Biography
Today, heading from St. Petersburg to Moscow, travelers are pursued by a goal, only not the loss of unfair state orders. It was not necessary, Alexander Radishchev, who placed the indicated route for the basis of the famous book, from which he himself was seriously injured. The writer survived on his century royal disfavor and forgiveness and became one of the most significant figures of Russian enlightenment.Childhood and youth
Alexander Nikolaevich Radishchev was born in 1749, during the reign of Elizabeth Petrovna. Parents were wealthy landlords and lived in the village of Upper Ablyazovo, called the name of the great-grandfather of the writer. In 1952, the settlement was renamed Radishchevo.
Nikolay Afanasyevich, father of the boy, belonged to the estate of Nemtsovo near Kaluga, and there partly the childhood of the future philosopher was partially. The mother of Fekla Savvichna took place from the genus of the Moscow nobles of Argamakov. The family was big, friendly, noisy, 11 children were born in it. They led the rustic rustic life, but parents paid attention to their education.
Little Alexander, on the one hand, worn by the fortress uncle Peter Mammontov, who told the boy of non-residents, and on the other hand he studied the French alien to him. At 7 years of age, the child was sent to Moscow and left uncle on the motherboard. In the house of Argamakov, who came to the closest relatives, the director of Moscow University, the boy had the opportunity to gain wisdom.
At the same time, with cousins and sisters, he took lessons from eminent professors, and French Gutener was engaged in the upbringing of children who fled from his homeland for political reasons. The liberal teachers laid the foundation in the young man and the desire to protest against injustice.
In 1762, Catherine II, II, took the throne and adopted 13-year-old Alexander in the number of imperial packages. He studied in the Page Corps and served the sovereign at the receptions and secular events. Life at the court dustily did not correspond to the ideals of freedom, ministry and unattended, perceived young men from progressive teachers.
In 1766, Radishchev came to the number of elected young men who were honored to go for training at the University of Leipzig. Six comrades spent 5 years in Germany, receiving legal education and absorbing the advanced views of the Epoch of Enlightenment.
Students lived poorly, but with greed absorbed knowledge of philosophy, natural science, literature and history. Radishchev, besides, almost received a medical diploma. Returning to Russia in 1771, young people were full of hope to serve the Fatherland and embody advanced ideas.
Literature
The literary activity of Radishchev began to study in Leipzig. He began with the translations of the works that seemed valuable from a social and philosophical point of view. In St. Petersburg, the young man meets the publisher Nikolai Novikov and anonymously publishes in his magazine "Painter" a small essay.
The story becomes a prototype of the master of the writer and tells about the journey. Here the author draws an impossible picture of the Russian village, custodized by the fortress slavery. The publication caused a big resonance and a squall of criticism "top." However, Radishchev continues to write, including translations, however, completing them with their own thoughts.
The first separately published book Alexander Nikolaevich also produces anonymously. This is "Life of Fyodor Vasilyevich Ushakov with the introduction of some of his writings", published in 1789. The book is devoted to the eldest Comrade for the University of Leipzig, who was the ideological inspiration of their student group. The publication was successful, he was talked about, noting, however, the danger of thoughts expressed.
"Travel from St. Petersburg to Moscow" was written not one year. The views of the author were transformed, the knowledge was enriched, which directly influenced the text and its tonality. In 1789, Radishchev dares to provide a manuscript of censors. Oddly enough, censorship missed a dangerous work, having accepted her for the ordinary guide and not bothering to delve into the content.
However, no publishing office was taken for the publication, then the author with the help of friends organized a typography at home. There in 1790 printed 600 copies of the book and the part was put up for sale. The first volumes scattered instantly, and the "journey" began to be in demand. The rising noise led to the fact that the publication was delivered to the Empress. Ta read the book, highlighting especially outrageous quotes. After loud business, the full circulation was seized and burned.
The book recognized by the cramolete and caused public resonance, with time, was criticized from the point of view of artistic value. In particular, Alexander Pushkin noted that she went and Zhemunna, and the problems in it were bloated, and described the novel as "a very mediocre work, not to mention the barbaric syllable."
