I-Biograge
Isazi sefilosofi elikhulu kakhulu - i-nerrationalist yekhulu le-19 lalingqubuzana kakhulu. Umsekeli wemibono ye-asceticism akazange anciphise; Ukuba ngumfino oqinisekisiwe - akazange acabange ngokuphila ngaphandle kwenyama; Yonke inhliziyo yazonda abesifazane, kepha yayithanda inhlangano yabathandekayo. Kuze kube namuhla, lokhu kungqubuzana phakathi kwefilosofi yokuphelelwa yithemba nokuhaha ekujabuleni kwempilo kuyingxabano ebucayi phakathi kwabantu besikhathi besikhathi besikhathi sabantu besikhathi besikhathi sabantu besikhathi besikhathi sabantu besikhathi besikhathi sasinjalo.Abanye babona ku-Schopenhawer "Martyr" bezama ukuthola indlela yokunqoba usizi lwempilo. Abanye banethemba lokuthi uMaestro wayengumuntu onothando olunothando olunothando lwezinkinga zangempela, zizidla zibe sesikhungweni esiphelele. Kepha akekho ozophika iqiniso lokuthi imicabango kanye nemicabango ka-Arthur yathinta isiko lefilosofi, iba yindawo yokuqala yemiqondo emisha.
Ubuntwana nentsha
NgoFebhuwari 22, 1788, umfana uvela edolobheni laseDanzig emndenini ocebile weSchopenhaueers. Ubaba nomama banika igama elithi baby Arthur.
UHeinrich Floris Schopenhauer, ubaba u-Arthur, ongumthengisi waphakade, owayeziqhenya ngecala, wazuza njengefa. Esekela idumela lomndeni, wenza konke okusemandleni ukuze ibhizinisi lichume, futhi umkakhe nezingane akazange adinge lutho. UHeinrich wayengeyena umthengisi onekhono kuphela, kodwa futhi nendoda enothile eqotho eqotho.
Abantu abenecala ngaye bephawuleka emgomweni, ubuqotho kanye nobulungiswa, lapho uyise wesazi sefilosofi ethola khona inhlonipho edolobheni lakubo. Ngo-38, uHeinrich uthatha uJohann-Henriettu, oneminyaka engu-18 kumkakhe. Kwakungekho imizwa kule nyunyana, kwakukhona ukubalwa. Ukuqala nokubanda uHenrietta wayekholelwa ukuthi kulo mshado ngabe kufanele akhathazeke ngokuthi yikuphi ukugqoka okufanele agqoke namuhla ebholeni. UHeinrich waqonda ukuthi wayengeyena owaphakade, futhi wayedinga izindlalifa.
U-Arthur wayehlala edolobheni lakubo iminyaka emihlanu. Ngo-1793, uDanzig wabekwa ngaphansi kwe-blockade yamasosha asePrussian futhi akayekanga ukuba yidolobha lamahhala. Umndeni onothando lwenkululeko awuzange ufune ukuvukela abahlaseli wathuthela eHamburg ngoMashi. Iminyaka engu-12, abakwaSchopenhauers abayishintshanga indawo yokuhlala. UHeinrich waphupha ngokunikeza indodana yakhe imfundo efanelekayo.
Ngo-9, iSchopenhauer Sendary ithumela u-Arthur eFrance kumngane wakhe eHavr. Ngokuhamba kweminyaka emibili, umfana ufunda abafundisi abahamba phambili beDolobha. Ukubuyela ekhaya, i-Schopenhauer encane yakhuluma kahle ngesiFulentshi, futhi umdanso wakhe waseJalimane wanikezwa isazi sefilosofi esizayo ngobunzima. Eminyakeni engu-11 ubudala, umfana uya e-ruge gymnasium, lapho akhuliswa khona izingane zabathengisi kuphela. Kulesi sikole, ngaphezu kwezinto ezamukelekayo ezamukelekayo, uthango, umdwebo, dlala ku-Flute nokudansa kwafundiswa.
