Biography
UNowa Kthomsky akaziwa kuphela njenge-linguist, kodwa kwakhona njengomgxeki owayechasa umgaqo-nkqubo wase-US wangaphandle. Kwihlabathi lezenzululwazi, ukwahlulahlula kweelwimi ezisesikweni eziphuhliswe zizazinzulu zazithandwa. Imisebenzi yomphandi, ezona ngcinga ziphambili zaba sisiseko sophuhliso lwe-gogividism kunye nengqondo.Ubuntwana noLutsha
Isithandi-sobulumko sazalwa ngoDisemba 7, 1928 ePhiladelphia kwintsapho yamaYuda. Abazali bavela kumhlaba woBukhosi baseRussia, kwaye emva kokufudukela eMelika. Zombini zazingabathwali kwe-Yiddish, nangona kunjalo, ngoNxibelelwano loSapho, olu lwimi alusetyenziswanga. Utata wayezibandakanya kwiilwimi, efundiswe eyunivesithi.
Ebutsheni bakhe, umfana wangena kwiYunivesithi yasePennsylvania, apho wafunda iilwimi kunye nentanda-bulumko. Ngeli xesha, uNjingalwazi uZellig Harris waphembelela ukwenziwa kwesakhiwo sesayensi, ezopolitiko nezopolitiko zomfana oselula. Emva kokuba efumene imfundo eqaqambileyo, uNowa wayefuna ukuzinikela kwisayensi.
Ubomi Buqu
Ubomi bobuqu kwibhayiloji yomphandi banokubizwa ngokuba zizolile kwaye zihambelana. Ngo-1947, lo mfana wayenenoveli eneCarol Chaz, umhlobo wakhe wobuntwana. Ngo-1949, abathandi badlala umtshato. Abathathu abantwana bazalwa emtshatweni. Amaqabane ahlala ngokusweleka ekufeni komfazi ngo-2008. Imbali igcine ifoto yosapho olonwabileyo.Ekuqaleni kwe-50s, inzululwazi kunye nenkosikazi yakhe baya kuhlala eKibbutz - umsondezo wezolimo omi kwaSirayeli. Kweli luntu, uluntu lwepropathi kunye nokulingana kuyakhuthazwa. Emva kwexesha elithile, esi sibini sibuyele kumazwe, kuba izimvo zohlanga kunye nezimvo zolawulo lokulawula kwiKibbutz zicinezelwe.
Umsebenzi wesayensi
Ngo-1955, uHomsky wakhusela i-prosertal yakhe, kwisiseko sayo kamva sadala incwadi ethi "Syntactic Ection". Kule msebenzi, epapashwe ngo-1957, umbhali, ngokutsho kwabaphandi, wenza utshintsho lokwenyani kwi-lingues. Yenziwe yindoda yethiyori yeGrammar (ngokubanzi) yayinempembelelo nakwindlela yesayensi yolwimi engazange yamkele ithiyori yesayensi.
Eyona nto iphambili yomthambo yayikukuhlalutya inguqu kunye nemithetho yolwakhiwo. UNoam waphawula ukuba ukuba seti yemithetho yegrama, abantu banokwenza inani elingenamda kwizindululo. Indlela yokwakha iintetho zolwimi yinxalenye yekhowudi yemfuza. Izifundo ezinanditshwa lulwimi aziboni ukuba imigaqo yolwakhiwo isetyenziswa ekwintetho nokubhala, kunye neempawu zazo zebhayoloji nezengqondo.
Ixesha elingaphezulu, ithiyori yagqitywa ngamanye amalungiselelo. UHomsky akazange aphikise ukuba kuphuhliso lwabantwana bezinye iilwimi, ukhumbule iiyunithi zeLexical (amagama) kunye ne-morpheme ziyafuneka. Iingcamango zomphandi, eziboniswe kwithiyori, zinefuthe kumdlalo wesayensi, ukufundisisa iinkqubo zolwazi olusebenzayo lwengqondo.
Incwadi kaNombolo "Indoda yokuthetha yazinikele kwingxaki enye. Indaleko kunye nolwimi. " Ukuphonononga imiba yolwimi, umbhali uthetha ngendlela umntu endifunda ngayo ukuba athethe ngayo, njengokuba wathwaxwa kunye nokucinga, malunga nokukwazi ukufunxa intetho yabo yomthonyama, kodwa kwakufuneka afunde intetho yangaphandle. Lo msebenzi we-linguist udalwe ngokubambisana neRobert Berwik, ebandakanyeke kuphuhliso kwicandelo lobuchule bokwenyani.
Ukufundisisa i-Psychology yengqondo, uHomsky wabhala umsebenzi "Izixhobo ezithulileyo zezo zizolileyo", apho imigaqo yempembelelo ekuqiniseni ngemithombo yeendaba. Emva kwexesha kwisifundo, indoda yadala inqaku elithi "Iindlela ezili-10". Kuyo, umbhali udwelise iindlela ezinjalo zempembelelo zikarhulumente ekuziphatheni kwabantu njengomsebenzi, ukulibazisa ukusebenza nabanye.
Lo msebenzi usondele kwisihloko kunye nencwadi "yokuvelisa i-conccord". Kuyo, i-noam, kunye no-Edward Herman, wazisa ithiyori ebizwa ngokuba yi "Modelelo yaseburhulumenteni". Ngokutsho kwezimvo zabaphandi, amajelo eendaba ngamashishini azibandakanya ngokuthengisa iimpahla. Kuphela kule meko ayisiyiyo iindaba, kodwa abaphulaphuli. Iimpahla zitshintshelwa kwamanye amashishini - abathengisi besebenzisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokuqhekeka.
