Biography
Iimfundiso kunye neembono zikaLibertarians Mineton Friedman zenza igalelo elikhulu kuqoqosho. Ummeli waseMelika, ongummeli oqaqambileyo weSikolo seChicago, nabanye abaphandi ababandakanyekayo kuphuhliso lwethiyori yamaxabiso, kwaye bafunda i-phenomenon yokusetyenziswa, iingxaki zomgaqo-nkqubo wokuzinza kunye nabanye. Ifumene idumo njengombhali wolawulo lukaFriedman. Ndikunye noAdam Smith, wafumana inqanaba lenzululwazi ebonisa ingcinga yoqoqosho.Ubuntwana noLutsha
Ingcali ye-Economist yazalwa nge-31 kaJulayi ngo-1912 eBrooklyn kwintsapho yamaYuda. Abazali babengabaphambukeli kwiBhasu yaseHungary kwaye babandakanyeka kwezorhwebo kwizinto ezincinci. Kungekudala, ii-friedmans zafudukela kumqolo. Apha uMilton waya kwisikolo saseRovoviani, apho waphumelela ngo-1928. Emva kokuba le ndoda yaba ngumfundi kwiYunivesithi yaseRatger.
Eyunivesithi, umfana wahamba ngobunzulu kwimathematics kunye noqoqosho, njengoko wayefuna ukusebenza njengengcali kwixa elizayo (ingcali yogcino). Ngexesha lomfundi ngokusekwa kwezimbozo zomntu, uNjingalwazi uArthur Furns kunye ne-homer jones wayephembelele. Ukuqhelana nemisebenzi yabacinga, uFredden wayekholelwa ukuba isayensi yoqoqosho iza kunceda ekupheliseni uxinzelelo olukhulu.
Ubomi Buqu
Emva kokuphumelela eyunivesithi, uMilton wafumana izimemo ezimbini zokungena ngokutsha. Eyokuqala ivela kwiYunivesithi yeBhunga-Ukuvumelana kuye, iMelika inokwenza umsebenzi wemathematics. Okwesibini kwavela kwiDyunivesithi yaseChicago, eyanika izifundo kwi-quidalty yezoqoqosho, indoda yakhe kwaye yafumanisa ithembisa ngakumbi.Inkalo yesayensi yolwalamano lwezezimali yaphenjelelwa bubomi bakho kwi-biography yomphandi. EChicago, lo mfana wadibana neqabane elizayo- i-roquist roquerint Rist. Imanyano yayiyonwabile kwaye ihambelana: Isibini sabopha ngenxa yovelwano nje kuphela, kodwa kunye nomdla wesayensi. Ngo-1945, inkosikazi yakhe yanika uMilton unyana ka-milton noJanet. Kwixa elizayo, indlalifa kwinzululwazi, kunye nomzukulwana kaPatry baqhubeka nobukumkani kwezoqoqosho.
Umsebenzi kunye nemisebenzi yesayensi
Ngaphambi kokuba uFredden enze ezona ngcinga ziphambili, wayesele ehlalutya imeko yezoqoqosho kweli lizwe. Ngelo xesha, amazwe ayekwimeko yentlekele. Ekunye nenkosikazi yakhe, indoda yafunda inkqubo yengqesho enikezwe nguRhulumente, yagxeka amanyathelo okulungisa amaxabiso kunye nemivuzo. UMilton wathi ulawulo lwamaxabiso yayingumqobo ekunikezelweni kwezixhobo ezifanelekileyo.
Emva koko emsebenzini wembali ye-United States iUnited States ", ibhaliwe kwi-Anna Schwartz, umphandi njengesizathu esiphambili soxinzelelo olukhulu ebizwa ngokuba kukuncitshiswa kwemali. Kwaye, oko, kwabangelwa ziingxaki zebhanki kunye nezisombululo eziphosakeleyo zenkqubo yolonwabo (yondliwe).
Kwi-50s, iAmerican yathetha ngokugxekwa kweemfundiso ze-Economist Software yase-Jog. Kwangelo xesha, umphandi wagxininisa ukuba izixhobo zesayensi kunye nolwimi lomchasi kwimisebenzi yakhe, kodwa azisamkeli izigqibo kunye nezigqibo zazo. Izimvo zexesha elimileyo iboniswe "Ulwazi lwesayensi yezoqoqosho", kamva emva koko. Kwangelo xesha, le ndoda yakhupha incwadi ethi "Ithiyorithi yemali yemali."
Isicatshulwa sifunde unobangela kunye neentshukumisa ezinyanzela abantu ukuba benze imali. I-Friedman yacinga ukuba imfuno yemali ibangela izinto ezifanayo zeyo nayiphi na i-asethi. Kwimisebenzi ye-60s, wabhala ukuba ubukho bentswela-ngqesho yendalo buvumelekile eluntwini.
