Biography
The story of the knights of the sad image Don Quixote Laman and his faithful squire Sancho Press was born thanks to the writer Miguel de Cervantes. Now the parody knightly romance is a monument of world literature, but at one time the book served the perfect service to his author - De Cervantes pursued for slander and even threatened death.Childhood and youth
Miguel de Servantes was born on September 29, 1547 in the Spanish city of Alcala de Enares. Lesson, on October 9, in the Santa Maria La Major of the Parish Church Register of Santa Maria La Major.
"Miguel, Son Rodrigo de Servantes and his wife Leonor, was baptized; His godfathers were Juan Pardo; The rite was conducted by the Rev. Bartolome Serrano.
It is mistaken to assume that the famous name Miguel de Cervantes Saoveaven The boy received at birth. In fact, Samentoverov appeared already in conscious age, presumably, as a reference to the title of the Chilean Commune, from where the genus Servantes occurred.
Rodrigo's father, a native of Galicia, worked as a brand, "Blood Brace". At the debt of the service, he went to the bone, did blood compound and engaged in "smaller medical needs." Miguel's mother, Leonor de Cortinas - the daughter of the disassembled nobleman, which was sold in marriage in 1543.
In addition to the future author "Don Quixote", 6 children were brought up in the family: Andrea (1544 R.), Louise (1546 R.), Rodrigo (1550 g.) , Magdalena (1554 g.) And Juan. On the last one is known only thanks to the will of the Father.
It is assumed that in childhood, Miguel was often transported around the country, and then gave an imperial school in Madrid - Jesuit educational institution for boys. In proof of this fact, there will be a laudatory reviews about the Order of the Roman Catholic Church in the "Novella about the conversation between dogs" from "Identifying Novel". A different point of view - Miguel studied at the University of Salamanca. And the one, and the other versions are questioned.
At 22, De Cervantes became involuntarily part of the street fight, and from his hand suffered a certain Antonio de Sagura. It is said that the fear of arrest prompted Miguel to leave his native Spain. Italy became a new home - a country, friendly relating to talented ambitious young people.
Rome de Cervantes discovered visual arts, architecture, rebirth era. In his literary works, experts later saw references to Italian folklore, a parody of many national writers.
Military service
In 1570, De Cervantes were enrolled in Spain's Marine Regiment, Infantería de Marina, who was stationed in Naples (then the city was Spanish territory). Cow a year before the young man called on the battle. In September 1571, Miguel sailed to the Patras's Bay, where the battle was held on October 7 at the Dadano between the Sacred League and the Ottoman Empire.
When there is a battle, Miguel de Cervantes lay in fever. Despite the state of health, the young man demanded to allow him to fight, saying that he would rather die for his God and the king than he would be covered with comrades in the cabin. The future writer received three gunshot wounds - two in the chest and one in the left hand, the last bullet actually made de Cervantes one-handed. In her first work "Galatia", meaning the speedy success "Don Quixote", he wrote:
"I lost the movement of the left hand in the glory of the right."For half a year it took De Cervantes for recovery, in 1572 he returned to line. Over the next 3 years, the man was mainly in Naples, occasionally performing expeditions to the islands of Corfu and Navarino. Miguel witnessed the battle for La Gulelet, the former capital of Tunisia, and the fall of this state.
In the fall of 1575, De Cervantes sailed from Naples to Barcelona with recommendation letters for the King of Spain. In them, the regiment commander praised the merits of the soldier and offered to increase the service. Fate ordered otherwise: on the morning of September 26, Corsairs took the ship de Servantes to the boarding.
The future writer and, according to some evidence, his brother Rodrigo was taken to Algeria (then the center of the Ottoman Empire) and captured. A man stayed in slavery until 1580, 4 times unsuccessfully tried to escape. Ultimately, the parents bought the freedom of sons for large money from Ottomans - recommendatory letters to the king raised the demand on the head of De Cervantes.
This biographies fragment is repeatedly mentioned in the work of De Cervantes. It is believed that in the story of the prisoner from Don Quixote, the plays "Life in Algeria" and "Algeria's dungeons" are naturalistic scenes that could not describe a person who was not in slavery.
Career
Freed from captivity, de Cervantes lived with his parents in Madrid. By that time, he had already started writing, but, like many authors of that time, could not feed on the fees. Creativity had to be combined with ordinary labor.
