I-Demosphen - Biography, isithombe, isipikha sempilo yomuntu siqu, i-rhetoric

I-Biograge

Ama-Demosthene - Isikhulumi sasendulo samaGrikhi kanye ne-Rhetoric, amakhono kanye ne-acuity asanikezwa esibonelweni sosopolitiki nabameli banamuhla. I-biography yale ndoda yabonisa ukuthi ukunemba nokubekezela kusivumele ukuba sinqobe noma yiziphi izithiyo: amademoni ahlolwe hhayi kuphela ngamahloni, kodwa futhi nangethu. Ngisho nezinto ezinjalo zibonakala zingahambisani nobuciko obuhlanzekile, abavimbanga lo muntu ukuba aphumelele.

Ubuntwana nentsha

Isikhulumi esizayo sazalwa, okusolwa ukuthi, ngo-384 BC, emgodini ongaphezulu, hhayi kude ne-Athene. Uyise we-demosphen, ukuhlonipha iNdodana yaqanjwa ngokuthi yiNdodana yayo, yayinefektri yayo yezikhali. Umndeni we-demosphen awuzange usize futhi waba nenani lezigqila ezithile. Umama we-rhetoric yesikhathi esizayo wabizwa ngokuthi uKleovul.

Ngeshwa, ebuntwaneni, uDemosfen kwadingeka abhekane nokuhaha kwabantu nokungabi nabulungisa. Kwakuyizehlakalo ezathonya ngokuzikhethela indlela yempilo ye-demosphen. Iqiniso ngukuthi umfana ulahlekelwe nguyise kusenesikhathi. Kodwa-ke, i-demosphen esephezulu yanakekela izingane (demosthenene zazinodadewabo) nomkakhe. Indoda ishiye imali enkulu kubangani abacele umndeni wabo.

Kepha abagcini baphenduka bangabafundile: benza imali futhi bacabanga, bafulathela unkosikazi weDemosfen-Senior and Baby. Naphezu kwemicimbi engemihle enjalo, i-demosphen yavakashela isikole futhi yathola imfundo enhle. Futhi isisusa esiyinhloko sensizwa kwakuwumqondo wokujeziswa okulungile kwabanakekeli abangathembekile.

-Oketoric

Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ukucasuka okubangelwa abagcini be-demosphonia akulimazanga inhliziyo yensizwa, kodwa kuphefumulelwe uSomlomo wesikhathi esizayo umuzwa obukhali wokuthi "umlenze wemthethweni" wakubiza icala. Ukufeza lokhu kungokweqiniso kubaphangi, le nsizwa yaqala ukuzivocavoca ngokuzivocavoca.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, le nsizwa yesikhumbuzo se-18, le nsizwa yaqasha isikhulumi esaziwa ngesikhathi sokuthi yamfundisa ukuhlakanipha kwamalungelo e-attic kanye nobuciko, ngakho-ke kuyadingeka ezimweni zenkantolo.

Ngakho-ke, inqubo yokufaka amacala nabaqaphi abahlulekile kwakuwukudilizwa isikole esihle kakhulu se-rhetoric. Impilo yensizwa, ngokungafani nontanga yakhe, yagcwala umsebenzi onenkani. Amademoni aqala ukukhuluma, isipho sokuqiniseka futhi saqinisa ukholo ngamandla akhe.

Ubunzima obungeziwe bensizwa bekusesimweni sokuzalwa kwenkulumo: I-Demosphen stutter (ngolunye ulwazi - kartval). Kepha ngalesi sithintelo esikwazi ukubhekana nalokhu: Insizwa yansuku zonke yenza inkulumo enamatshe anamatshe emlonyeni futhi ngenxa yalokho yaqeda ukuntuleka.

Kungekudala, i-demosphen yayingu-podnar kangaka emgqonyeni womusa nolwazi ngemithetho abantu abaqala ukuxhumana nayo ngezicelo zokukhuluma naye. I-Demosphen yaqala ukusiza abanye ukuxazulula izinkinga ezithile zisebenzisa ubuhlakani babo.

Ngemuva kwesikhashana, i-demosphen yaqala ukufunda njengomgibeli ongcono. Isikhulumi ngokwakhe sizobhala kamuva ukuthi isikhali esikhulu sesipika esinamakhono akuyona ukubiza amagama okusobala, inkulumo efanelekile kanye nokuphikisana okukholisayo. Njalo ngesipika, ngokusho kwe-demosphen, kufanele kuqala ukuba nobunye nokuziphatha, kuphela lapho amandla awo aqhathaniswa namandla amabutho ahlomile.

