Biography
Few political figures of Germany dared to resist the nationalist and anti-communist ideas of Adolf Hitler. One of these personalities is Clara Zetkin, a fragile, but brave feminist, founder of the Communist Party of Germany, a close friend of Vladimir Lenin, Rosa Luxembourg and Karl Marx.Childhood and youth
Clara Icener was born on July 5, 1857 in the videora, which south of Leipzig, in Saxony (the territory of modern Germany). Girl brought up a rural teacher Gottfried Aisner and Josephine Vitaly, a modest feminist.
The theme of feminism from early childhood was pursued by Clara: she studied at the private women's seminary of Leipzig under the leadership of Augustus Schmidt, one of the most significant figures of the German movement for the rights of women of the XIX century. True, unlike Schmidt Icener thought more radically. It corresponded to its ideas and a circle of communication, which turned in including Osip Zetkin, the future civilian husband Clara.
Political career
In 1878, Clara Icener joined the Socialist Workers Party of Germany, and a few months later, Otto, Bismarck, approved the exceptional law against socialists. The document forbidden the meeting, the purpose of which was the spread of socialist ideas, closed hundreds of magazines and actually meant the injury of adherents of this political system.
In 1881, without preserving the pressure, Icener left Germany. Switzerland and Austria became her new "house", and from the 1882th - Paris, where Osip Zetkin was already in exile. The couple lived together, barely reducing the ends with the ends of random earnings from publications in newspapers, translations and laundry laundry.
Physical poverty opposed ideological wealth. Clara Zetkin's environment in Paris was Laura Lafarg, the daughter of Charles Marx, and her husband Paul, the largest theorist of Marxism, the politician Jules Ged and other powerful figures of French socialism.
Political career flourishing Clara Zetkin fell for 1889, when with her support in Paris, the first Congress of the second international event was held. She made a lecture based on the theories of Friedrich Engels and August Bebel, about the role of a woman in socialism. Zetkin declared the right of weak gender for work, which will become the "main prerequisite for women's financial independence" and will save them from the male oppression.
Among other feministic ideas Clara Zetkin - equal salary for both sexes, universal eligible law and a woman's right to abortion and divorce. In 1907, the figure met Vladimir Lenin, who became her companion. The leader of socialism and his chosen Nadezhda Krupskaya was often located at Zetkin, she made retaliatory visits, and last years of life spent in exile in the Soviet Union.
Clara Zetkin can be called the pacifist. During the First World War, she participated in peaceful demonstrations and conferences, for which one day it was arrested and accused of state treason (accusations ended up). Therefore, when in the air over Germany spacked gunpowder again, the woman chose to make political authority.
Being a deputy of the Reichstag since 1920 and a woman of old age, Zetkin could afford the liberty at meetings. For example, in 1932, on the eve of the coming to power of Adolf Hitler, she expressed hope once to open the "meeting of the Congress of Soviets in Soviet Germany" and stressed the importance of combining forces in the fight against fascism and Nazism.
Thanks to Clare Zetkin annually on March 8, International Women's Day is celebrated.
Personal life
In 1882, the stormy personal life of Clara Aisner and Osip Zetkin began in Paris. The girl took the surname of the beloved, but in the official marriage, young people did not come to preserve German citizenship. Children were born in the family: Maxim (August 1, 1883. R.) And Konstantin (April 14, 1885.). Family happiness turned out to be short-lived - January 29, 1889, Osip Zetkin died from tuberculosis.Embed from getty imagesIn 1897, Clara Zetkin married the future artist Georg Friedrich TsUndel, who was 18 years old. The union collapsed in 1914 due to the difference of views on the first world war - Clara opposed aggression, and Georg rushed to the front. The woman was seriously worried about parting and only in 1928 agreed to divorce.
Death
Biography Clara Zetkin interrupted on June 20, 1933, at the 75th year of life, in the estate of Arkhangelsk district near Moscow. The cause of death is natural. They say, on the eve of Zetkin recalled Rosa Luxembourg, looked at their common photo, and the last word, broke down from the dying lips, was the name of the girlfriend. Zetkin cremated, urn with ashes stored in the necropolis in the Kremlin wall.
Bibliography
- 1925 - "Women's Question"
- 1929 - "Essay the history of the emergence of the proletarian female movement in Germany"
- 1968 - "Memories of Lenin"
- 1974 - "Covenants of Lenin women of the whole world"