Kumsebenzi wenzululwazi yentatheli, umsebenzi yayingumsebenzi "olawula umhlaba?". Ukuxambulisana malunga noMyalelo weHlabathi kwinkulungwane ye-XXI, uHomsky wabhala ngabo babizwa ngokuba ngabalawuli benkulungwane, bahlalutya oko kuya kubakho igalelo labo kwikamva loluntu. Embindini womsebenzi-umxholo weMelika, inkcazo yelizwe njengomntu onamandla, ovumela ukusilela kwinkqubo. Ikwabhekisa kubaphikisi bangaphandle nabangaphakathi kunye nabahlobo bakaYehova.
Ukucamngca ngento abantu abalindeleyo kwixesha elizayo, umbhali uchazwe kwincwadi ethi "Imeko yexesha elizayo". Kwezabasebenzi, isazinzulu siqwalasele indima yombuso ukusuka kwimvelaphi ukuya kwinkulungwane ye-XXI, ichonge imbonakalo esebenzayo engakhange inike uphuhliso kuluntu. Imeko yohlobo olutsha, ngokweHomsky, iya kunxulunyaniswa nokukhululwa.
Kumsebenzi 'ngendlela eyalilungisa ngayo umhlaba "wahlalisa njani umgaqo-nkqubo we-United States, kunye nemisebenzi yemibutho eyathimba uqoqosho lwehlabathi. Umbhali uqaphele ukuba emva kokuwa kodonga lwaseBerlin kunye nokuwa kwe-USSR, amazwe aqala ukukhangela amathuba amatsha okwandisa amagqabi empembelelo. Ngo-2015, i-lituist yenzelwe njengendima entsha-inkanyezi kwifilimu yefilimu "yefilimu" ye-American Dumer ".
Umlawuli othathu uthatha inxaxheba kumfanekiso othobekileyo womfanekiso, kwaye ikhasethi yenzelwe iminyaka emine. Le projekthi isekwe kwizimvo zobupolitika kwisixhobo soluntu kunye nethemba layo. NgoMeyi ka-2019, iHomsky ivele kugqithiselo lweVladimir Posner. Ezona zihloko ziphambili zokukhutshwa kwedemokhrasi kunye nenkululeko yokuthetha, isoyikiso, ubukrelekrele bokuyila kunye nezinye.
Noam khomsky ngoku
Ngo-2020, umhlaba wawugubungela ubuthongo bosulelo lwe-coronavirus. Inzululwazi yeminyaka engama-91 ubudala, ukuba ikhule kwi-Arizona, yanika udliwanondlebe apho wachaza iingozi ezimbini zehlabathi-isoyikiso songquzulwano nehlabathi. Ngokutsho kwe-linguist, ngoku iCovide-19 yinto yethutyana, onokulwa nayo, kwaye kunye neengxaki ezimbini ezibhalwe ngulo- ayinakwenzeka.Iikowuti
- "Ukufunda akukho lula ukuguqula amaphepha. Oku kucinga malunga nokubhaliweyo, okuphawulwe kumasimi, ukuthelekisa ngengqondo kunye nezinye iincwadi, khangela izimvo ezintsha okanye imifanekiso. "
- Ngelishwa, kukho udidi olunye kuphela lwezinto ezithethwe ngexabiso elinokwenziwa kwi-infinity, ukuba igudise ngokupheleleyo, kwaye ngaphandle kwemida okanye imida efanelekileyo. Sonke siyayazi into eyenziwayo kudidi: ukuveliswa komkhosi. "
- "Nayo nayiphi na iqhinga lezopolitiko linobomi bonke. Ixesha elithile liyasebenza, kwaye emva koko iziphumo ziqala ukonakala. "
- "Kufuneka uqonde ukuba nawuphi na umyalezo ovela kubuntlola obungapheliyo okanye umthombo wozakuzo wenzelwe ukukholelwa abantu kuyo. Umyalezo onjalo unokwenyani, kwaye unokuba bubuxoki. "Iya kuba yiyo indlela esithi ngayo!"
- "Akukho ngongoma ekufikeleleni kwidatha enkulu ukuba awukwazi ukujongana nazo. Kwaye oku kufuneka ucinge, ukuqiqa, ukufunda. "
I-Bibliography
- Ngo-1951 - "Morfone we-Hebrew yesiHebhere yanamhlanje"
- Ngo-1957 - "izakhiwo ze-Syntactic"
- Ngo-1965 - "iinkalo zethiyori ye-syntax"
- Ngo-1966 - "Ulwimi lweDescartes"
- Ngo-1969 - "Amandla aseMelika kunye neMandarins entsha"
- Ngo-1971 - "Ingxaki yoLwazi nenkululeko"
- Ngo-1980 - "Imithetho kunye neSimelo"
- Ngo-1986 - "Ulwazi noLwimi"
- Ngo-1988 - "Ulwimi kunye nezopolitiko"
- Ngo-1988 - "Ukuveliswa kwemvume. Imithombo yeendaba yezopolitiko "
- Ngo-1989 - "ukukhohlisa okufunekayo: Ukulawulwa kwengcinga kwimibutho yedemokhrasi"
- 1992 - "Ndiphethe idemokhrasi"
- 1994 - "ulwimi kunye nokucinga"
- Ngo-1955 - "Inkqubo yobuncinci"
- Ngo-1996 - "Imfazwe yeklasi: Udliwanondlebe noDavid Barzymena"
- Ngo-1999 - "ubuntu babantu abatsha basemkhosini: izifundo zikaKosovo"
- Ngo-1999 - "nenzuzo ebantwini. I-NonoliberalIbano kunye ne-oda yehlabathi "
- Ngo-2003 - "iheegemony okanye umzabalazo wokusinda: Umnqweno we-United States kwiLizwe Labantu"