Biography
UAnna Freaud - Intombi ye-Austchoalyst, yaqhubeka nokuqhubeka kwesayensi, njengoko ubuchule bakhetha ukwaziwa kwabantwana abancinci. Ngexesha leminyaka yomsebenzi onesiqhamo, umfazi ohleli e-UK wabhala inani leencwadi zezifundo, iincwadi kunye neentatheli zobugcisa.Ubuntwana noLutsha
UAnna Freaud wazalelwa kwi-Austrian Capital 3, 1895 kwintsapho yesayensi i-sigmund kunye nomfazi wakhe osemthethweni. Ukuba ngumntwana wesithandathu nowaselula kwi-xochowana edumileyo yeXochowananda, ekutshatweni esemnyaka wangena kwizithethe zenkcubeko yelizwe.
Njengomntwana, uYise osisiseko akazange anikele ingqalelo kumntwana, akhule phantsi kweliso likamama kunye nokunakekelwa kwabazalwana noodade. Nanny, osebenze kwiNdlu yeeyure ezingama-24 ngosuku, wayengumhlobo osenyongweni onokuthi abonwe kwaye axhase incoko.
Imigca kwimifanekiso ye-GettyUAnna waxelela umfazi ngamava akhe kunye noloyiko, emva kwexesha lokuchonga ikamva. Kunye nonxibelelwano nootitshala babucala ababemenyiwe kwintsapho kaFreud, abaninzi bahlala befana nomzabalazo ongenamhla wemihla ngemihla.
Kwiminyaka eli-13 ubudala, intombi enomdla onomdla waba nomdla kwisithandazo somzali, efunda kunye nangokuqonda imisebenzi emininzi eyapapashwa yiFreud. Umbhali wemisebenzi echaphazeleka yile meko yathatha intombi yakhe ekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo-1900s.
Ngaphandle koku, abameli bamagama adumileyo kwihlabathi liphela bangena kwiziko elikhethekileyo ababelungiselela ootitshala. Ebutsheni bakhe, wasebenza kumfundisi wesikolo kweziklasi eziphambili, ngokuhambelana nokutshintsha kwengqondo yabantwana.
Ngexesha lakhe elikhululekileyo, uAnna wazama ukuya kwizifundo zikaTata, apho wadibana namadoda amakhulu okrelekrele. I-Freud ekuhambeni kwexesha yaba ngumcebisi kunye nomfundisi wentombazana, ngeli nyathelo watyhila izizathu zecawe.
Ubomi Buqu
Ngokungafaniyo noodadewethu noAna wayengonwabanga ebomini bakhe, wayengenanceba abalandeli ababengabali abayeni. Ishedyuli eqingqiweyo yomsebenzi kwinani lamaziko ezenzululwazi anyanzelisa umtshato osemthethweni kunye nokuvela kwabantwana.Ebutsheni bakhe, ukongeza kwi-psychoanalysis, uAnna wayekuthanda ukunqunyulwa, utata wathi uyeke itshintshwe ngesondo. Abaphandi bebhayiloji yomfazi babekholelwa ukuba enyanisweni kwaye amandla okwenza i-psychoanalysis ayothuka kwaye ayothusayo.
Kwindawo entle kaRoud, impikiswano yomkhosi, eyaguqukayo eYurophu, ibonakalisiwe: Ukuza kweza amandla uAdolf Hitler unokutshabalalisa usapho lonke. Abameli bobume bobuYuda emva kwexesha lokuncinwa kwe-Gestapo abakhethe ukugxothwa ngokuzithandela kubuhlobo bovalo.
Utata kunye nomcebisi ngelo xesha wabandezeleka kwisifo esinganyangekiyo, akazange aphile ukuya kwintsimi yelizwe langaphandle. UAnna, owayecinga ngomzali, wayehlala eParis naseLondon, apho imiphumo yemfazwe yesibini yehlabathi yayiziva.
Umsebenzi wesayensi
Ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yee-1910, uAnna washiya imisebenzi ye-pegogogical, ejoyina isangqa sesayensi kubantu abafundileyo. Le ntombazana ithatha inxaxheba rhoqo kwiminyhadala yamazwe aphesheya, apho ababhali bezinto ezininzi eziqhubela phambili kwaye zenziwa.
Injongo yeFreud ngelo xesha yayibulungu kwi-vienna yengqondo, kuba le nto wayeqhuba isifundo kwaye wenza ingxelo ezimeleyo. Ukuvunywa kwenkcazo yemibono kunye namaphupha entombazana eneminyaka eli-15 ubudala yentombazana eyoyikisayo yeminyaka eli-15 ubudala yitanki elinengxaki ngaphezu kwamabhaso kaRhulumente.