NgoJanuwari 1805, emyalweni kababa u-Arthur, ukuhweba kwezentengiselwano kanye ne-Ienis Senator ifika. Lapho, umfana uyakuqonda ukuthi ukuhweba akuyona into afuna ukuzibandakanya esikhathini esizayo.
Ngaphandle kwalokho, entwasahlobo ka-1805, ubaba ka-Arthur uyafa. UHeinrich wawela efasiteleni le-attic emgodini wamanzi futhi waminza. Izilimi ezimbi zihlezi ukuthi ukuzibulala. Izizathu ezahlukene zabizwa: Abanye bathi Heinrich babona kusengaphambili ukuqothuka futhi abakwamukelanga lo mcabango, okwesibili bathi lolu daba lusenkingani yezempilo. Umfana owayethanda uYise, wakhathazeka kakhulu ngokufa kwakhe, futhi noma ngabe omunye walezi "zazingawo" wayeneqiniso - wayengeke akwamukele.
Ngemuva kokufa kwekhanda lomndeni, amandla asendlini adlulela eJohanne. Umama wesazi sefilosofi ngaphandle kwegatsha lonembeza ukuze azuze yena nababhali, abaculi nabezepolitiki, avule i-salon eWeimar. Phakathi kwezivakashi zowesifazane kwavela abantu abadumile: uViland, abafowethu bamamatheka, futhi ngisho nabatholakele yena. Ngenkathi uJohann ehola impilo egubha, u-Arthur waqhubeka nokufunda imbangela yezentengiso. Le nsizwa yafundwa kuze kube yilapho umngane omusha kaJohann engamkhonglisela ukuba anikeze indodana yakhe eNyuvesi yaseGöttingen.
Ikhono lezokwelapha likhange ngokushesha u-Arthur, kepha ngaphansi kwethonya lothisha uG. Schulz, insizwa igxile kwifilosofi, iya efektri ehambisanayo eGöttingen Schopenhauer yahlala ku-1809 kuya ku-1811. Ngo-1811, u-Arthur usuka eWeimar eBerlin. Kube nokuphila ifilosofi wefilosofi, okungukuthi ngaleso sikhathi esiphakeme sokuthandwa. I-Schopenhauer young young yaya ezinkulumweni, ama-colloquimis futhi ifake kaninginingi ukuxabana nenkosi. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, inhlonipho ngeFicht yavulwa, kepha isimo sokuxoshwa nokuhlekisa kwafika.
U-Arthur onezifundo zentshiseko zemvelo zemvelo: Chemistry, Astronomy, Physics, Zoology, Geogenicity. Le nsizwa yalalela inkambo yezinkondlo zaseScandinavia, yafunda umsebenzi wababhali be-Renaissance, nefilosofi ye-Middle Ages. I-jurisprudence ne-theology kuphela abayeki umfundi. Umkhumbi wesayensi yokwehla kwesayensi esencane u-Arthur wayefuna ukoma ngokuphelele.
Ngo-1813, umcabangi osemusha kwakufanele athole iziqu zobudokotela eBerlin. Kepha amapulani akhe alungisa isimo sezempi. Phezu komklamo wokwakheka "empandeni emine yomthetho owanele", u-Arthur wasebenza kulo lonke elasehlobo.
Ekuqaleni kuka-Okthoba, imizamo yeSchopenhauer yaziswa: Ien University imemezela u-Arthur nguDktlosophy.
Into yokufunda
"Ukuthula njengentando nomqondo" - umsebenzi ophakathi no-Arthur Schopenhauer. Incwadi iqukethe imibono ye-matra maqondana nokuphila, umbono wakhe wokukhuliswa, isizungu nesikweletu. Lapho ubhala lo msebenzi, iSchopenhauer yaphefumulelwa yimisebenzi yokuhlupha kanye noKant. Umuntu ocabangayo ufuna ukudlulisa kumfundi umbono wokuthi, noma ngabe zinjani izinzuzo zangaphandle, ubuqotho bangaphakathi bomuntu nangokuvumelana naye, kanye nempilo yomzimba - ukuphela kwengqondo yenjabulo.
