Biography
Javaharlal Nehru was a cult leader in the struggle for the freedom and independence of India and the prominent figure in the political and social life of the country. The head of the Congress, which became the first prime minister of the proclaimed independent state, is the successor of the traditions of Mahatma Gandhi and the author of economic, social and political reforms aimed at the transition from the colonial government to the Republican.Childhood and youth
Javaharlal Nehru was born in the northwestern province of Colonial India on November 14, 1889. Father Motilal Nehru was a wealthy lawyer who belonged to the community of Kashmir Panditov, and twice served as president of the Indian National Congress. Savroup Rani's mother was a descendant of representatives of the caste of Bramins, who were located on the territory of Pakistan.
Being a senior child in the family, Jawaharlal grew up in Allahabad surrounded by 2-sisters - Vidzhai Lakshmi, who became the first woman-chairman of the UN General Assembly, and the future Indian writer Krishna Khoteving.
Childhood Nehru passed in the atmosphere of harmony and tranquility, secured by the high position of parents. The boy studied at home under the supervision of governess and educators, showed ability to science, preferred theosophy. Javaharlal read Buddhist and Hindu Scriptures, which gave impetus to intellectual development and later reflected in the book "Opening of India", written in prison in 1944.
The events of the Russian-Japanese and the Anglo-Board War influenced the formation of the views of young neur. He began to reflect on freedom from European slavery and became a Yarym supporter of nationalism. Having learned in the private British School of Harrow, the young man met the history of the Italian revolutionary Giuseppe Garibaldi and the imminent idea of the struggle for independence.
In 1907, Nehru entered the Cambridge Trinity College at the Faculty of Natural Sciences, parallel studied the economy and political science. Having received a bachelor's degree, Jawaharlal moved to London and joined the honorary society of the inner temple, which was allowed to take a place in the law board.
Returning to his homeland in the summer of 1912, Nehru became a defender at the Supreme Court of Allahabad, but did not receive pleasure from legal practice. He began seriously interested in politics and soon became a member of the annual session of the National Congress of India, held in Patney.
Politics
In 1912, the young man agreed to work at Mahatma Gandhi's party, who supported the national movement "for civil rights,", took up the collection of funds necessary for political activities. Later, Jawaharlal opposed acts of censorship, the use of hired labor and other manifestations of discrimination with which the Hindus in English colonies were faced.
By the end of the First World War, the Nehru, who had radical political views, was openly spoken of refusal to cooperate with the imperial authorities and closely contacted the aggressive representatives of nationalists who came to the transition to self-government.
In 1916, Jawaharlal became the secretary of the organization demanding for the status of the imperial dominion status, and after 4 years, a young politician headed the movement "for refusing cooperation." Such activities are strictly punished by the authorities, and neura were arrested for anti-government statements.
After the liberation of Javaharlal prison, he was looking for the foundation of allies and established communication with foreign movements for independence and democracy. In 1927, the Indian activist was invited to congress the Congress of the oppressed peoples in the Belgian capital, designed to plan and coordinate the struggle with imperialism, and on return was elected by the Chairman of the Inc. Party.
Nehru became one of the first leaders who urged to decide on the final breaking of relations with the British Empire. His resolution was approved at the Madrasian session of the Congress in 1927, despite the criticism of Gandhi. Activists demanded from the British to grant the status of Dominion for 2 years, in case of non-compliance with the deadlines, Nehru threatened with national riots and uprising.
The government rejected the claims of the colony, and at the beginning of 1929 in Lahore with a large cluster of the people of Nehru, the Indian tricolor watersted and read the declaration of independence. After that, Javaharlal developed a political doctrine of Congress and called freedom of religion as a fundamental goal, the right to establish associations, equality to the law, regardless of the origin and religion, the protection of territorial languages and traditions, the abolition of non-visibility, the nationalization of industry and socialism.
