Biography
The territory of the Chechen Republic went to its self-proclaimed President Aslan Maskhadov Razarked. The story claims that troubles that have fallen out to the share of the Chechen people, not without the participation of this policy. Many sorrows of Maskhadov in a duet with Shamil Basayev caused Russians: it is considered that it is involved in dubrovka terrorist attacks and in Beslan. Nevertheless, the official act was not recognized as a terrorist.Childhood and youth
Aslan Aliyevich Maskhadov was born on September 21, 1951 in the village of Shokai of the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic, in the family of deported Chechens. In addition to Aslan, parents brought up 5 children - the sons of Ice, Aslambek and Lema, daughters Bucha and Zhovzan.
In 1957, after the restoration of the Chechen-Ingush ASSR, Maskhadov returned to the native land and settled in the village of Zubir-Yurt of the Nadtera region. Here in 1968 Aslan received a diploma of secondary education.
Aslan Maskhadov wanted to become a military to help the Fatherland cope with external aggressors. For this in 1969, a young man entered the Tbilisi Higher Artillery Team School, in 1972, after receiving a diploma, went to serve in the Far Eastern Military District. For 6 years, service rapidly moved through the career ladder, he has reached the deputy commander of the Artillery Division.
The order received in the army "For the service of the Motherland in the Armed Forces of the USSR" helped Aslan in 1978 to enter the Leningrad Mikhailovsky Military Artillery Academy outside the competition. In an interview with the newspaper "Komsomolskaya Pravda", the Maskhadov classmate described it like this:
"To get to the commanders did not strive. There was no zealous Muslim, the Quran did not read. He loved to drink. "He graduated from Aslan Academy with honors. Memories of colleagues and classmates about Maskhadov make up the book "Honor of more than life." The collection, in addition to articles and letters, includes photos from family and military archives.
Military Service and State Activities
Even in the youth of Maskhadov sought to leadership. The artillery regiment, who was under his command in Hungary, was repeatedly awarded the Red Banner of the Military Council for conscientious service. Tactical and combat skills allowed 1992 to reach Colonel.
With the collapse of the USSR, the situation between the once friendly republics aggravated. Re-educated states and republics, who failed to separate from Russia, were fighting for the territory. Chechen wars became one of the largest conflicts.
In 1992, Johar Dudaev, the first self-proclaimed President of the Chechen Republic Ichkeria (CRI), appointed Maskhadov by the head of the Chechnya Civil Defense. In the first Chechen war of 1994-1996, Maskhadov entered the head of the chief of the headquarters of the CRI armed forces. It was his orders that the militants were obeyed, entering into battles with Russian troops, there were fights for Grozny in 1996 on its strategies.
In 1995, the Prosecutor's Office of the Russian Federation accused Maskhadov in abuse of official position, in betraying the homeland and banditism, which was punishable by the death penalty. The military leader was announced wanted.
Despite the hungry threat of imprisonment or even death, in November 1996 Maskhadov announced the intention to run into the presidents of the republic. His rival in the election race was the terrorist Shamil Basayev. In January 1997, by a majority vote (59.3%) of Maskhadov was elected head of the CRI. Six months later, Shamil Basayev was appointed his Prime Minister.
In Maskhadov, the internal political situation in Chechnya deteriorated significantly. People lived in destroyed cities and villages, without sewage, electricity and water supply. There was no medical care. Due to poor-quality products and antisanitars, the republic was mired in diseases. Hunger flourished. In kindergartens, schools and universities, windows and doors were smalked. Those who have had means for moving, fled from Chechnya.
Critical limit reached the crime rate in the republic. People kidnapped daily, the explosions thundered, fires were gone. Drugs were openly sold, fake bills were replicated, radical Islam was actively promoted.
Chechen militants committed armed raids on neighboring Russian regions, attracted young Muslims into their ranks. In the republics of the North Caucasus, for example, Dagestan, Karachay-Cherkessia, Kabardino-Balkaria was active propaganda of the ideas of separatism and anti-Semitism.
In other words, the internal policy of Maskhadov was directed to the destabilization of the Chechen society, inciting hatred against the federal authorities. So, on the Caucasus TV channel, slogan was broadcast:
"We are not equal. We are all the estimate.Hold on, Russia - we go! ".