In Andalusia, Miguel worked as a procurement agent for the Spanish Fleet: I was looking for favorable grain prices, butter, other products, and then delivered purchases on ships. Once he left the money intended for the completion of the next vessel, the banker. He, being unclean to her hand, spent everything. For this writer spent several months in prison. Presumably, in conclusion and the idea of "Don Quixote" originated.
Later, De Cervantes worked as a tax collector and an accountant. In recent years of life, from the 1610th to the 1616th, a man lived on the royal retirement, which made it possible to devote the literature around the clock.
Books
De Cervantes stepped on a literary path when he was 38 years old. The debut "Galatea" (1585) was written in the classic genre for his time - a pastoral novel. The work remained without the attention of the highest society, and the writer himself was not delighted with the "empty" idea of the first sample of the pen.
In a prison sentence to de Cervantes, which from nature had a living humor, the idea came to compose a parody of knightly novels, popular in the XVI century. The Arstanta created an image of the elderly Salombrode, who, reading the stories about heroes in the armor, decided to go to the world in search of adventures.
The noble Don Quixote from the village of La Manci accompanies his antipode Sancho Pansa - a simple peasant who is used to pragmatic look at things. It is important for him to get the promised dock and the island, extinguish the owner from danger and to explain in a timely manner that wind mills are not dragons.
The prototype of the romance converted crazy serves Lope de Vega, the playwright, whose works were superior to the popularity of the book de Servantes. At one time, the poet, the charter of writing autobiographical love romance, went into a world journey on the ship, throwing his wife and children. It can be said that Miguel not only created the greatest work of the Golden Age, but also made a widow over the enemy.
The novel about the knights of the sad image came out in two volumes: "Chit Roma Hidalgo Don Quixote Laman" in 1605, "The second part of the brilliant knight of Don Quixote from Lamanchi" in 1615 The continuation was, rather, a necessity: in 1614, a certain Aveleyed, whose personality is still not disclosed, published alleged part of the novel "Don Quixote Alelenedy". The work was directed against de Cervantes.
"Don Quixote" is a great contribution to world culture. Fedor Dostoevsky called the Roman de Cervantes "The most sublime work of human thinking." It was in the Don Quixote that was born a quote "To judge pudding, it is necessary to taste it," meaning that everything is checked in practice.
De Cervantes believed that his novels should be for the Spaniards than for the Italians, Giovanni Boccaccio Novels. For the sake of this, the writer created "output novels" (1613) - a collection consisting of 12 stories. In the narration, the writer acts as a humanist, gives heroes to freedom and happiness. Characters come to the desired through the torment, but the joy of victory is only sweeter.
At the dawn of the life of De Cervantes, I composed the novel of the Pershilas and Sikimunda journey, which was published already after the death of the writer, in 1617. Probably, in this work, Spaniard tried to imitate ancient Greek heliodor.
Personal life
About the personal life of Miguel de Cervantes knows a little. On December 12, 1584, the 19-year-old Woman Catalina Palacios de Salasar became his wife of the 37-year-old Writer. Dowry girls helped a pair of some time to exist without it. At the same time, De Cervantes had an extramarital daughter Isabel from Anya de Rojas. As for the Union with the young spouse, he was short-lived and collapsed in the late 1580s.Death
68-year-old De Cervantes died in Madrid on April 22, 1616. According to the testimonies of modern doctors, diabetes of type II caused by cirrhosis of the liver has become the cause of death. These ailments explain the strong thirst for which the writer complained in the last years of life.
According to the testament on April 23, De Cervantes was buried in the monastery of Bosnutogii Trinitarians in the center of Madrid. In 1673 during the reconstruction of the holy place of the remainder of the writer, as well as other people, were postponed to a safe place, and then could not find - the tomb did not have identification signs.
In 2014, archaeologists discovered the crypt in which 10 people were resting. On the inside of the cover of one of the coffins, MS initials were knocked out. On the basis of the portraits of the writer, the three bullet wounds obtained in the battle at Dongato, and the fact that only 6 teeth were left by the author "Don Quixote", scientists concluded that there were really remains of De Cervantes before them. On June 11, 2015, they were buried in the monastery under the tombstone Miguel de Cervantes Saoveoverov.
Bibliography
- 1585 - "Galatia"
- 1605 - "Clear Hidalgo Don Quixote Laman"
- 1613 - "Customized Novels"
- 1614 - "Journey to Parnass"
- 1615 - "The second part of the brilliant knight Don Quixote from Lamanchi"
- 1615 - "Eight comedies and eight intermenids, new, never submitted on stage"
- 1617 - "Jewelery of Persyl and Sikhismunds"