Biography
UJohn Meinard uKhutyumba ubalaseleyo wenkulungwane yama-20, abanegalelo kuqoqosho oluqinisekiswe sisibakala sokuba lonke ukhokelo luye lwabonakala kwisayensi, ebizwa ngokuba yi-Senenenesia. Ukushwankathela kule nkulungwane idlulileyo ngo-1999, iphephancwadi lexesha laquka i-proyer phakathi kwabantu ababalulekileyo kwinkulungwane. Phantsi kwempembelelo yezimvo ezisisiseko zeBritane, amaziko anje ngeNgxowa-mali yeRhafu yeHlabathi yeHlabathi kunye neBhanki yokwakhiwa ngokutsha nophuhliso luvele.Ubuntwana noLutsha
I-biography yengcali yezoqoqosho inxulumene kakhulu neCambridge, apho wazalwa khona nge-5 kaJuni, 1883 waza waphila de wafa. Utata uJohn Nevil Amaqhosha aphenjelelwa kukhetho lwexesha elizayo, owafundiswa kwiDyunivesithi yaseCambridge kwaye weva ingcali kwicandelo le-Economics, intanda-bulumko kunye nengcinga. Umama uFlorence esihogs Brown wayengekho phakathi kwabafazi bezindlu ezithobekileyo: Ibhinqa labhala incwadi, eyayineengxaki zoluntu kwaye ekugqibeleni yaba nguSodolophu wesixeko. Ingqesho ayizange iphazamisene nayo ukuba ikhulise abantwana abathathu - ngaphandle kukaYohane, uMzalwana uJeffrey noDade Margaret bakhulela kusapho.
Ikhuliswe kwindawo yokufundisa kwaye yafumana imfundo yamabanga aphantsi kwiKholeji ye-Itson eguqukayo, amaqhosha asele ebonisile ingqondo ebukhali kunye nobuchule kwisayensi. Ukufundisisa esikolweni, umfana wakhe wasebenza ethalini lethala leencwadi, apho, ukongeza kwiincwadi zokufunda, wakuthanda ukulungiswa kwe-pedigree. Ukuba nolwazi olunzulu kwicandelo leMathematics, isiLatin nesiGrike, waba ngumfundi weKholeji yasebukhosini eCambridge.
Ingabo bakrelekrele bokuqonda kwengqondo yelungelo lokuzalwa, uJohn wazingqonga ulwakhiwo oluqaqambileyo, apho iifilogosffeer eziqaqambileyo, apho iifilogospi, izazinzulu, ababhali kunye namagcisa ajikelezwe. Lo mfana wayeyinxalenye yeqela labapostile iCambridge, apho kwabelwana ngakwelinye amaphepha okuqala ezenzululwazi. Uninzi lwabapostile "lwenza isangqa seBlowardbury - uluntu olufana kwiingqondi ezincinci, kubandakanya i-russell, i-virginia wolfe, intsimbi yeBeorge Moore kunye nabanye abameli bexesha eliphambili.
KwiKholeji yasebukhosini ye-cabridge, esetyenziswayo kwisiseko sesayensi eseleyo yesiNgesi uMalfren, umsunguli wendlela ye-neoclassical kwicala lezoqoqosho. Ngo-1908, uJohn uphumeza ukufundisisa, ekhusela i-thesis yakhe kwiindlela zokuqhelaniswa nezibalo kunye nethiyori efanelekileyo. Ngelo xesha, wayesele eqale ukusebenza kwiKomishini yasebukhosini kunye nemali yaseIndiya.
Ubomi Buqu
Ukuba ngummeli wexesha elikhululekileyo nelifudukayo, iitshixo zalo azilali kwiziyolo ezinqatshelwe. Ubuhlobo bakhe bokuqala bobutsha baqala kwiminyaka yolutsha yomfundi, kwaye into yayo yayingumCwengikazi waseScotcan. Abantu abancinci abazifihli ubudlelwane kwaye babengoyiki iinkolelo, kodwa inoveli yabo iphela ngo-1909, emva koko ubomi boJohn bakaYohane bangena kwicala lemveli.Ngo-1918, eLondon, eLondon, iSergey Dyajilev's Tier eLondon, i-Economist yaqhelana ne-ballet yeRussia we-Ladt Lapyhova. Wayeyintombi ye-Ballet Marster yemidlalo yeqonga yaseMariinsky, kwaye lonke usapho lwentombazana lubopha ubomi ngomdaniso. Ubuhlobo babo baqala ngo-1921, kwaye emva kweminyaka emi-4, esi sibini satshata. Ngexesha, lo mfazi ukwazi ukujikeleza neYurophu, uhlala e-US, umdaniso onesifihlo hizhinsky kwaye utshatile kumphathi weDyagilev - Italian Randolfo Baroque.
I-Lopukhova ijongile kwi-Citch Seact Abahlobo bakaSotnes, nangona engakhange afumane i-steptism kunye ne-stobbery eboniswe ngokweengqondo zesiNgesi. Wayenomdla kubantu abakhululekileyo, ukubonakala kunye nokumemezela kwaye waba ngumfazi olungileyo kuYohane. Ifoto edibeneyo yesibini igcinwe. Umtshato wabo wajika wonwaba, nangona amaqabane akanabo abantwana: ekuphela kwenzame eyenziwe ngo-1927 iphele ngokuziphatha kakubi.
