I-Biograge
Gustave korbe, umdwebi waseFrance wekhulu le-XIX, waba odumile ngenxa yesithombe esinengqondo kakhulu semvelo enqunu. I-canvas yakhe ididekile izilaleli ngoFrankness. Umlobi u-Alexander Duma (indodana), wake wabona isithombe esithi "Ukulala", sabizwa ngokuthi yiCourba "Yenzelwa Umuntu Nabaculi." Kuze kube namuhla, umsebenzi "umsuka wezwe" uthathwa njengomunye weScandalous futhi waxoxa kakhulu.Ubuntwana nentsha
UJean Dezeri Gustave Gourbe wazalwa ngoJuni 10, 1819 edolobheni laseFrance e-Oran, hhayi kude nomngcele waseSwitzerland, emndenini womndeni wezivini zeRazis Kourbe. Kusukela esemncane, uGustave wakhombisa umlingiswa: Ngo-1831, umfana wanikwa ukuthi afundelwe iSeminary, kanye nokuvuma, alalele intshumayelo yakhe, enqaba ukugxila izono. Emva kwalokho, abameleli beSonto babaleka kude nomFrance oneminyaka engu-12 ubudala njengoDeveli.
I-Naval encane, efuna ukusekela idumela lomvula ononya kokuziphatha, kwaholela ohlwini lwezono, olungenziwa - kusuka ekuziphatheni okubi kobugebengu obumnyama. Ukuqeqeshwa kwesikole kwakunganikezeli izithelo, kwathi ngo-1837 amaGustave ekugcizeleleni kukababa angena eRoyal College of Besansson ezifundweni zokulungiselela.
Ngasikhathi sinye, le nsizwa yaba nesifiso sokupenda, yathuthukiswa kummeleli weNeoclassicism Charles-Antoine Flages. Ubuqambi baheha umFulentshi onamandla kunobuphathi. UKarkala ubhale:
"Ekolishi, ngifunde ukudelela imfundiso. Ngifunde konke okwakudingeka, futhi nganquma ukungakwazi ukuthola amaphuzu ngezinto ezingadingekile. "Ngo-1839, le nsizwa yaya eParis, yazisa uBaba ofunda ilungelo. Enhlokodolobha yaseFrance, wahlangana noFrancois Bonven, esikhathini esizayo i-Great Great. Wakhombisa uLouvre Kourba.
Umbono okhethekile kumdwebi weFrance owakhiqiza imidwebo ngama-Spanniard amancane amaDashi nezinkampani ezikhazinyulisiwe: uBartoloma Murillo, uFrancisco de Surbaran, Diego Velasqueza. Kamuva, waba ngumculi, amaGustaves asebenzisa i-Manera yawo ukudala imidwebo ekhanyayo enamathoni amnyama.
ILouvre Expersion yagcina ikholisa insizwa ekukhetheni ukupenda njengomsebenzi oyinhloko. Ungene emhlanganweni wamaRomanist kaCharles de Shtaibhen, wabe esethuthela eSwitzerland waqhubeka nezifundo zakhe. Mhlawumbe lapha kuqala i-biography yomculi weKourbe.
Ukudala
Imihlangano yokusebenzela yaseSwitzerland ayizange ipende ama-landscapes futhi isalokhu liphilayo - Into yesithombe esiku-canvas yayingemvelo yomuntu, imvamisa imvamisa. Mhlawumbe ngenxa yokungakwazi ukusebenza nezinye izinto zeKourbe, ukunyuka kokudala okuvela ezithombeni kuyaqala.
Ngo-1841, "ukuzikhandla ngenja emnyama" kwabhalwa. "Umhlobiso" kwakuwukungena kweGrotto Plezir-Phonten. Emadolweni eGustava eneminyaka engu-22 ubudala athole uSpanyeli weBlack Fold, okwathi ngonyaka obhalele abazali:
"Nginenja ebukekayo, inja emsulwa isiNgisi, wanginika omunye wabangane bakhe; Wonke umuntu ungumdlandla, futhi endlini umjabulele kakhulu kunami. "Ngo-1844, "ukuzikhandla ngenja emnyama" kwabekwa eParis Salon - umbukiso ohlonishwayo waseFrance. Kamuva, amashumi omfanekiso wokuzibona abhale: "Indoda ene-tube", "indoda enebhande lesikhumba", "Sawubona, Mnu. Kunsbe!", Ukuphelelwa yithemba.
Ngawo lowo nyaka, uGütlebi Kourbe wahamba waya eBelgium naseNetherlands, lapho ahlangana khona nomthengisi wemidwebo. Ngenxa yalokhu, imisebenzi engu-7 yomculi ithengile uHendarrick Villem Mesca - umsunguli weHague School of Painting, isikole esihola phambili eNetherlands. Ngakho-ke iKourbe yaziwa ngaphandle kweFrance yayo yendabuko.
