Biography
Along with Eschil and Euripid, Sofokl is an ancient Greek tragic, whose works have been preserved until modern times: the playwright wrote more than 120 pieces, but only 7 of them are fully accessible to the modern reader. For 50 years, he was considered the best Athens poet: lost in 6 of 30 dramatic competitions, while not dropping below the 2nd place. The value of the creativity of the tragic does not decrease to this day.Fate
Sophokl was born about 496 to n. NS. In Colon, the area of Athens, in a secured noble family of the manufacturer of military uniforms of Sofilla. Father has comprehensively developed his son, but a particularly fruitful boy has a relationship with art. As a child, Sofokl studied music, and after the victory of the Greeks over the Persians in the Salaminian battle of 480 to N. NS. He headed the youth choir, chasing the heroism of warriors.
The biography of the poet is connected not only with drama, but also with socio-political life. Presumably, in 443-442 BC. NS. Sophokl consisted of the college of the Treaschair of the Athenian Union, and in 440 BC. NS. Elected strategist of the Samos War. In the old age of the Greek, they were included among the trips, that is, advisors who helped the Athens to recover after the failure of the Sicilian expedition within the Peloponnesian war.
In the work of Picture of Mudretsov, Athena wrote that Sofokl was tested for men:
"Sofokl loved boys just like Euripid loved women."
It is impossible to refute or confirm this interesting fact from the personal life of the tragian, but it is known for certain that Sophokla had a wife - a nickeleton. Of the two children in legal marriage, only one, Iofonte, was born. The second son, Ariston, was born from the heterides of Ferida Sikion. Aofont went in the footsteps of the Father and became a playwright.
Having lived 90 years, Sophokl died in 406 to n. NS. There are 3 versions of the tragedy. According to historians Istr and Neanfu, the playwright choked in grapes. According to the stories of the Satira writer, during the reading "Antigona" before the public, Sofokl did not calculate the reserve of the lungs and suffocated on a long phrase.
The third version assumes that the cause of death was the next victory on literary competitions - the poet, rejoice, died from a heart attack.
Sofokla buried by the road, which led from Athens to the city of Dealer. On the tombstone, a quote is written:
"In this grave, in the sacred monastery, hiding the remains of tragic, which took the top in the glorious art of their own."Dramatic and theater
Eschil was an example for sofokla for imitation, but more mature playwright (Eschyl 29 years older) used young dating techniques in works. For example, Sofokl first added to the stage of the third actor, having reduced the role of the choir, then besides the resort of Eschyl. Greek changed the number of choraids - from 15 to 12 people, and also excluded the author of the play from among the speakers (mainly due to the weakness of their own voice ligaments). Thanks to these innovations, the Athens Theater was revived.
The work of tragic in a matter of years has spread beyond the limits of Athens. Foreign rulers often asked the Grek to perform for them, but unlike Eschila, who died in Sicily, or Euripid, who visited Macedonia, Sofokl did not accept any invitation. He liked to write for compatriots, and they, in turn, encouraged Sofokla with applause and votes on literary competitions.
Of the 30 competitions, playwright won on 18 festivals in honor of God Dionysus and on 6 holidays of Lena. The first significant victory took place in 469 BC. e. When sofokl, presenting a tetrallogue to the people of the people (not survived), surpassed Eschil.
According to the estimates of Aristophane Byzantine, Sophokl wrote 123 works, 7 of which they had fully reached our time: "Trachinians", "Ajaks", "Antigona", "King Edip", "Electra", "Philoktt", "ODIP in Colon "," Trackers ". The most famous play is the "King Edip" (429-426 BC), which Aristotle in the "poetics" called the ideal of the tragic work.
In the center of the plot - Oedip, whose Father, the king of Lai, frightened by the predictions that the Son will become His killer and marries his mother to Iokasta, decided to get rid of the child. The man who was entrusted to kill the boy was set up over a defenseless creature and gave to raising the shepherd. Then Edipa adopted Tsar Polyb.