Incwadi ethi "Erystics noma ubuciko bokunqoba izingxabano" yabhalwa ngekhulu le-19, kodwa manje ibaluleke kakhulu. Encwadini, iSchopenhauer iveza izimfihlo zezingxabano zokunqoba. U-Arthur uyachaza ukuthi ungalungile kanjani, noma ngabe unephutha. Ngokusho kombhali, ukuze anqobe impikiswano, udinga ukuheha kahle namaqiniso.
Encwadini ethi "ekuzingeniseni nasekuhlosweni kwempilo", uSchopenhauer ubhala ukuthi ubuntu buthunjelwe izifiso zakhe - nsuku zonke izidingo zikhula, akukho lutho olukwazi ukuqeda uthando olusha, olunamandla.
Incwadi ethi "Metaphysics of Love Ocansini." Imibhalo eshicilelwe yethula umfundi ngokubukwa kokuziphatha kwe-schopenhauer. Lapha umongo wothando lwezocansi lunqoba, ukutholwa kweqiniso lokufa nokufa kwabantu. Ukomela okungathandeki kwempilo, amandla wemvelo, ukubonakaliswa kokukhohlisa komhlaba, okuvezwe ezicebeni zezincwadi, lapho wonke umfundi ezokwazi ukuthola yena.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
I-Schopenhauer ibingathandeki: Ifilosofi yayikhula kancane, inekhanda elincane futhi yayinekhanda elikhulu eliyimfihlo, elalibukeka lihle kakhulu ngenxa yosayizi womzimba.
Naphezu kokungabikho kwe-gloss yangaphandle, umfana ogqoke kahle. Wayenombono wakhe wemfashini. Ngisho ekukhetheni kwezingubo, owesilisa wayengumuntu ongaguquki. Kepha iMizanthropa ihlala iyi-misanthrop, ngisho nokugqoka ngenaliti.
Insizwa eyabiza kakhulu yayingumfokazi emphakathini nasemantombazaneni. Kodwa-ke, ezingxoxweni ezingavamile, lo mfo wadonsela ukunaka hhayi ukubonwa, nezinkulumo, njengezikhonkwane ezibhaliwe, zazilula futhi zinembile.
Intombazane ethungase emphefumulweni we-pessimist encane yokusanhlamvu kwe-menoenavilism, ebizwa ngokuthi yiCarolina Jewermanman. ISchopenhauer yathandana nokungazi, ethatha isinqumo sokudala inyunyana yomndeni, yabopha ubuhle kuye. Kepha othandekayo bebengelula kangako: Bengingafuni ukuzonaka umthwalo ngomshado we-UZami, uCarolina wabuza isazi sefilosofi esencane ukuba simshiye yedwa. U-Arthur akatholanga ezigabeni, kungani kwamlahlekisela kakhulu. Ukuchazwa kwe-zipper kwakhanya ekhanda lakhe: Abesifazane ngokwemvelo bayiziwula hhayi kude. Lezi zidalwa azikwazi ukwakha ikusasa. Owesifazane uyisiphephelo sesono neze.
Le nsizwa yaba ngumuntu ocansini, kepha naphezu kwalokhu kuqonda, le nsizwa yachitha isikhathi esiningi enkampanini yabahle bendawo, abathandanayo futhi, uma benenhlanhla, bengenele othandweni injabulo.
UCarolina wahlwanyela okusanhlamvu, kepha izimpande zahluma lapho uTultry Italian Teresa uqhamuka e-Arthur's Life. Intombazane yayimuhle, icebile futhi yakhiwa. Ukwazi kwenzeka ngo-1822, ngesikhathi sohambo lweSchopenhauer e-Italy. Le nsizwa yayisezulwini lesikhombisa enjabulweni yacabanga kakhulu ngomshado. Isiqephu esisodwa esisodwa sabhubhisa amacebo wefilosofi: Ngenkathi ehambahamba ezungeze idolobha, abathandi bashayisana nomlobi wesiNgisi nguJehova Byron.