Ebutsheni be-1923, uAnna waba yingqondo yengqondo, ekhethekileyo kwiingxaki zabantwana abakwishumi elivisayo nabantwana abancinci. Amava katitshala ancede intombi ye-Sigmund Freud ngaphezulu kwezibonelelo kunye namanqaku apapashwe ngelo xesha.
Ingcebiso katata kunye nokuthatha kwakhe inxaxheba kwimisebenzi eqaqambileyo yegalelo lokuba uAnna wenze izithuba zobunkokeli. Emva kokufumana ingqalelo yamazwe aphesheya njengoNobhala Jikelele we-Psychoasanalytic, utsala umdla wabanini beengqondo.
Ibhinqa langena kwimpikiswano evela kwi-Melanie Klenin evela e-UK, awayefunda i-psches yabantwana nge-prism yeengxaki zabantu abadala. I-Austria ingabamba imbono ngokupheleleyo kwaye yahlula ngokupheleleyo iqabane, umntu osebenza naye kunye nomhlobo osondeleyo ogama linguDorothy evutha.
Ukusebenzisa ubuchwephesha kunye neendlela eziphuhliswe ngumkhuthalo odumileyo, uAnna wasungula ulwalathiso olusekwe kumxholo othi "Ndi". Embindini we-EGO-PSYCYCLOLOGLOTCLOLOGLO, iinxalenye ze-neofriedism, bemi amava abantwana njengento ebonisa ukuba.
Umphandi wowesifazane wafaka isicelo kufundo lohlobo lobundlongondlongo njengendlela engalunganga eshukunyiswayo elungiselelwe imilinganiselo eyamkelweyo. Ukuqikelelwa kwesigqibo kwicandelo le-psychoanalysis yomntwana kwi-30-40s yeyohlobo lohlobo lotshintsho.
Ukusebenza nezigulana zokufikisa, uAnna waqhelana nelungelo losapho, wachaza iziphumo zeeseshoni kumanqaku aliqela ezenzululwazi. Uninzi lomsebenzi wobungcali, umfazi wayesinikelwe kwikliniki yakhe, amakhulu esidingo esifuna uncedo lwabantwana lenzeka ngezandla zakhe.
Ukusetyenziswa konyango lokudlala kuthathwa njengegalelo kwinkqubo yesayensi yale mihla, ebiyiluncedo kumaxhoba eMfazwe yesibini yeHlabathi. Amashumi amatyala achazwe kwimisebenzi yokuqala kwi-psychology ayenomdla kakhulu kwaye ngaxeshanye unzima.
Oogxa bakhe kumazwe amaninzi ehlabathi baqonda igunya le-ANNA, iithiyori ezivezwe kumaphepha ezenzululwazi zisetyenziswa kumayeza ukuza kuthi ga ngoku. Iincwadi "I-EGO kunye neendlela zokhuseleko", "Intshayelelo ye-Psychoanalysis yootitshala" kwinkulungwane yama-30 yenkulungwane yama-20, eveliswa eluntwini.
Abantu abafunda imisebenzi batsala ubukho bemiboniso, kuba wonke umntu wayenempendulo kumbuzo obalaseleyo. Isiqinisekiso sokuphathwa ngempumelelo kweendawo zokuhlanjwa okunamatyala zithathwa njengokupheliswa kwasemva kwexesha kwizisongelo zangaphandle ezisebenzayo.
I-bridgead yemisebenzi esebenzayo neyenzulu yesayensi yayikukukukrelekrele eNgilane, kwisiseko seziko elenziwe iikhosi zabantu abanomdla. UFreud, ophuhlise inkqubo yemfundo eyongezelelweyo, walungiselela oogqirha abaqeqeshiweyo.
Ukufa
Ekupheleni kobomi, uAna uhlala kwindawo endala eLondon, yayilapho wafumana ukufa ngenxa yezizathu zemvelo. Kumsitho wokuvalelwa uFarewell ngo-Oktobha 1982, uninzi lwabantu lwaye lwaya kutsholo.Ngentando yentombi, uSigmund Freud yayingummiselo wetshisiwe, uthuli lwalubekwe engcwabeni, apho ayephumle khona amalungu osapho. Indlu enendawo yoqobo, amaxwebhu obuqu kunye nogcino lwefoto yaguqulwa yaba yimyuziyam yezazinzulu ngabantu abangafundanga.
Umsebenzi wesayensi
- Ngo-1926 - "Intshayelelo kwi-psychoanalysis yootitshala"
- Ngo-1936 - "EGO kunye neendlela zokuKhusela"
- Ngo-1946 - "Unyango lwengqondo lwabantwana"
- Ngo-1965 - "eqhelekileyo kunye neyenzelwe ngobomi: Uphuhliso Lokuphuhliswa"
- Ngo-1973 - "kwelinye icala leminqweno ephambili yomntwana"
- Ngo-1979 - "Phambi kokuba inomdla womntwana"