Ngemuva kwempumelelo "ye-autoportist enenja emnyama", i-paris salon yawanqaba lo mculi embukisweni - i-heyday yesitayela sezifundo. "Cha" bezwa abanye abadwebi: u-Eugene Delacroix, izindlu ze-Onor, i-Theodore Rousseau, antoone Louis Bari. Ngokubambisana bahlela ukudala isikhala sobuciko, okuthi ekuhlonipheni ngeke banikeze indlela eya eParis salon, kepha amapulani aphule izinguquko zango-1848.
Ngemuva kwenguquko, isithombe sokuncipha okuvame ukuvela eParis salon. Ngo-1849, "ukuphumula ntambama e-Ornan" kwathengwa nguhulumeni waseFrance, futhi umdwebi ngokwakhe wanikezwa indondo enkulu ye-salon. Umklomelo uvumele i-Gustavu ukuthi ikhonjiswe ngaphandle kwemvume.
Ngo-1853, i-Kimba yadala futhi yathumela isithombe se- "Swindisters" enkantolo. Maphakathi ne-canvas kufanekisela umfazi ogcwele ngemuva. Ngokungafani nabamele inkathi yeRenaissance Era, lona wesifazane emazingeni anamuhla wawungafanele, wakhanya. Ukugxeka okukodwa kwabona ukuthi lapho kubona umzimba onjalo, "ngisho nengwenya ngabe yalahlekelwa yisifiso sokudla."
Etholakala esithombeni nezinhloso ezisebhayibhelini. Ngakho-ke, indawo ye-heroine yakhumbuza uMariya Magdalene ukuma kanye noJesu Kristu kusukela ku-Evangelical Plot "Ungangithinti" (isithombe sika-Antonio noCorredgio "Noli Me Tangere"). Isibukeli saphenduka singakulungeli isithombe esingokoqobo, futhi noNapoleon III, ebona isithombe, sikhungathekile ngesiswebhu sakhe. Gustave Kourba, owayelindele indumiso yomphakathi ephakeme kakhulu, wavuselela kuphela:
"Ngakhala wonke umhlaba wobuciko."Ukugxekwa okungathandeki akwethusanga umdwebi wezinhlungu, futhi waqhubeka nokudweba ubunqunu. Kwesinye isikhathi bekuzokwazi nabesifazane abavela ezithombeni zomthwebuli wezithombe zaseFrance Vall de Villenev, ngakho-ke imisebenzi yeKoorbe yaba njengezithombe ezingokoqobo, hhayi ngomsebenzi wobuciko.
Ngo-1866, uGustina Kourbe wabhala imidwebo emibili ehlahlazekile ngasikhathi sinye, omunye wawo, "umsuka wezwe", wawubonisa okokuqala ngekhulu le-XX. ICanvas "yokulala", eyaba isizinda somphakathi ngo-1872, yabangela esinye isiphepho sentukuthelo.
Amantombazane amabili ahlala enqunu aboniswa esithombeni, mhlawumbe ngemuva kokuya ocansini - izinkomba zokuhlobisa ezihlakazekile, ukulala okuchithiwe. Ukuchichima kwe-canvas kwasebenza njengesizathu sokuphenywa kwamaphoyisa ngo-1872. Isikhathi esingaphezu kwekhulu, kuze kube ngu-1988, umsebenzi wabanjwa amaqoqo angasese anqatshelwe ukushicilelwa.
"Yisiphi isilo ... lokhu kungahle kwenzeke le dolodi? Ngaphansi kwe-cap cap, lapho inqwaba yenqwaba, enisela ngenhlanganisela yewayini, ubhiya, amathe anobuthi kanye ne-mucus enephunga, le tubbang, le ithanga elinomuntu, lesi sibeletho, is the embodiment, is umhlanganisi we-idiotic futhi engenamandla, "u-Alexander Duma (indodana) wathukuthela encwadini eya ku-Georges Sand, ebona" Ukulala ".Ngenhlanhla, uDuma Jr. akatholanga isithombe esihlambalazayo 'semvelaphi yezwe', kodwa saba yisihluthulelo sekhambi le-Great Art Imfihlo - Ngubani oyindilinga. E-canvas, ebhalwe ngokulandelana kweSheikh Kalil Sheriff Pasha, ebonise owesifazane onamakhaza anwetshiwe: Ngasekuqaleni kwembozwe ngezitho zangasese zezinwele, ke - izifuba ezingenalutho.
Ngokusho kwenguqulo evamile, i-Kirba yabeka u-Ireland Joanna Hiffernan - Omunye "olele", umthandi womculi uJames Whistler.
Ngo-2013, umqoqi wangasese wakhombisa ingxenye etholakele 'yemvelaphi yezwe' etholakele. Lesi sithombe sikhombisa inhloko yentombazane, usola ama-heroines we-canvas ehlambalazayo. Entombazaneni, isazi-mlando zobuciko uJean-Jacques Fernier babona i-Hiffernan.