By 1998, the situation was out of control of Maskhadov: opposition troops of militants appeared in the CHI. The largest groupings were headed by Salman Raduyev, one of the most famous representatives of Chechen terrorists, and his associates Shamil Basayev and Amir Ibn Al-Hattab.
For help in the fight against crime Maskhadov appealed to Russia. The state intervened when in August 1999 Basayev and Hattab invaded the territory of Dagestan. The Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation sent a letter to the President of the Chechen Republic with a proposal to develop an integrated approach to the elimination of militants, but he remained aside from the armed conflict.
When the republic hung over the republic the second military campaign, Maskhadov acted by all available methods. He was looking for support from the leaders of Ingushetia and North Ossetia, accused Russia in aggravating the situation in Chechnya and at the same time stated an intention to become an "most important strategic partner in the North Caucasus" for the state.
Aslan asked for a personal meeting with Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin, however he decided to immediately deploy an operation to eliminate militants. Federal troops entered the territory of Chechnya on September 30, 1999. The President of the Republic, before that, looking for help in the fight against terrorists, united with the militants Basayev and Hattab for war with Russia.
On the side of Maskhadov, people from Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, Turkey and Al-Qaida fought. Military operations Aslan Maskhadov led personally. On October 23, 2002, 916 people were captured at the Theater Center of Moscow. As a result of three-day imprisonment and liberation operation, 130 people died. Responsibility for what happened by Shamil Basayev took.
One of the militants who participated in the holding of hostages said that Maskhadov put his hand to the preparation of the terrorist attack. The President of the Chechen Republic himself denied his involvement and threatened to move Basayev as a punishment, but did not take concrete actions.
On September 1, 2004, there was a largest terrorist attack in the history of modern Russia: 1128 people, mainly students of School №1 Beslan, were hostage. 314 people, including 186 children died in this tragedy. Responsibility for the attack reiterated Shamil Basayev. On September 17 of the same year, Russia stated that he had evidence of involvement in Aslan Maskhadov's terrorist attack. In 2006, North Ossetia called him one of the customers of the attack.
Personal life
Unlike political career, Aslan Maskhadov's personal life is not so contradictory. In 1972 he married Kusama Yazedovna Semieva. After 7 years, they were born the firstborn - son Anzor, in 1981 - the daughter of Fatima.
It is assumed that in 2002, Aslan entered into a second marriage with a native of the village of Isaha-Yurt, but there is no reliable information about it.
Death
After the terrorist attack in Beslan, the FSB of the Russian Federation appointed a reward of 300 million rubles for information that will help eliminate Basayev and self-proclaimed president of the Chechen Republic. In November 2004, the authorities declared the start of the special operation on the capture of terrorists. Aslan Maskhadov died on March 8, 2005 in the Chechen village of Tolstoy-Yurt. There are several versions of the death of the president of the unrecognized Chers.
According to official information, on March 8, Maskhadov, together with comrades, planned to blow up the building of the rural administration. On the day of the terrorist attack, the figure was hidden in the basement of the house of his distant relative, where he was discovered by the special services. Explosives were used to capture the state criminal. It is assumed that Maskhadov died from the obtained borryman.
Later on the body of Aslan, a firearm wound was found, which became deadly. The results of the ballistic examination showed that the bullet was released from the Makarov pistol, which belonged to the nephew and bodyguard Maskhadov Vuchan Hadzhimulatov.
At the trial, the bodyguard was confused in the testimony. Once he confessed himself in the deed, referring to the request of the uncle to kill him
"If he is wounded and try to take captive. He said that if he captures, then over him would be mocked as over Saddam Hussein. "According to other indications, Vuchan lost creation from the explosion, and when he woke up, Maskhada was already killed. The current head of Chechnya Ramzan Kadyrov suggested that the Russian special services wanted to take a state criminal alive, but
"The guard, apparently, making a sharp movement, spontaneously shot."After the elimination of Maskhadov FSB paid $ 10 million an anonymous informant, which pointed out the time and place of stay aslan. However, his son Anzor informed the press that his father independently issued its location by frequent telephone conversations. The same assumptions expressed Shamil Basayev.
All versions of the death of Chechen politics, as well as the biographies of those who, side by side with Maskhadov, resolved the Chechen Republic, are covered in the documentary film "Illusion" (2017).