Nehru was elected head of the party, and soon the Indian politician was able to realize many of the strategies proclaimed them. In 1936, Jawaharlal took a journey through Europe, during which he was seriously carried away by Marxism. The study of the principles of this philosophical theory of Nehru continued in prison, where members of the Working Committee of the Rebel Congress were planted.
In 1947, the United Kingdom finally agreed to provide the independence of the South Asian colony, and Nehru headed the temporary government of India, becoming the first prime minister of a free country. The death of Mahatma Gandhi on January 30, 1948 became a national tragedy that helped strengthen the positions of the new government. Congress severely controlled the manifestation of grief and suppressed the speeches of the right nationalist movements, arrested about 200 thousand people.
In 1952, the party under the leadership of Jawaharlala received an indisputable superiority in the elections and provided himself with leading positions for the next 10 years. In the economy, Nehru advocated a mixed type of relationship, in which the state sector controlled by the government coexisted on a par with private enterprises.
Guiding investments in key industries, the leader of the Congress contributed to the development of steel, metallurgical, coal and energy industry. Despite this, India lagged behind other countries due to state control and regulation that prevented GDP growth. The agricultural reform of the Nehru, aimed at the redistribution of land possessions, became unsuccessful.
In the social sphere, it was better: Schools and higher educational institutions were built, where children from poor families could do. The introduction of free nutrition in schools and the opening of educational institutions and cultural centers for adults was achieving.
Heading free India from 1947 to 1964, the leader of the Congress made the country a recognized participant of the World Commonwealth of Nations, along with other former colonies. In the international arena, the Indian Prime Minister became famous for pacifist and peacekeeper, who retained the neutrality in the Cold War and speaking a mediator in the process of resolving disagreements between the communist powers and the Western unit.
Unfortunately, Nehru failed to avoid armed conflict in his homeland. After the attack of the Chinese army to the northeastern borders of India, the country lost some territories, and the Nehru criticized for insufficient attention of the government to defense.
During the conflict, Jawaharlal wrote letters to the American president John Kennedy and asked to provide aircraft to conduct fights against the Asian neighbor. The United States refused, and relations between the countries were cooled. At this time, the Soviet Union came to the aid of India, which had economic support to the young state. From that moment on, the country has taken a course for the rapprochement and establishment of economic, political and public relations, continued by the daughter of the Prime Minister of the India Gandhi.
Personal life
In 1916, Nehru married a young beauty named Kamala Caul, and a year later, their only daughter of Indira appeared to the world, judging by the photo, very similar to the Father. Javaharlal sincerely loved the girl and dreamed, so that she became a strong, educated person, who was separated by his view on the world history set out in the book of the eponymous book.
In the 1930s, Kamala got sick tuberculosis and left to be treated in Europe. Nehru visited the spouse in the sanatorium in Switzerland until her death in 1936.
After that, another woman appeared in the personal life of the leader of the independent state, the royal governor of Edwin Mountbetten. Their relationships testified letters found in the archives of the Prime Minister of India.
Death
After 1962, the health of the Nehru began to deteriorate. Some researchers associate the difficult state of the Prime Minister with experiences about the outcome of the Sino-Indian war, which he regarded as a betrayal of trust.
On May 26, 1964, Jawaharlal felt pain in his back and turned to doctors. Describing the symptoms, politician lost consciousness and a day later died. The cause of the death of Nehru, experts counted a suddenly happening a heart attack.
After the traditional ceremonies, the Body of the Prime Minister was wrapped in the National Indian flag and put up for everyone to review. On May 28, 1964, he was dried in accordance with Hindu rites in black valine, and the dust dispelled on the river Jamna.
The birthday of a cult policy has become the National Indian holiday, known as the Day of Protection of Children, and the name of Nehru was awarded numerous public institutions and cultural centers around the world. In the residence owned by the family of the party leader, immediately after death opened a memorial museum, and in a few years a monument to the Great Indian was installed in Delhi.
Bibliography
- 1928 - Soviet Russia
- 1928 - "Letters from Father to Daughter"
- 1935 - "Autobiography"
- 1944 - "Opening of India"
- 1949 - "A look at the World History"