Izisebenzi zemnyuziyamu ye-Orsay, lapho "imvelaphi yezwe yasekuqaleni manje seludalulwa manje, lo mbono waphonswa inselelo. Ngo-2018, isazi-mlando uClaude Shupp sinqume ezincwadini zika-Alexander Duma (indodana) ukuba zigeleze ibinzana lesihlabathi:
"Akunakwenzeka ukuchaza ibhulashi elihle kakhulu nelinembile le-mademoiselle yaseNutro Mademoiselle Kenya kusuka ku-Opera."Mhlawumbe, bekumayelana neBallerina Constance Constance eyaziwayo, lapho ngesikhathi sokubhala "imvelaphi yezwe" kwakuyinkosikazi kaSheikh Khalil Sheriff Pasha. Izazi-mlando ze-ACT zanamuhla zibheka lokhu kuqondakala kakhulu.
"Imvelaphi yezwe" yisithombe esihlambalazayo kunazo zonke eqoqweni lamaGustas Kourba. Kubhalwe ngo-1866, wasinda eMpini Yezwe Yesibili, wathathwa njengokulahlekile, kepha ngo-1955 watholakala nge-Psychoanalyst Jacques Lakan. Umsebenzi ugcinwe eyimfihlo kusuka kwamehlo e-chring ngemuva kwe-shift cannol, wakhonza njengokuphefumulelwa kokubhala umsebenzi "wemiqondo emine eyisisekelo ye-psychoanalysis."
Ngemuva kokushona kukaLakan, umdwebo wadluliselwa emnyuziyamu we-oars ukukhokha intela yakhe. Kusukela ngalesosikhathi, "imvelaphi yezwe" iboniswa ngengilazi yezinhlamvu, futhi unogada usewashile-iwashi, ukumisa ukusabela okusheshayo komcwaningi mabhuku.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Mayelana nempilo yomuntu siqu yeHustava Kourba yaziwa kancane. Kuthiwa lo mculi wayehlale esonteka amanoveli anama-simails, kufaka phakathi uJoannan Hifferman noConstance Kenya. Kepha omunye wabo, uVirginia Bina, wanaka uKourbe iminyaka eyi-10.
Lo mbhangqwana wahlangana eParis ekuqaleni kweminyaka yama-1840. Ngo-1847, babenendodana eyayimiselwe ukuhlala iminyaka engama-25. Ngawo-1850s, abathandi basabalalisa okuhle, okuthiwa banesithukuthezi sikaGustavu. UVirginia washiya ingane kuye.
Ukushona
Ngo-1871, i-Kurbi isekele iParis Commune. Waqokwa nguKhomishani ngesiko, imisebenzi yawo kwakuwukuvikelwa kwemisebenzi yobuciko ngesikhathi sokuvinjezelwa kweParis. Ukusizakala ngesikhundla esisemthethweni, umdwebi ohlongozwayo ukudiliza ikholomu yeWandom, okusolwa ukuthi ukhiqize "umbono wokufuya onegazi esivandeni elinokuthula."
Ku-maternity demolition Monuments kusho lokho
"Ikholomu ... iyisikhumbuzo se-barbarism, uphawu lwamandla amabi kanye nenkazimulo yamanga, okuphikwayo kwempi, ukuthuka umthetho oqhubekayo, ukuthuka okuqhubekayo kwabawinile okwehlulwa yiBANTSO, Izimiso ezintathu ezinhle zeRiphabhulikhi yaseFrance - ubuzalwane ... ".NgoMeyi 18, 1871, ikholamu yadilizwa, kwathi ezinsukwini eziyi-10 kamuva iConforse yawa. Abalandeli noma babulawa, noma aboshwe. Isikhathi sokuqala se-naval sakwazi ukugwema isijeziso. NgoMeyi 30, amaphoyisa athungatha umhlangano wayo wokusebenzela, athatha izindwangu eziyi-106. NgoJuni 7 Gustava ubanjwe. Ngokugumbuqelwa kwekholomu yeVandom, wagwetshwa izinyanga eziyisithupha ejele. Futhi, umdwebi kwadingeka anxephezele imali esetshenziselwe ukubuyiselwa kwesikhumbuzo.
Kuseberbe kwadingeka ukubahlukanise imidwebo, kepha imali yemali engenayo ayinayo eyanele. Akafuni ukugeleza ngenxa yezinkokhelo zonyaka ngenani lama-FRANCS amabi angu-10, ngoJulayi 23, 1873, umdwebi wabalekela eSwitzerland.
Impilo ehlisiwe, okungukuthi, ama-hemorrhoid akhulayo kanye nabasebenzi bamanzi baphendukile iminyaka yokugcina yempilo ye-Kurshaya iye esihogweni. Ukufa kwamthola ngosuku kuze kube ngu-1878, Disemba 31, 1877.
Ukusebenza
- Ngo-1841 - "Ukuzikhandla ngenja emnyama"
- Ngo-1845 - "Ukuphelelwa yithemba"
- Ngo-1849 - "Ngemuva kwasemini e-Ornan"
- Ngo-1853 - "Izihlahla"
- Ngo-1853 - "Ama-Vieels"
- Ngo-1854 - "Sawubona, Mnu. Kourbe!"
- Ngo-1855 - "umhlangano womculi"
- Ngo-1861 - "Owesifazane ku-White Stoikings"
- Ngo-1866 - "Ukulala"
- Ngo-1866 - "Umsuka Wezwe"
- Ngo-1870 - "Wave"