov.Belin's faith told Vera and the murder, to whom Kalinin was supposedly involved: the 16-year-old dancer Bella Uvarov refused the revolutionary in courtship, and later it was found dead, and their parents were decorated with spies and repressed.
In 1938, it became known that the revolutionary raped a 16-year-old relative of Marshal Alexander Egorova. The proceedings personally led Joseph Stalin. The guilty in the incident was recognized by the wife of Kalinina, Catherine, they say, he did not hold his husband's bums. She was announced counter-revolutionary and sent for 15 years to the camp. Catherine returned after 7.5 years to the dying spouse.
Death
In 1945, Mikhail Kalinina was diagnosed with Oncology. Operation to remove the tumor did not help. The revolutionary turned to Stalin with a request to release his wife from the camp so that she helps to survive terrible pain. The leader pardoned Catherine, and before the death she was next to his spouse.
Mikhail Ivanovich died on June 3, 1946 from the intestinal cancer. Three days later, the coffin was lowered by the Kremlin wall in the grave.
Memory
- In honor of Mikhail Kalinina, the names of the cities of Kaliningrad (former Konigsberg), Kalinin (now - Tver), Kalininbad (now - Levacand), Kalininsk and many other settlements;
- Until 1990, one of the stations of the Moscow Metro and the branch were called "Kalininskaya" (now "Aleksandrovsky Garden"). At the station still stands the bust of the revolutionary, and the branch has retained its name;
- In Kaliningrad, the station has a 10-meter monument to Mikhail Ivanovich with an outstretched hand;
- As of 2013, 3,358 facilities - squares, streets, prospectuses, alleys are named after Kalinin;
- In St. Petersburg, three buildings were preserved, where Kalinin ever lived. The most famous - wooden house number 92a on ul. Engels. According to the memorial plaquel, "in this house in the apartment M.I. Kalinin in October 1917 V.I. Lenin conducted party meetings on the preparation of an armed uprising. " Judging by the modern photo, the building was restored. Now there is a Jewish charitable center.