Izimiso zezobutholo ezakho zalandela ngokuqinile: Akazange azilwele inzuzo yomuntu siqu, futhi wayengeyesabi ukulahlwa noma ukungajabuli. I-Demosphen iveze lokho ayecabanga ukuthi ilungile, ifuna "imthethweni" kuyo yonke into encane.

Akuzange kubize isikhulumi futhi ngaphandle kwama-detactors. Ama-mussels athile, umuntu ovikelwe nomngane wabanakekeli abangathembekile be-demosphen, babezama njalo ukuvimba isikhulumi, bahlela ukungcola okuncane nokukhulu. Ama-mussels athuke isikhulumi, athola ukudideka emehlweni abantu waze wafumbathisa amajaji. Kwafika lapho isitha sedimoniso sonakalisa izingubo zemikhosi yesipika, salungiselela inkulumo enesizotha.

Kodwa ngisho nokuthuka okunjalo nokuhlaselwa akuzange kuphoqelele ukudideka ukuba babuyele ezimisweni zabo: akazange aphendule kabi ngokuzimele, kodwa wafuna inqubo esemthethweni enkantolo.

Impilo yomuntu siqu

Mayelana nempilo yomuntu siqu yesikhulumi se-demosphen kugcinwe imininingwane emincane. Kuyaziwa ukuthi i-rhetoric yashada ne-Athinean. Ingane yokuqala ihlisiwe, le ntombazane, yafa ebuntwaneni. Kamuva, umfazi wanikeza u-Orator wamadodana amabili.

Ukushona

Impilo yedimoni yawa ngesikhathi esibi seGrisi: Izwe lalihlaselwa ngokuhlaselwa kukaMakedoniya futhi lahlalwa njalo. Amademoni, asebenzisa isipho sokuqiniseka, azamile ukubekezelela abantu emcabangweni wokuthi izinqubomgomo zamaGrikhi ezihlakazekile kufanele zibe ngumhlangano ekulweni nesitha.

Ngokwengxenye isikhulumi sakwazi ukufeza lokho okufunayo: Ingxenye yezinqubomgomo ezihlanganiswe ngempela neMakedoniya. Kodwa-ke, kwakuncane kakhulu, futhi umphimbo wamasosha amaGrikhi empini elandelayo. Amandla angena ezandleni zamaMakedoniya aletha imiyalo yawo. Ngaphandle kwalokhu, i-demosphen yaqhubeka nokukhuluma ngezinkulumo ngokumelene nabahlaseli.

Kuliqiniso, amaMakedoniya awakuthandi ukukhiqizwa kwamahhala okungaziwa. I-Demosphenus yathola isigwebo sentambo. IGreat Rtoric yazama ukugwema isiphetho esidabukisayo futhi ishiya inhlokodolobha, noma kunjalo, yayingenaso isikhathi. Amademoni abamba, kepha owesilisa wazibophezela ekwakheni ezandleni zokuqapha futhi athathe ubuthi obulalayo ngasikhathi sinye.

Isikhulumi esinesibindi sasungulwa isikhumbuzo esingekude nethempeli likaPoseidoni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, indodana endala yedemosfen yafuna ilungelo lokungakhokhi intela. Ngakho-ke, abase-Athene bayehlonipha inkumbulo yomuntu ongazange aphule ingozi ebulalayo.

I-Demosthesfen imvamisa iqhathaniswa nesinye isikhulumi sasendulo - uCicero. 'Ukuphila Ngokuqhathaniswa', iPlutarch kwagcizelela ukuthi i-demosphine yahlukaniswa nokuqonda nokuthembeka, kuyilapho uCicero wazama ukuba nezimo ngokwengeziwe.

Manje izinkulumo ezigciniwe zeDemosthene zihlala ziyinto ebonakalayo, ezingahlulelwa ngokuziphatha nangamasiko aseGrisi ngaleso sikhathi, kanye nangobuciko obuphansi kanye nemithetho eyamukelwe kuleyo minyaka ekude.

Ukudideka okukhulu kwenkulumo.

• "Okokuqala kuka-Olinf"
• I- "Olinf Second"
• "Inkulumo yokuqala yokumelana noFiliphu"
• "Inkulumo Yesibili Ukumelana noFiliphu"
• "Mayelana Namacala E-Cheyese"
• "Ekusatshalalisweni Kwezimali"
• "Ku-SIMMOIMAS"
• "Ngenkululeko Yabantu AbakwaRhodi"
• "KwaMegalopoltsev"
• "Ngokuvumelana no-Alexander"
• "Kwi-Ktesifona nge-wreath"
• "Enxusa lobugebengu"