I-Biograge
U-Alexander Lvovich Parvus (Israel Lazarevich I-ParVUS (inguquko yaseRussia, umlandeli wenhlangano yentando yeningi yentando yeningi, Ph.d., Umbhali wamaphepha wesayensi nemidlalo.
Emndenini wamaJuda ngoSepthemba 8, 1867, umfana ogama lakhe lingu-Israyeli wazalwa. Iminyaka izobanjelwa ngaphambi kokuthi u-Israyeli athathe igama elisha nesibongo. Ngakho-ke le nsizwa izophenduka ibe ngu-Alexander Parvus. Umcimbi ojabulisayo emndenini wenhlekelele wenzeka eBeresin, engaphansi kweMinsk. Ngokushesha umlilo omkhulu washeshe wachitha indlu lapho izinguquko zesikhathi esizayo zihlala khona. Umuzi wahlushwa umlilo.
Lesi kwakuyisizathu sokuhambisa umndeni e-Odessa, izahluko zakhe zazalelwa kulo muzi. Indoda yahamba yasebenza ethekwini. U-Israyeli wafundiswa e-Gymnasium, wahambela lezi zingxenye lapho kwakukhona khona intsha yokuguqula. Ithalente Alexander ngo-1885 liya eZurich ngenxa yemfundo ephakeme. Lapha, umhlanganyeli uhlangana nabahlanganyeli beqembu lokukhishwa kwabasebenzi. I-PB. I-Axelrod, G.V. Plekhanov, v.i. Zasulich.
E-biography esemthethweni yenguquko, kwathiwa iParvus eNyuvesi yaseBasel yaphenywa ngumnotho wezepolitiki. Ngokwemiphumela yezifundo zakhe, wathola izinga likadokotela wefilosofi. U-Alexander wathuthela eJalimane futhi waba yilungu leqembu lentando yeningi yentando yeningi. Ngokwe-I. Dooycher, uParvus wayefisa "ukuvuselela umoya wezinguquko waseJalimane wocial."
Inguquko
U-Alexander wabuyela eSt. Petersburg ezinsukwini zokuqala zenguquko. Inkampani uParvus yayiyibhubesi trotsky. Amadoda awethule imisebenzi eKomitini eliPhezulu loMkhandlu Weziphikiso Zabasebenzi. U-Alexander wahlela ukusebenzisa umbono wokuthi "inguquko engapheli" ekusebenzeni. Ithuluzi lokwakheka kokuguqulwa kwezinguquko uParvus wabona i-proletariat.
Yima esigxotsheni eRussia, indoda ayizange ifune. Amacebo ka-Alexander ayekhona emhlabeni weSocialist Revolution. Cishe ingxenye yengxenye yonyaka i-parvus eyenziwe ngaphambi kokusebenza ngezingcingo zokuvukela amandla abhekene namanje futhi yakha intando yeningi esebenzayo.
Izinguquko zazidinga ingcindezi emphakathini. I-Trotsky neParvus banquma ukukwenza ngephephandaba laseRussia. Abahleli abasha abasha bakhuphule ukusakazwa kwabezindaba abaphrinta baba yizinkulungwane eziyikhulu, nangemva kwamakhophi ayizinkulungwane ezingama-500. Ngaleso sikhathi esinjalo "sokuphila okusha", okungokwamaBolsheviks, akunakwenzeka.
U-Alexander waba amandla okushayela eMkhandlwini weSt. Petersburg. Emahlombe e-parvus babeka phansi izibopho zokubhala izindatshana nokumemezela, isu lokuthuthukisa namaqhinga. Umguquki wahehwa ukwenza imisebenzi emabhizinisini ezimbonini, eMkhandlwini. Ithonya elinikezwe yiPartus kubahlali baseSt. Petersburg lalinamandla, abantu bahamba ngo-Alexander.
IParvus yayiguqula ntambama, futhi kusihlwa echithwa ekudaleni imidlalo. Umsebenzi we-Satirical wasetshenziselwa ukwakha imisebenzi. U-Alexander Pre-wathola amathikithi ambalwa ngaphambi kwesikhathi ukunikeza abangane.
Ukusuka ngaphansi kwepeni lenguquko, "Manifesto Ezezimali" kwaphuma. Lo mbhalo wawunemininingwane mayelana nezikhulu ezikhohlakele ekufezeni uhulumeni waseRussia, ukungabikho kwemali kuMgcinimafa nokubikwa okungamanga. Ngokwamalungu omkhandlu, abantu akufanele bakhokhe ezikweletini zomndeni wasebukhosini.
Kuboshwa ngesikhathi. Iziboshwa zokuqala zazingabaholi beqembu. Ngemuva kwalokho uPartus weza endaweni ye-trotsky, kodwa ngokushesha kwathi lapho kuvuselelwa kwakuhlazisa emandleni. U-Aleksandra ulahlwe yicala futhi wathunyelwa eTurukhansk, lapho indoda kwakufanele ichithe iminyaka emi-3. Kepha uParvus wakwazi ukugijima. Nginami, u-Alexander wayenemibhalo engeyona nemali.
Ukudumazeka kwenguquko yaseRussia kwavela kungazelelwe. UPartus wanquma ukuthumela ama-galkan, lapho abantu bazama khona ukwenza isivumelwano. Ngaphambi nje kohambo oluya eJalimane, u-Alexander wethula "inqubomgomo yamakolo kanye nokuwa kohlelo lobungxowankulu." Phakathi kwalo kwakuwukudla okungcono komsebenzi wenguquko.
Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi abasebenzi abathonya abamele i-II yamazwe aphesheya, phakathi kwabo uVladimir Irin befika. Cishe akukho lutho ozokwazi ngempilo yeParvus eYurophu. Ama-biographs kwakufanele akholelwe amahlebezi nemibono.
Ngo-1910, iConstantinople iba yindawo yokuhlala unomphela. Isiguquli sasiza abaphathi baseTurkey emkhakheni wezomnotho. ITurkey yaba ikhaya lesibili leParvus. Kusukela esemncane, u-Alexander waphupha ukuba acebe. EConstantinople, lesi sifiso sagcwaliseka. Indlela izikweletu zeRevervalt zaphindeka kanjani - namanje imfihlakalo.
Ukuhlala kude noTothery ngeParkus kwakunzima, ngakho-ke ngemuva kokuguqulwa ngo-Okthoba, okwenza kwaba namandla okugumbuqela amandla asebukhosini, u-Alexander wayebheke phambili lapho v.i. ULenin uzobuyisa ikhaya lezinguquko. Isimangaliso asizange senzeke. Okuthunyelwe kukaNgqongqoshe Wezezimali Parvus akazange alinde. Umholi wezwe proletariariat wagwema ubudlelwane nomJuda ohlehlisiwe.
Ngaphandle kokulinda imvume, u-Alexander wanquma ukusiza izinguquko zaseRussia ezivela eYurophu. Ngakho-ke eScandinavia kwavela iphephandaba laseRussia, elalizama ukuhlehlisa amandla, lithuthukise izisekelo ezintsha zempilo. Ephendula kusukela eRussia, izinsolo zokuphambanisa ukucebisa kwazo kwezwakala. Imizwa evela kule micimbi eboniswe encwadini ethi "emzabalazweni weqiniso".
Ngo-1918, u-Alexander LVovich wanquma ukushiya ezepolitiki phambilini. Ukonga okuqoqiwe kwakwanele empilweni enhle nokuzijabulisa okuthandayo - ukufunwa. Ukuguqulwa kwedumela okungathandeki akusebenzanga, ngakho-ke ngisho nezigidi ezigidini azizange zinikeze amathuba e-parvus ukuze ahlangane futhi akwazi ukuxhumana nabantu abadumile, osopolitiki kanye namanxusa kanyexusa. Osaziwayo bagwema ukuxhumana no-Alexander.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Ngokwemininingwane esemthethweni, u-Alexander Parvus wayeshade kabili. Umlingani wokuqala nguTatiana Naumovna Berman. Owesifazane wayazi njengeTabos Cherts. Izakhamizi zazithathwa njengombala omele ophuzi wenhlangano yentando yeningi, futhi ingxenye yesikhashana isebenze njengomhumushi nomhumushi.
Kule nyunyana, indodana yomndeni wamaJuda yazalwa indodana ka-Evgeny Aleksandrovich Gamen. Insizwa eyathola iminyaka yobudala evuthiwe yaqokwa esikhundleni sokuba ne-soviet plobotamat, kodwa kamuva yaba yimpi, wabhala izikhumbuzo.
Umlingani wesibili weParvus akagciniwe idatha. Kuyaziwa ukuthi abashadikazi banendodana eyayisebenza e-Embassy of the USSR, e-Italy. Nezimo ezingaqondakali, indoda yanyamalala.
Ukushona
Ngo-1924, u-Alexander Parvus wayeseBerlin. Enhlokodolobha yaseJalimane, isiguquli sathola unhlangothi, okwathi ngemuva kwalokho umuntu akakwazanga. Ngemuva kokushona okuzinzile kokuqongelelwa kwePhalamende kwanyamalala. Ngubani ngemuva kwalokhu akwaziwa.Impilo ka-Alexander ivaliwe yizimfihlo nezimfumbe ezingalungiswa. I-biography yesiguquli inezipho ezinhle kakhulu zokuphela kokudumazeka nokudumazeka, kaningi izimo zisebenzisa umlando wokuphila ukudala ama-movie.
Ngo-2006, ifilimu elibhalwe phansi elithi "Parvus Revolution" labona ukukhanya. Ngemuva kweminyaka engu-9 kamuva, izilaleli zikhombisa iribhoni entsha - "Revolution Demove". Igama lesibili lesithombe yimemorandamu yeParvus.
Ukukhumbula
- Ngo-1895 - "Ukuhlangana nesiteleka sezepolitiki"
- Ngo-1897 - "Imakethe Yomhlaba kanye Nenhlupheko Yezolimo"
- Ngo-1906 - "Russia and Revolution"
- Ngo-1907 - "E-Bastille yaseRussia ngesikhathi senguquko"
- I-1908 - "Inqubomgomo Yezenkolo Nokulimala Kwesakhiwo Songxowazi"
- 1908 - "Ukukhiqizwa kongcwanankulu kanye ne-proletariat"
- Ngo-1908 - "Umzabalazo Wekilasi Le-Preletariat"
- Ngo-1908 - "Ezikhundleni zentando yeningi yezenhlalo yaseJalimane"
- Ngo-1909 - "Intando yeningi yezenhlalo kanye nePhalamende"
- Ngo-1909 - "Socialism and Social Revolution"
- Ngo-1915 - "Uhlelo lweRussia Revolution"
- Ngo-1918 - "Emzabalazweni Weqiniso"