I-Biograge
UGeorge Plekhanov ungene endabeni njengenye yezintandokazi zokuqala zama-marxism eRussia. Wenza umnikelo obalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kwefilosofi yalesi siqondiso futhi washiya inkumbulo yakhe ezincwadini, izingcaphuno nezithombe ezimnyama nezimhlophe.Ubuntwana nentsha
UGeorgy Plekhanov uvele ngoNovemba 29 (December 11) Emndenini wezempi wase-Valentine wasethathe umhlalaphansi uValentine Petrovich nonkosikazi wakhe wesibili uMariya, obekumele abe abazukulu beVisarion Belinsky. Iminyaka yokuqala yosaziwayo ye-Biography idlulile edolobhaneni laseGudalovka Tambov esifundazweni.
Ngiseyingane, uGerorgy uyaphupha ngokuhamba ezinyathelweni zikaYise futhi waba yizempi. Waphothula iziqu eVoronezh Gymnasium futhi wangena esikoleni saseJunker eSt. Petersburg, kodwa ngokushesha wadumala endleleni ekhethiwe. Emva kwalokho le nsizwa yaba ngumfundi weSikhungo Sezimayini, kodwa yadonswa ngokungakhokhi. Ngalesi sikhathi, i-Plekhanov yahlatshwa umxhwele imibono yokuthakazelwa, yazibandakanya nenkulumo-ze yezinguquko futhi yaphinde yaboshwa.
Ngo-1876, isazisolongoologiyo senza inkulumo ekuvikeleni uNikolai Chernyshevsky futhi ngenxa yokwesaba ukushushiswa kwaphoqeleka ukuba kucashe. Ebusheni bakhe, wayeyilungu 'lokuya kubantu', elalakhiwa yinhlangano "uMhlaba futhi intando" eyayikhipha lo magazini.
Kepha kungekudala kwaba khona ukuhlukaniswa phakathi kwabahlanganyeli beqembu. Abanye babo bagqugquzela ukusekelwa kwezindlela zobushokobezi zokulwa neziphathimandla kuze kube phakade, kanti uPlekhanov nabasekeli bakhe bebhekene nezinyathelo ezinjalo. Ngenxa yalokho, "umhlaba kanye noVolya" bangena "kumuntu" futhi "abamnyama badlulise", lapho uGerorgy ajoyina khona.
Ukukhuthala
Ngo-1880, osomabhizinisi wasatshiswa ngokuboshwa kwejele, okwaphoqelelwa ukuba abalekele eSwitzerland. Eminyakeni eyalandela, uGeorgy Valentinovich wahlala eYurophu. Waqhubeka nokufundisa kwakhe, wayengumlaleli wezinkulumo eSorbonne naseGeneva University, wasekela ukuxhumana nosopolitiki baseYurophu.
Ngokushesha uPlekhanov waba nentshisekelo emdelweni we-Marxism futhi wahlela iqembu "lenkululeko", elalibandakanyekile ekusakazeni kwemibono yeKarl Marx naseFriedrich Engels eRussia. Wasungula ukuxhumana nabasekeli eSt. Petersburg, lapho izincwadi zakhe zishicilelwe ngaphansi kwama-pseudonyms ahlukahlukene.
Imisebenzi esemqoka yoMphakathi ifaka "embuzweni weqhaza lobuntu emlandweni", "Anarhism neSocialism" kanye "nezinkinga ezinkulu zeMarxism". Ezincwadini zakhe, uGeorgy Valentinovich ukhuthaza amagugu entando yeningi kanye nokugxekwa inani labantu.
Umbhali waba nomthelela emnothweni, wagcizelela ukuthi izindleko zinqunywa ngumsebenzi osetshenziselwe ukukhiqizwa. Wafunda iqhaza labasebenzi empilweni yezenhlalo nezomnotho yaseRussia futhi wababiza ngokuthi amabutho okushayela entuthuko yombuso.
Isikhathi esithile, uPlekhanov wayengumhleli wephephandaba laseLenin "Spark". Ngo-1903, waba yilungu leCongress ye-II Congress ye-RSDLP, ngemuva kwalokho wakhuluma ngokulwa noVladimir Lenin wajoyina ama-Mentis. Esikhathini esizayo, uGeorgy Valentinovich wagxeka imibono yabaholi bamaBolsheviks futhi ngeshwa bakhulume nge- "Ephreli Theses" yakhe.
Ngenkathi ekuthukeni, i-Marxism Loorist ayikwazanga ukuba yilungu eliqondile lezehlakalo ezenzeka eRussia, kodwa akazange aqhubeke eceleni futhi abizelwa abantu ukuba balwe neJalimane phakathi nempi yezwe yokuqala.