Umngane lapho ebona uDonjanana odumile wawugcwele futhi waphela amandla. U-Arthur wayesaba ukuthi ngokuzayo kunentokazi ebabazekayo enobuthi kalula kwezimpondo futhi yenqabile ukuhlangabezana nentombazane enzima.
Esikhathini esizayo, iSchopenhauer yahlangana kuphela namantombazane atholakala kalula: wathola okudingekayo, wabaphonsa. Yonke "inoveli" entsha yayiwukuziphindisela kobuhle base-Italiya.
Ngemuva konyaka, u-Arthur wabuyela eDresden futhi wabikela konke lokho impilo yomndeni akuyona eyakhe futhi uthando lwabesifazane seluphelile.
Ukushona
ISchopenhauer yahlukaniswa ngempilo enhle. Asikho isifo esingabhekana naye. Ngakho-ke, umfundi "U-Ephreli" Ukushaya kwenhliziyo 1860 futhi ukungakhululeki okukhanyayo esifubeni ngaleso sikhathi akuzange kubangelwe kwisazi sefilosofi namaconsi.
Izinyanga ezine, ngoSepthemba 21, udokotela wathola umzimba ongaphili we-Schopenhauer: Lesi sifo sitholwe "Ukumangala" lapho indoda iphuza ikhofi egumbini lokuphumula. I-Pneumonia yamaphaphu yaba yiPosthum of Filosopher.
Isidumbu asivulwanga, ngoba, ngesikhathi sokuphila kweSchopenhauer, ngokubhala, senqabile le nqubo. Lapho kungcwatshwe ekhanda kwaphathiswa umqhele we-laurel. Izinsalela ze-maestro pessimism zakhashelwa ngumhlaba ngoSepthemba 26 emathuneni endawo eFrankfurt.
Itshe elingenamuntu, elithathwe yi-Ivy, lihlobisa ubuhlakani bokugcina. Akukho phuzu lesethenjwa (usuku lokuzalwa), alikho iphuzu lokungabuyi (izinsuku zokufa). Amagama amabili kuphela aqoshiwe kuleso sitofu: Arthur Schopenhauer.
Amacaphuna
"Wonke umuntu angalalelwa, kepha kufanelekile ukukhuluma nomuntu ngamunye". "Ukuhlala kwabantu akusekelwe othandweni emphakathini, kodwa ngokwesaba isizungu." "Umhlaba uyisibhedlela sabantu abangaphatheki." "UDon Yiba nokukhanya kwezincwadi, manje kungenzeka ukuthi ngiye ekuphelelweni isikhathi eside. "" Lapho abantu bexhumana kakhulu phakathi kwabo, indlela abaziphatha ngayo ifana nokudla okuzama ukufudumala ebusuku obubandayo ebusika. Bayabanda, bacindezelwa komunye nomunye, kodwa abanamandla abakwenzayo, ababaza kakhulu abanaliti abade. Baphoqelekile ngenxa yobuhlungu bokulimala, basondela futhi ngenxa yamakhaza, ngakho-ke - bonke ubusuku bufa. "I-Bibliography
- "Ezimpandeni ezine zomthetho wokwanele" (1813)
- "Ngombono nemibala" (1816)
- "Ukuthula Okufana Nentando Nokusebenza" (1819)
- "Oh Will E Natural" (1826)
- "Ngenkululeko yentando" (1839)
- "Ngesisekelo sokuziphatha" (1840)
- "Izinkinga ezimbili zokuziphatha eziphakeme" (1841)
- I- "ParerGa und Paratomena" (1841, 1851 - amavolumu amabili)
- "I-New Pradepomena" (1860)