Biography
I-Antonio Stradivarivari-Inkosi eyaziwayo yokwenza isixhobo se-hand, uNikolo Amati wamfundise, ubuhlakani beminyaka eli-1600. Ngaphezulu kwe-400 i-violins kwaye malunga ne-200 i-cello ibekwe kwiimyuziyam kunye nezibonelelo zokugcina ezigcinwe zizixeko zaseYurophu naseAsia zigcinwe.Ubuntwana noLutsha
U-Antonio Stradivari wazalwa kwisixeko sase-Italiyane sase-Italiyane, owona mhla chazayo uhambelana neemfihlo zeenkulungwane ezidlulileyo. Kucingelwa ukuba ukugcwalisa kwakhona kwintsapho yabahlali abazizityebi kweLombardy yeLombardy kwenzeka kwisiqingatha sesibini se-1640s.
Ifani, eyathatha i-Itali, yayinembali etyebileyo, yayiguqulela "indlela" okanye "umntu owayenelogi." Ngokomhlaba, oookhokho ababebiza "uTredivarii" babandakanyeka kurhwebo lwangaphandle, emva komgangatho okhoyo.
Utata we-Alesdandro noMama ka-Ana ngexesha lokuzalwa kuka-Antonio ubhaptiziweyo, bakhulela kwaye bakhulisa abantwana abathathu. Umsantsa kwi-biography ye-violin ye-violin inxulumene nokuphulukana namaxwebhu atshabalalisiweyo ngenxa ye-pilemitics, ekhokelela ekufeni kwamawakawaka abantu.
Abazali bomfana abasindayo bekade bafuna ukuya ebuntwaneni umntwana osebenza kumsebenzi oluncedo. UNyana wanikwa abafundisi kuMdali walapha e-Volins, emva kwexesha elithile uNikolo Amati wenza i-Antonio nomfundi.
Abanye abaphandi banamhlanje babekholelwa ukuba uStedivari osemncinci waqalisa uFrancesco Rujerry, umsunguli wabaphathi benkosi. Ngenxa yale ngongoma, izixhobo zomculo ezenze ubuchule bokugqibela ekupheleni kwe-1650s zibonakalisiwe.
Ukongeza, kwabakho i-hypothesis awayesebenza ngayo uStedivari asebenza kunye nomqeqeshi emthini, ohonjiswe nge-violins ngenxa yabantu abazizityebi. Ukudlula kwikhondo lokuqalisa kuFrancesco Peparoli, inkwenkwe yawa phantsi kwephiko labafundisi-ntsapho abaziingcali ezaziwa kwi-cremona.
I-Volins eyenziwe ngu-Antonio kwiminyaka eli-16 ukuya kweyeminyaka igcinwe, igama lakhe lavela kwiileyibhile ngo-1660. Esi yayisisiqalo somsebenzi ozimeleyo kwaye safaka isandla kwimpumelelo elandelayo kwimijikelezo yomculo wase-Itali.
Ubomi Buqu
Kubomi bomthonyama bobuqu, iikhrim zazinyaswa ngabafazi ababini. Umfazi wokuqala yayinguTaliya, kulutsha lomhlolokazi oseleyo. Emva komtshato kunye neFrance Rideraboshi ngoJulayi 1667, uStedivari wafumana indlu enamagumbi ahlukeneyo kunye neworkshop.Indawo yokuhlala yeCascal Pescatore yomgubo oxhonywe kwi-nikolo Amati impahla, abantwana abalishumi mabini bavela emhlabeni. Emva koko isibini sentsapho sazalwa omnye umntwana owazalwa, ngokweerekhodi zecawa, wasweleka eneminyaka esixhenxe.
Kwindawo engu-1680, usapho lwafudukela ePiazza Roma kwilifa, ngu-Antonio kwinani eliqinileyo lamawaka ali-7. Kwi-Attic, indoda yadalwa indawo yokuvelisa awayesebenza kuyo kwizixhobo ezivumayo emhlabeni.
Emva kokusweleka komfazi wokuqala, uStedivari watshata, malunga noAntonia Maria Zamoli, phantse akukho nto yaziwayo. Umfanekiso owaziwayo isiTaliyane oneminyaka engama-35 ubudala, emva kokuba eshiyekileyo ebomini bomntu, wabonakala kwintsomi, intatheli kunye ne-cinema.
Umtshato omtsha waziswa enkosini yeendlalifa ezahlukeneyo ezintlanu, owathi, ngokokuthanda, ebenamalungelo afanayo. Ngelishwa, abantwana abazange baqhubeke nemeko ye-Itali enkulu, ukuba ngamaqela esithathu amaxesha oloyisayo kunye nemibhiyozo.
Ukubamba
Kulutsha lweStradivari Riven kunye noAndrea Gvarnery, owayehlala endlwini nikolo Amati kwaye wayephakathi kwabafundi bakhe. Ukubeka iimfihlo ze-craft yeenkosi zelizwe lase-Itali, u-Antonio waqalisa iimvavanyo ngasekupheleni kweminyaka eli-1660.
