I-Biograge
Inkosi yaseFrance Heinrich iv ebizwa ngokuthi yi-Heinrich Bourbon noHeinrich Navararsky, kwakungumbusi wamazwe osogwini lwe-Atlantic Ocean Coast, wabe esethola isihlalo sobukhosi eHeinrich III Vaua. Ukuba ngumsunguli wobukhosi obusha obusebukhosini, owokuqala weBourbon wamisa impi phakathi kwamaKatolika namaHunuenotes waqinisa impilo yezomnotho nezenhlalo yezwe.Ubuntwana nentsha
UHeinrich IV wazalwa ngoDisemba 13, 1553 edolobheni lasePo, entshonalanga nentshonalanga yeFrance. Okhokho bakhe, inkosi nendlovukazi yaseNavarre, ababehlala emndenini waseHeinrich d ', bekungokwezinto ezihlukile zenkolo. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi ingane yabhapathizwa ngokokoko elikhulu lamaKatolika, umama waseCalvinist wamlethela ngokulandela amasiko amaProthestani, owabona okuwukuphela kwegunya likaNkulunkulu elinikeza intethelelo nokuhlengwa.
Ngo-1561, uyise ka-Antoine de Bourbon wathatha uHenrich omncane owayegadle kancane ngaphansi kukaJeanne D'Abagatha futhi wamyisa enkantolo yaseFrance yaseCharles Ix. Le nsizwa yasondela ontani othweswe umqhele futhi yaphila isikhashana ngaphansi kwamahloni endodakazi kaLouis XII, amaProthestani, angawemukeli ubuso ezimpini ezenkolo, ezaziwa ngokuthi izimpi zeHubuenot.
Ngemuva kokufa kukaYise, le nsizwa yahlala nayo nenkosi kanye nemizamo yalowo mzali, yathola ukwesekwa kukaCatherine Medici, owayengunina nomugqa we-carl omncane. Le ntokazi, eyanikeza ithonya elikhulu empilweni yezepolitiki nezenhlalo yezwe nakwezenhlalo, okuqinisekisiwe uHenry imfundo enhle kanye nokuthunyelwe kombusi waseHorien.
Imisebenzi emisha ephoqelele uHeinrich ukuba aphelezele inkosi ngesikhathi sohambo emazweni aseFrance, yalimaza impi yenkolo yokuqala ngo-1562-1563. Njengoba eduzane nasekhaya, umbusi osemusha wamshaya uZhanna d'Alba futhi, wavumela ukukholisa umama, ngo-1567 wabuyela eNavarour.
Ngalesi sikhathi, kwaqubuka ukungqubuzana okusha phakathi kwamaKatolika namaProthestani eFrance, noHeinrich anezele ukulwa ngasohlangothini lweGuenotov ngaphansi kobuholi be-Get Gaspara de Quini.
Ibhodi kanye nemikhankaso yezempi
Ngo-1572, uHeinrich wazuza njengefa esihlokweni senkosi yenkosi yaseNavarre futhi wabizwa ngokuthi yiHerrich III. Kulesi simo, waphetha umshado wezombusazwe futhi wawusenkabeni yokubulawa kwegazi okuhlelwe ababambiqhaza bempi yesine yenkolo ngokwesekwa yi-Catherine Medici.
Ngikugwema ngokuyisimangaliso ukufa, inkosi esemncane yahlala eNkantolo yaseFrance, ifakwe isitha samaProthestani. Kodwa-ke, ngemuva kokubamba iqhaza ekuvinjezelweni kwenqaba yeLa Rochelle kanye ne- "Ukwakha I-Consured of the" Navarred Ruler ", babopha futhi bangena esitokisini enqabeni ye-Wensensky kanye neFrancois AlansSky.
Ngemuva kokuxolelwa yiNkosi uKarl IX, okuqinisekiswe umlandeli wakhe kuHenry III Vaua, owayengumboni wangaphambili wahlala isikhathi esithile uzungezwe yinkosi, wabe esebaleka ukuhlanganisa namaProthestani ngoJuni 13, 1576. Ngaphandle kwalokhu, inkosi yaseNavarre yayingaphuthumi ukuphula ubudlelwano negceke laseFrance futhi yaqhubeka nokufeza izibopho zombusi wendoda.
Ngo-1577, uHeinrich wabamba iqhaza eMpini Yesithupha yeGuenota, lapho asolwa khona ngamaqembu alwayo ekubuzesekelweni. Ngenxa yalokho, umbusi wawuthatha umhlalaphansi enqabeni nge-norake wazungeza ngenhlonipho yezinkolo ezazigcina ukungathathi hlangothi.