Inzululwazi ibanga: Kwimeko apho urhulumente enikezela imisebenzi emininzi, ukunyuka kwamaxabiso okukhawulezayo. Ngokusekwe kwiziphumo zokuqwalaselwa, i-Economist ikwazile ukuqikelela le nto eyayiza kuthi emva koko ibizwa emva koko i-stagfation. Esi sisikhundla sokudodobala koqoqosho ngaxeshanye kunye nemeko ebaluleke kakhulu yoqoqosho (imeko kunye nokukhula kwentswela-ngqesho), edityanisiweyo kunye nokunyuka kwamaxabiso.
Kwakhona, uMilton waba nguMdali wethiyori ye-monemarism, eyona nto incitshisiweyo yancitshiswa kwezi zinto zilandelayo: Eyona nto ibalulekileyo kuphuhliso lwezoqoqosho yimali yemali ekusasazini. Ngophando kwintsimi ye-monemarism ngo-1976, i-Economist yafumana irhafu yeNobel. Okubangela umdla kukuba, igama ngokwalo ngokwalo, le lelona liphambili kwithiyori yamaMelika, ecetywayo kaTarl Brunner. Izibonelelo zomsebenzi ziye zamiswa emsebenzini "Ukuba imali ithethile."
Njengomphandi emva koko, wabona eyona nto iphambili kwinto eyanyanzelisa ukurhoxiswa komkhosi kumazwe. Kwincwadi ka-1962 "ubungxowankulu nenkululeko", iAmerican yaqatshelwa: Umkhosi ufuna amajoni azivolovisayo. Kumsebenzi omnye, uMilton waxhaswa ngumgangatho weemali, ukurhoxiswa kweelayisensi zonyango kunye nezinye izinto.
Ngexesha lomsebenzi wokusebenza, i-Economist yadale imisebenzi, amanqaku ezenzululwazi, wanika udliwanondlebe, wathetha neentetho. Le ndoda isebenzisana ne-Vawsweek, yenza ikholamu yeveki yokupapashwa. Ukususela ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yee-1960 kwaye kwada kwango-1978, iAmerican, kunye nomntu osebenza naye, uPaul Samuelson uthathe inxaxheba kwi-Economics yeCaststem.
Ngasekupheleni kwama-70s, simahla ukukhetha inethiwekhi ephakanyisiweyo i-Feedman ukuba idlale "inkululeko yokuzikhethela", apho isayensi iya kwabelana nabaphulaphuli. Ngaphezulu kwale projekthi, indoda isebenza nomfazi wayo uRosa. Emva kwexesha, amaqabane apapashe incwadi eyamkelwe njengomthengisi we-1980.
Ukufa
Ingcali yezoqoqosho idluliselwe ngoNovemba 16, 2006. Unobangela wokufa yayikukusilela kwentliziyo. Kude kube lusuku lokugqibela, inzululwazi iqhubeka nokusebenza - inqaku lokugqibela laphuma lusuku emva kokubhubha kwesamente kwiParnel Geornel. Inkosikazi yasinda kwiqabane iminyaka emi-3.Iikowuti
- "Ndicinga ukuba isisombululo kurhulumente sihlala sibi njengengxaki ngokwayo, kwaye ihlala iyenza ibe mandundu."
- "Enye yezona mpazamo zinkulu kukugweba umgaqo-nkqubo kunye neenkqubo zezopolitiko kwiinjongo zabo, kwaye kungengenxa yeziphumo."
- "Oorhulumente abaze bafunde kwanto. Kuphela ngabantu abafundayo. "
- "Umbutho, olwalusenziwa ngentla inkululeko, ayiyi kufumana mntu okanye enye. Umbutho ubeka inkululeko ngaphezulu kokulingana kuya kufumana inqanaba eliphezulu kunye nelinye. "
I-Bibliography
- Ngo-1957 - "Inqaku lemali lemali"
- Ngo-1960- "Indlela yokufunda yesayensi yezoqoqosho"
- Ngo-1962 - "Ubungxowa-mali nenkululeko"
- Ngo-1963 - "Imbali Yemali ye-United States 1867-1960" "
- Ngo-1968 - "Indima yomgaqo-lawulo wemali"
- Ngo-1976 - "Ukuba IMALI EYENZIWA"
- Ngo-1977 - "Ukunyuka kwamaxabiso kunye nentswela-ngqesho"
- Ngo-1980 - "Inkululeko Yokhetho"
- Ngo-1998 - "abantu abanoyolo abaninzi: Iimemo"