Ixesha elide, le ndoda ihenda imizobo kwaye ithathe izixhobo zokunika izixhobo zokubonakala ezihle. Wayefuna abathengi bakhe phakathi kwe-Aristocrats kwaye balinda ibhanki, xa sele behlikikile kwindibano yocweyo.
Ukusuka kwimveliso yeseti yezixhobo esenzelwe uYakov II, udumo lwe-clams zendabuko lwaqala ukomeleza nokukhula. Ukuhamba kwiindlela ezisebenzayo kunye nesitayile sikaNikolo Amati wanceda i-stradivari ukuba inganxitywanga kwindlela yakhe yokuyila.
Kwi-1680s, uDu Kazamiso III de Medie wathenga i-roolins eqinileyo, uCello no-Alto. Ngenxa ye-EFAM ecacileyo kunye ne-E-I-EFAM eqingqiweyo eqingqiweyo, igama le-Italian laya lidume phakathi kwabameli bezangqa eziphezulu.
Kwiinzame zokugxininisa kubuntu, inkosi yanandipha i-varnish emnyama kwaye yenze isandi esiqinisekileyo, isandi esandula ukusondela. Emva kwe-1698, izixhobo zaba mfutshane ngenxa yokugoba zangaphakathi, zifana nesangqa esirhabaxa.
Ngelixa embindini wemveliso ye-violin ebekwe eCremona, uStedivari wenza uhadi kunye nochungechunge lwe-mandolin kunye neegita. I-violins eyaziwayo yaseSpain kwi "Royal Quintet" yazisa i-Itali enesimo sengqondo esinesiphiwo.
Ekuqaleni kwe-Xviii yenkulungwane, ubuchule bukaStedivari bafikelela phezulu, kwaye kufutshane nendlu eCremona, wavula eyakhe ivenkile. Izixhobo ezikhuthazayo zifumene amagama okomfuziselo zeAntonaus Stranenfis Fiemonenfis Anono - "amaxesha amnandi" kunye "neDolphin".
Ngokungafaniyo no-Andrea Gvarnery, ababesebenza kwisicelo seCawa, u-Antonio wenza imisebenzi ye-ART ukuze abameli bezinto zehlabathi. I-viollins ihonjiswe ngophawu lombhali, yonwabele ukuthandwa okukhulu kwabantu abangakhathaliyo kumculo, kwizixeko zaseYurophu.
Ukukhutshwa kwemithombo yolwazi, inani lezixhobo zikaStradivari libonisa ukuba i-Italian isebenze ngoncedo loonyana. Kuyaziwa ukuba uOmobono wenze ukuba i-faw blunks, kwaye ibandakanyeke ekucoceni kokugqibela kwe-lacquer.
Awufuni ukuchitha ixesha elixabisekileyo ekukhuliseni izizukulwana ezizayo, u-Antonio, ngokungafaniyo namanye amaTanali, akazange athathe iworkshop yabafundi. Impumelelo yokomoya yayithathwa njengeCarlo Bargothi kwiCremones, eyaziwa emva kokufa komcebisi ekupheleni kweminyaka yee-1730.
Ngoku i-viredins ye-ridalivari, kunye noCello ne-ALTA, zigcinwa kumaziko olondolozo lwembali lwehlabathi nakwiingqokelela zabucala zabantu abadumileyo. Izixhobo ezenziweyo azichaphazelekanga yi-genius: Ngobunzima obukhulu kule minyaka ibaluleke kakhulu kuyo kuphela.
Umsebenzi wobugcisa obizwa ngokuba "ukuphuma kwelanga" waba yinxalenye yokuqokelelwa kweRareback eVienna, kwaye "ubuhle" obulele "yeyokwemini ye-Fiestetedbarg. Kwi-violin, iLebbrin idlale i-Italian yase-Italiyane i-goesro niccolo paganini, esele isangqa kwisangqa esiyimveliso yaseYurophu.
Eminye imisebenzi yeTredivari eyaboniswa kwii-Auuptions, ixabiso le- $ 15.89 yezigidi yayinesixhobo "nenenekazi le-Blante". Abameli besiko eli-Elite bakholelwa ukuba kwindalo ye-Italiyane ifanelekile ukudlala kuphela ubuhlakani netalente yendalo.
Ukufa
Inkosi ye-vipric yayinethamsanqa lokubhiyozela isikhumbuzo se-90, wayenesimo sexesha elide esihlala kwimigangatho yeenkulungwane ezidlulileyo. I-Stradivari, ngaphandle kweengxaki ezinxulumene nobudala, zisebenze ekufeni ezize nezizathu ezingaziwayo ze-1730s.
Intsomi yase-Itali ingcwatywe kwilizwe lembali, eCremona, engcwabeni, ekufuphi nenye yeecawa zalapha. Kumsitho wokuvalelwa, ulungelelaniswe ngoonyana, amalungu amagama abantu ababathandayo baqokelelana.