Kwaphenduka umbono womphakathi futhi wakhothama izicukuthwane ezikhubekisiwe eKing yeNavarre, kanye nemicimbi yempi yenkolo yesikhombisa, lapho uHenry wakwazi ukugwema ukubulawa kwabantu kanye nama-poroms, ekugcineni waqinisa ukuthandwa kwawo kwezikhundla kanye nezepolitiki.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, uHeinrich Navarre, inzalo eqondile kaLouis IX, wadonsela ukunaka kwewayini, ngemuva kokuba inciphise yokuqala esihlalweni sobukhosi saseFrance ngemuva kokufa kwendlalifa yasebukhosini ngemuva kokufa kwendlalifa yasebukhosini. Kulokhu, inkosi esebenzayo izame ukukholisa amaProthestani ukuthi abuyele kwi-lonon of Katolika futhi athathe isikhundla esedlule enkantolo, kodwa akanaso isikhathi sokwenza ingane ekhulelwe. Ngo-1585, ngemuva kokusayina isivumelwano saseNemurian, inkosi uNavarre, kanye nezinye izikhala, kwaba yisitha soMthetho futhi sabandakanyeka empini eyasungulwa yi-Giza Dynasty.
Ngemuva kokubuka ukunqoba amabutho aseFrance, uHeinrich Navararsky wabuyisana nendodana ka-Ekaterina Medici futhi ehlanganiswe nebutho lakhe ukulwa namaKatolika, achitha imikhawulo yamandla asebukhosini asetshenziswayo. Kwenye yezimpi zeHeinrich III, wathola ukulimala kanzima futhi, ezizwa esondela ekufeni, ngo-Agasti 1, 1589 amemezele ngokusemthethweni umholi wababali benkosi yaseFrance Heinrich IV.
Lokhu kwenzeke phakathi kwengxabano yenkolo elandelayo futhi kwaphoqa umkhosi omusha ukuze aqhubeke nokulwa neqembu leligi, inhloso enkulu yawo kwakungukuthwebula kweParis. Ukugcina ukungathathi hlangothi ezindabeni zenkolo, uHeinrich IV ulahlekelwe yingxenye ebalulekile yamasosha nabasekeli. Wagibela enyakatho-ntshonalanga yezwe, wathola indlela yokukhuthaza amabutho futhi waqinisekisa izakhamizi zenhloko-dolobha ukuba ziye ohlangothini lwamaProthestani ukuze zilondoloze inkululeko yenkolo.
Ehlobo lika-1591, indlalifa HENDY III yaba yi-Nante Edict, elinomkhawulo wethonya leProthestani futhi libuyisane ngokwengxenye nabalandeli bamasiko ama Katolika, kepha azange basayine. Ngo-1593, ngemuva kokuhlanganiswa kwezifundazwe jikelele, yenzelwe ukukhetha inkosi yaseFrance, uHeinrich IV yenqabile ngokusemthethweni iCalvinism kanye nesibusiso sikaPapa Roman wabuyela kwiLONO yabalandeli bakhe.
Inkosi entsha yayithwebula umqhele ngoJulayi 25, 1593 eKhadirali lamaKatolika lomuzi waseChartres, bese uClement VIII makenze izono ezedlule.
Iminyaka yokuqala yeBhodi yaseHeinrich IV yahlotshaniswa nezenzo zamasosha ngokumelene neSpain engomakhelwane, lapho inkosi yalahlekelwa ukusekelwa kwamaProthestani amaningi namaHubunots. Lapho nje esesimweni esiyingozi, ngo-1598 umholi wamaFulentshi wasayina amaNantes ahlanganiswe ngaphambili ahlanganiswe neminyaka futhi aqede ukuqondisa inkolo, amashumishumi eminyaka ahlupha izwe, futhi aphethe nesivumelwano esinomhlaba onobutha bangaphandle.
Eminyakeni eyalandela, uHenry IV, ngosizo lweNhloko kaHulumeni we-Duke Welly nabanye osopolitiki abahlakaniphile, bathola inhlala-kahle yezezimali ezweni futhi bakha izakhiwo ezaziba yindawo yamasiko yaseFrance. Umphikisi wokuchithwa kwegazi amahlandla ambalwa waphoqeleka ukuba aphendukele kusizo lwebutho, acindezele izidumbu zabampofu futhi ajezise amakhabethe.