Having matured, the son of Laia learned about the prophecy and left the father's house, but it came across the chariot on the road. In a fight, a young man killed the old man and three satellites. The old man was Lai. Further, becoming the king of FIV, the Oedipus married the okasta, embodying the second part of the prophecy.
A terrible illness fell on the city. Trying to deal with the reasons for the victims, the inhabitants turn to Oracle, and he reports that the medicine is in the exile of the king of the king of the king. So the Edipa opens a terrible mystery of the perfect crime. Unable to cope with the grief, the okasta ends the life of suicide, and the EDIP, considering that the unworthy of death, hesitate himself on blindness, pumping his eyes.
Piece "Tsar Edip" opened the so-called FVAN cycle. At Dionysiia, this collection took 2nd place by giving way to the work written by the nephew of Eschil - Philoklet. Nevertheless, British Philologist Richard Clavverhause Jebb agreed with Aristotle, noting that the play "In a sense is a masterpiece of the Attic tragedy." After analyzing the work, Sigmund Freud opened the "Oedipus complex" - a sexual attraction of a child to the parent of the opposite sex.
In continuation of the story about the blinded Tsar, Sofokl wrote the play "Oedipal in Colon" (406 BC), which was raised after the death of the poet - in 401 BC. NS. The work tells how the excommunicated Oedip from the FIV with the daughter of antihogoy wander around Greece in search of a new home. They receive news that the sons of the blind, Polick and Eteokl are preparing to go to each other by the war for the FIV's throne. During a meeting with one of the sons, Oedip curses both on death from each other's hands. The work ends with the death of the blind.
The final tragedy of the FVAN cycle was "Antigon" (442-441 BC. E). The main problem of the play is the confrontation of state and generic laws. The antigogy brothers fight and die, according to the curse, from each other's hands. The ruling king prohibits to bury the body of the Polick, and leaves him like a traitor, rotten in the sun.
Antigone comes against the will of the sovereign and bit his brother according to the traditional laws of the genus, for which the king makes it to sharpen the girl in the tower. Unable to obey, Antigone finishes the life of suicide, which gives rise to two more deaths - her beloved and his mother, son and spouse of the king, respectively.
The key peculiarity of the Pieces of Sophocla is that the heroes are humanized: they have fears and weaknesses, they can be tempted and sin. So, the tragedy of "Electra" tells about the girl and her brother, Oreste who want to take revenge on her mother and her lover for the death of the Father. And if the ORSE act is dictated by the prophecy of Apollo, the electra acts on the call of the heart, guided by deep feelings.
In the dramatic works of the Greek, divine intervention becomes less valuable, and a person is more free. And yet, in religion, Sofokl sees salvation, the poet understands that people are not limitless. At the same time, humanity dies, according to tragic, because of his own arrogance. In "Ajax" said:
"Being prudent is that it means not to insult the gods with an inadvertental word, do not cause their anger to pride."It is worth noting that Sofokl is a believer man, and after death he was deified.
The problems of the tragedies of the Greek turned out to be how relevant for modern society, that on the works of Sofokla to this day films are removed. The most popular is the "Antigone" - about 20 shields were removed on the play, including the American Drama of 1990 "Antigona: Passion Rituals" with Janet Eylber in the lead role.
Quotes
One word frees us from all gravity and pain of life: this word is love. There are no things right away. The right - always the strongest argument. It is always possible to conclude that fate made a happy man until his life ended.Bibliography
- 450-435 BC - "Trachins"
- 450-440 BC NS. - "Ajax" ("EAN", "BIECHOSETS")
- 442-441 BC - "Antigona"
- 429-426 BC NS. - "King Edip" ("Edip-Tirans")
- 415 BC - "Electra"
- 404 BC - "Philoktt"
- 406 BC NS. - "Oedip in Colon"
- "Pathfinder"