Eminyakeni yamuva nje, uchwepheshe wawungumholi we-Social Democratic Organisation "Ubunye" futhi washicilela iphephandaba legama elifanayo. Vakashela izwe osaziwayo abavunyelwe iminyaka engama-37 kuphela ngemuva kokuxoshwa, ngo-1917, kodwa waphoqeleka ukuba ahambe futhi ngenxa yezinkinga zempilo. Ngesikhathi ehlala eRussia, wenza izingxabano nabaphikisi bezinto eziphikisana nemibono nemibhalo eshicilelwe emicimbini ebalulekile kwezepolitiki eHulumeni, kufaka phakathi i-Okthoba Revolution, lapho enza kabi.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Umfazi wokuqala wosaziwayo kwakunguNatalia Smirnov, owamnika izingane ezimbili - indodakazi yethemba nendodana kaNicholas, oshone ebuntwaneni. Kepha umshado awuzange ujabule, lowo oshade naye wahlolwa kuGeorgy Valentinovich imizwa efudumele kuphela efudumele futhi ehambile ngokusho kothandekayo owayethandekayo, owayesesixhumanisi.Ngenxa yalokho, lona wesifazane washiya osolo, washada ngokwesibili. I-PleSTH ye-Plekhanov yaba iRosalia BOGRAD, athola ngayo injabulo empilweni yakhe. Unkosikazi wanika umkakhe ukuba anikeze umkakhe, ukholo lwakhe, uLydia, u-Eugene noMaria, kodwa abamdala babo bafa ebuntwaneni.
Ukushona
IMarxist yahlushwa isifo sofuba, ayitholayo emuva kweminye iminyaka engama-31. Ngenxa yalokhu, eneminyaka yobudala, impilo ngokwengeziwe yahluleka osaziwayo, nonyaka wokugcina wokuphila ayehlala ekwelapheni. Kodwa imizamo yodokotela ayizange inikeze imiphumela, kwathi ngoMeyi 30, 1918, i-Plekhanov yafa, imbangela yokufa yayingezona isizinda sokwehla kwesifo sofuba.
Isazi sefilosofi sangcwatshwa emathuneni aseVolkovssky, hhayi kude ethuneni likaVisarion Belinsky.
Ukukhumbula
- Umgwaqo ogama lakhe uGeorgy Plekhanov useBelgorod, ePenza, Kharkov, Lipetsk, Nikolaev, Orenburg, eMinsk
- I-Plekhanov Square eTomsk
- Indlu-Museum G. V. Plekhanov ku Lipetsk
- I-Plekhanov House eSt. Petersburg, lapho kutholakala khona isigaba selabhulali yezwe saseRussia
- Izikhumbuzo uGeorgia Plekhanov eSt Petersburg, Lipetsk, Plekhanov (Lipetsk esifundeni)
- Ukuhlonipha uGeorge Plekhanov, ezomnotho zaseRussia kanye neSt Petersburg State Mining Institute zibizwa ngegama
- Ngo-1925 - "Stepan Halturin" (Umlingisi Oleg Frelich)
- Ngo-1961 - "Ekuqaleni kwalelikhulu leminyaka" (Umlingisi uNikolai Annonkov)
- Ngo-1965 - "Ikhomishini Ezezimo Eziphuthumayo" (Umlingisi uSergey Karnavich-Vaga)
- Ngo-1967 - USophia Perovskaya (Umlingisi Konstantin Khudyakov)
- 1974 - "Ukhozi Fall" (Umlingisi uPaul Eddicon)
- 1981 - "Disemba 20" (Actor Ernst Romanov)
- 1993 - "Split" (Umlingisi Rerumantas Adomaytis)
- 2017 - "Trotsky" (Umlingisi Dmitry Vorobyov)
I-Bibliography
- Ngo-1883 - "Socialism kanye nomzabalazo wezepolitiki"
- 1885 - "Ukungaboni ngaso linye"
- Ngo-1894 - "Empikiswaneni yokuthuthuka kokubheka kwendatshana le ndaba"
- Ngo-1895 - "U-Asuguen Thierry nokuqonda okubonakalayo komlando"
- Ngo-1897 - "Ngokuqonda okubonakalayo komlando"
- Ngo-1898 - "Umbuzo weqhaza lobuntu emlandweni"
- Ngo-1905 - "emaflini amabili. Ukuqoqwa Kwezincwadi Zepolitiki "
- 1908 - "Izingqinamba eziphambili zeMarxism"
- 1917 - "Impi Nokuthula"
- 1923 - "Ama-Essays emlandweni womqondo womphakathi waseRussia ngekhulu le-XIX"