Ukuhlala umbusi waseNavarre, inkosi yandisa indawo yezwe, enamathisela umhlaba ngaphansi kwakhe ogwini lwase-Atlantic futhi alwele ukuthuthukiswa kwezolimo, efanelwe uthando lwezolimo, efanelwe.
Lezi zimpumelelo zazibaluleke kakhulu emlandweni waseFrance futhi zachazwa kaningi ezincwadini ezinemibhalo nezincwadi. UHeinrich IV waba ngomunye wabalingiswa abaphambili bamanoveli kaDuma Baba. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-biography yakhe isehlukaniswe ngokwengxenye ezincwadini zikaHenry Mann "iminyaka emincane yeNkosi uHenry IV" futhi "iminyaka evuthiwe yeNkosi uHenry IV", kanye nefilimu yaseFrance "Heinrich Navarre".
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Impilo yomuntu siqu ye-Henry IV yayixhunywe ngokungalingani nezepolitiki. Umshado wokuqala uManarch waseFrance wesikhathi esizayo waphetha ngemiyalo ka-Catherine Medici ngo-1572. Unkosikazi wakhe waba yiPrincess Margarita Vaga, okwagcina eqala ukubiza iNdlovukazi uMargo.
Unina kaHenry waphikisana nenyunyana yakhelwe ukuhlinzeka umhlaba phakathi kwezivumelwano ezinobutha, kodwa naphezu kokuntuleka kwesibusiso sabazali, abasha babephethe iParis's Cathedral. Kodwa-ke, okuphambene nalokho okulindelwe, lo mshado nomuntu omusha uzobizwa ngokuthi yimpi phakathi kwamaKatolika namaHunuenotes, waphoqa ukuthi abashadikazi bayingxenye iminyaka emi-2.
UHeinrich noMargarita baphinde bahlangana ngo-1578 bahlala eNeraka Castle, lapho umphakathi uhlelwe khona, umfokazi uye engozini. Kodwa-ke, injabulo yombhangqwana wasebukhosini ayihlalanga isikhathi eside. UHeinrich, owayenokuxhumana okuningana, wayeka ukunaka owakwakheni. Ngalesi sizathu, ngo-1585, uMargo waya eParis futhi wagcina esephule ubuhlobo nomyeni wakhe, eshiya umfanekiso ohlanganyelwe kuphela.
Eminyakeni eyishumi ezayo, uHeinrich akazange acabange ngenjabulo yomndeni, ehola impi yomqhele waseFrance. Wayezungezwe yimibikazi, iningi labo elingazange lihlangabezane nesikhundla esiphakeme soMlingani wenkosi. Noma kunjalo, izwe elidinga indlalifa elidingayo, futhi, selithole ukwesulwa kobudlelwano nomuntu wangaphambilini, uHeinrich IV uphethe inkontileka yomshado nendodakazi kaGreat Duke Tuscany Medici.
Enjabulweni yenkosi, ngemuva nje kwawoMshado, owayekade ngoDisemba 1600, abasha abasha abazala abancane bazala uDofina, ngemuva kweFrance ngaphansi kwegama likaLouis XIII. Inkosi yakhumbula le ntsha yabuyela empilweni yangaphambili yokungakhathaleli, iziphambanisa nokuxhunyaniswa okwengeziwe kanye nezingane ezingekho emthethweni. Odume kakhulu kusukela intandokazi yakhe kwakunguHenrietta D'Antrag, Jacqueline de Bay, Charlotte Margarita de Monmodrans kanye noCharlotte Dessusrar.
Ukushona
Eminyakeni yokugcina yokuphila kukaHeinrich IV, impilo yaseFrance yesiFulentshi yayisongelwa yimpi entsha phakathi kwezindawo zaseYurophu. Ezikhundleni zamaKatolika namaProthestani bakhula ukunganeliseki nenkosi, eyaholela ekuqubukeni kokuphikiswa okunobutha.
Ngo-1610, phakathi kwabaphikisi, iziphathimandla zathola umuntu oshisekayo anquma ukubulala inkosi. Le ndoda ibinguthisha kaFrancois Raluck, ngoMeyi 14, yagxuma ekhanda labasebenzi basebukhosini futhi yashaya uHenry IV kathathu ebushelelezi nge-dagger.
Lo mcimbi owenzeka emehlweni e-Duke D'Eepernon washaqeka ngunhle. Ngenxa yalokho, wayengeke asize uHenry, owashona emanxebeni atholakele.