Ukutshata iLidiya, i-Economist ityelele iSoviet Russia. Kodwa iBallerina ayizange ibuyele kwilizwe lakhe, nangona ubomi bakhe buye babandakanyeka kubugcisa baseRussia kunye noncwadi, bethetha neenkqubo malunga nee-classics kwi-radiatiots. U-Lopyhova wasinda kumyeni wakhe iminyaka engama-35 kwaye wasweleka ngo-1981 empumaSosex.
Umsebenzi wesayensi
Kude kube ngo-1915, amaqhosha asebenza kwikhomishini yasebukhosini kwi-India yezemali kunye nemali kwaye wafundisa kwiKholeji yasebukhosini. Ngeli xesha, wapapasha izincoko zokuqala kunye neencwadi kwaye waqalisa ukuhlela ijenali yezoqoqosho, apho wasebenza khona de kwasekufeni. Emva koko le ndoda yamenyelwa kwisebe lezezimali, apho iBritane ikwazile ukutyhila italente yenzululwazi kunye nokuziqhelanisa.
Ukuhambisa isicwangciso sokubuyisela iYurophu emva kwemfazwe yehlabathi yokuqala, uJohn wayechasa ukumiselwa kweminikelo ephambili eJamani, echaza ukuwa koqoqosho lwaso kwaye, ngenxa yoko, imfazwe entsha yehlabathi. I-Consnes zachaza iingcinga zakhe emsebenzini we "Imibuzo yezoqoqosho yehlabathi", yakhululwa ngo-1919.
Ngeminyaka yee-1920, le ndoda yayixela kwangaphambili iinkqubo zoqoqosho lwehlabathi, ireyithi yemali kunye nomgangatho wegolide, ishwankathela ukubonakaliswa "kunyango malunga nemali". Uxinzelelo olukhulu, olugubungele i-United States emva kwentlekele, yaba yinto yezifundo zesayensi eyandisa intshayelelo yoMgaqo-nkqubo wezeMali kunye nezeMimali ukunciphisa imiphumo emibi yoqoqosho.
Isiphumo seminyaka emininzi yophuhliso yayingowona msebenzi uphambili weyona nto iphambili "ithiyori ngokubanzi yengqesho, ipesenti kunye nemali", yapapashwa ngo-1936 kwaye yazisa ngo-1936 kwaye yazisa eFrank Knight, iHarry Dexter emhlophe kwaye UMilton Friedman. Iikowuti ezivela kwincwadi zifake iincwadi zezifundo kuqoqosho, kwaye umbhali wayo waba nguSumer yeMacroecomics njengenzululwazi yezimeleyo.
Umfo ongumNgesi akazange avume nje kwinqanaba lezemali lehlabathi, kodwa wabandakanyeka ekwandeni kwemali eyintloko kutyalo mali. Ukufumene ngale ndlela, uJohn akazange alahle yonke into ngexesha lokuwa kwemakethi yesitokhwe ngo-1929, kodwa wasinda ekusebenzeni, kwaye ukuphela kobomi bakhe, impahla yakhe yaqikelelwa kwi-500 yamawaka.
Ukufa
I-Consnes isebenze kakhulu ubomi kwaye ngokwebala Nokuba ujamelene neengxaki zempilo, indoda ayizange ivume ihambo yangaphandle, apho wasombulula iingxaki zoqoqosho zehlabathi ezinje ngemibuzo kwimali mboleko ye-Anglo-American, eyayibandakanyeke ngo-1946. Ngexesha lengxoxo yesivumelwano eSavannah, iGeorgia, ukuhlaselwa kwentliziyo kwenzeka kwaYohane. Ukubuyela eNgilani, i-Economist yaphinda yaziva iingxaki entliziyweni.Nge-21 ka-Epreli ngo-1946, kwifama yefama phantsi kwefir, empumaSosex, amaqhosha akazange asebenze. Unobangela wokufa waba sisifo sentliziyo. Umasi-62 oneminyaka engama-62 ubudala wasinda kungekuphela nje umfazi, kodwa bobabini babazali abaye basusa uthuli lwayo kwi-Estton.
Iikowuti
- "Ndisebenzela ilizwe elidelekileyo. Ukudelela umgaqo-nkqubo endiwubonayo. "
- "Imbono yexesha elide" ngumcebisi ombi kwiMicimbi yangoku. Ethubeni, sonke sifile. "
- "Ibango likhohlisa."
- "Ah, ukuba oonontlalontle bangenza oko babone abantu abathobekileyo, abahloniphekileyo kubo, hayi ababi kunabantu bamazinyo, - njengoko bekuya kuba mkhulu!"
- "Akukho nto iphosakeleyo ngayo ngamanye amaxesha ayilunganga, eyona nto iphambili kukuyiqonda ngexesha."
I-Bibliography
- Ngo-1913 - "Ukujikeleza kwemali kunye nezemali eIndiya"
- Ngo-1919 - "Iziphumo zoqoqosho zehlabathi"
- Ngo-1921 - "phatha"
- Ngo-1923 - "Unyango ngeNtlawulo yeMali"
- Ngo-1926 - "ukuphela komgaqo-siseko ongaphangeliyo"
- Ngo-1930 - "Unyango lweConey"
- Ngo-1930 - "ukuphela komgangatho wegolide"
- Ngo-1936 - "Ithiyori ngokubanzi yengqesho, ipesenti kunye nemali"