In the link Radishchev continued to engage in creativity. In the treatise "On a person, his mortality and immortality", the writer moves away from social issues and refers to philosophy. The author explores the duality of human nature, the unity of the soul and body, emphasizing the dominant role of the mind. In recent years of life, a man is engaged in poetry. A new poems and the Bova's heroic poem "Bova" added previously written by the "liberation".
Social activities and link
Before the scandal caused by the publication "Travel from St. Petersburg to Moscow", Radishchev served as an official in various services of St. Petersburg. For several years, a man worked in the trade and industrial department, and then moved to customs, where for 10 years he got to the head of the chief.
However, on June 30, 1790, it was finished with a quarry: by order of Catherine II Alexander Nikolayevich arrest, concluding in the Peter and Paul Fortress.
Radishchev did not deny his guilt, but was amazed when he learned that he was threatened with the death penalty. The writer was accused of as a conspirator, the state traitor and the buntingman "Worse Pugacheva". The man was charged "Attempt on Sovereign Health." From the death sentence of Radishchev, only a special decision of the Empress was saved, which was settled and replaced the punishment by a 10-year reference to Siberia. The people's intercessor was sent in September 1790 to Ilimsk Irkutsk Region.
Personal life
In the personal life of Alexander Radishchev there were two women. With the first wife, he introduced his companion on the Leipzig University Andrei Rubanovsky, who Anna Rubanovskaya had to be a relative. Alexander and Anna married in 1775, and the firstborn of Vasily appeared a year later. In total, the couple were born six children, but two girls died in infancy.
Vasily, Nikolai, Ekaterina and Paul lost their mother in 1783. The woman died at the age of 31, burning the younger son.
Children remained at the care of the younger sister Anna Vasilyevna - Elizabeth Rubanovskaya. That took them with you, when followed by the Radishchev in the link. According to church canons, marriage with his wife was considered unacceptable and equalized to the heavily. Therefore, officially this union was not registered. In Ilimsk, Radishchev with Elizabeth Vasilyevna were born more than three children: Anna, Fekla and Athanasius.
In 1797, Alexander Nikolaevich was widowed for the second time: having witned, his wife died, never returned to Petersburg from the place of reference. An interesting fact can be considered that the father of Radishcheva refused to recognize the younger grandchildren, calling them the extramarital. The old man honored the church charter and would prefer that the Son marries the fortress, rather than on the silent.
Last years and death
Reference Radishchev ended earlier than the designated period. In 1796, Paul I climbed into the throne and in the peak of Mother liberated the optocrian writer. He moved to the father's departure of Nemtsovo, and full amnesty and recovery in rights received under Alexander I in 1801. From that time, Radishchev lived in St. Petersburg, while developing laws in a special commission.
Alexander Nikolaevich died on September 12, 1802, various senses went about the causes of death. They said that a 53-year-old man committed suicide, drinking poison. However, it does not fit with the fact that he was dangling and buried in the church fence of the Volkovsky cemetery, which suicides are deprived of Orthodox canon. The official document presents that the cause of death has become a char.
Quotes
"The autocraticness is the most stable human nature ... and the people right has a monarch-despot to judge." "Only then you will become a person when you learn to see a person in another." "Nothing for us is so commonly, nothing is just like ours, But in the very essence, nothing is so amazing, so wonderful as our speech. "" "Virtue I call the skill of actions, useful public good."Bibliography
- 1772 - "Travel excerpt in *** and *** T ***"
- 1773 - "Officer Exercises"
- 1783 - "WILLY"
- 1789 - "Life of Fyodor Vasilyevich Ushakov with the introduction of some of his writings"
- 1790 - "Letter to a friend, resident in Tobolsk, on debt of his title"
- 1790 - "Travel from St. Petersburg to Moscow"
- 1790 - "Conversation that there is the son of the Fatherland"
- 1792 - "Letter about Chinese bargaining"
- 1792 - "About man, his mortality and immortality"
- 1799 - "Bova"
- 1801 - "Poem"