Biography
Umhambi waseRussia kunye ne-Emnographer Nikolai Miklukho-Maclay wayebandakanyeke kwishishini lakhe elinomdla ngenkulungwane ye-19, xa behamba umhlaba kwaye bahlala bengalindelekanga. Ewe, kunye nemimandla yophando, iSayensi yavotinganga eyona ndawo ifikelelekayo - iwaliwe kunye ne-easoa yaseNew Guinea, kwaye izinto ezifunyanisiweyo zazingaphelelwa ziingcaciso zenani. UMiklukho-Maclay wabuzwa ngemicimbi yokuziphatha nezokuziphatha kwaye wazama ukukhusela amalungelo abantu bomthonyama beziqithi ezikude.Ubuntwana noLutsha
Umhambi wazalwa ngoJulayi 5, 1846 kwiPhondo leNoVgoroD, kodwa emva kwenyanga kamva usapho kunye nosana olusandul 'ukuzalwa, apho utata uNikolai aylich afumana isebe likaloliwe. Ngenxa yomsebenzi wentloko yentsapho, uMikluki wayesafuduka, kwaye inkosikazi yakhe uEkaterna Semenovna Becker, Ngeli xesha, wazala abantwana. UKoya wayenabantakwabo noodade abathathu.
Abazali bakasosayensi bebukhulu, kwaye kunzima ukuthetha ngobuzwe: babene-Russian, isiJamani kunye neengcambu zasePoland. Ngaphandle kwento yokuba utata wayesebenza nzima kwaye engazijongisisi isifo sempilo, ezigulayo kwinkonzo, imeko yezixhobo zosapho yayinzima. Ingxaki ikhuliswe emva kokufa kukaNikolai Illich ngo-1857, xa kwakushiywe ngumhlolokazi kunye neendlalifa ezingekhoyo ngaphandle kwepenshini. Umama wazama ukufumana imali ngemizobo, kwaye ezinye izinto ezingalondolozo zifakwe kwisitokhwe.
Imfundo yokuqala yabantwana yayibandakanyeka kootitshala abazayo kunye nerhuluneli, enkosi apho uMiklokhi wathengiswa ngabani iJamani nesiFrentshi. Ngenxa yoko, kuphela kwezi zifundo kwi-Gymnasium Nikolai yayinoqikelelo oluhle, kubo bonke abanye bafumana kathathu. Iiklasi inkwenkwe iphoswe kwaye yahlala izihlandlo ezininzi ngonyaka wesibini, isizathu sokuba kukho iingxaki ngezempilo nasekwehloni lwendodana. Umzekelo, uqhanqalazo loluntu lokuthatha inxaxheba apho wavalelwa khona eneminyaka eli-15 ubudala.
UNikolai akazange agqibezele i-gimnasium kwaye agqibe kwelokuba afune iYunivesithi yaseSt. Petersburg, apho angayibambayo ngenxa yokuthatha inxaxheba kumfundi. Ngenxa yoko, uMiklukhad waya eJamani, apho wafunda khona kwiPhili leDyunivesithi yaseHeivelberg, emva koko kwi-Leipzig nakwiiyunivesithi ze-Leipzig, apho waqala khona ukufundisisa amayeza, iinkwenkwezi kunye nezolimo.
Imali yayingabi nazimali ezanele ekuhlawulweni kwezindlu kunye nezifundo, umfana wayezithambisile, unyamezelo, enkosi apho kuqatshelwe yiNkokeli yenzululwazi ye-erhest. Ukuya kuhambo kwiziqithi zeCanary, wamema umfundi onetalente kunye naye. Olu yayiluhambo lokuqala loPhando lukaMikloki, apho wanceda khona intloko kwisifundo se-Atlantic kwaye kule nkqubo ifakwa kwi-biology, evula uhlobo olutsha lwesiponji.
Ubomi Buqu
UNikolay wayesoloko enomdla kwisini esahlukileyo kunye nolwalamano lothando, ngelixa umfundi eJamani. Nangona kunjalo, utshintsho olunzulu kubomi bobuqu luye lwachazwa e-Australia, apho wadibana khona nentombi yerhuluneli yeWeargaret Roberson Clark. Abazali baseBridesi babengonwabanga kukhetho lwentombi yakhe: Umyeni wawuphawulwe yimpilo ebuthathaka, umsindo, wayengenawo urhulumente, kwaye wayenenjongo yokuthatha intombazana yaseRussia ekude.
Nangona kunjalo, ngaphandle kwento yokuba ngexesha lotshatileyo, uMargaret waphulukana nerenti eqinileyo, awayifumanayo kwintando yokuqala, wavuma ukubandakanyeka kumyeni wokuqala ekuhambeni, wavuma ukuba abahambi baseRussia, kwaye umtshato wenzeka ngoFebruwari 27, 1884.
Umahluko kwinkolo nangekhe ube ngumqobo kwisigqibo somanyano, apho bazalwa oonyana ababini, uAlexander noVladimir. Isebe laseOstreliya lenzala ye-Eneutogiber, utat'omkhulu kunye nobukhulu bokuhlala eSydney, uMelbourne naseCelber.
Xa umsebenzi weSikhululo soPhando nikolai Nikolayevich kwiWalet Wales eNew Lales yamiswa, wahambisa usapho eRussia, izifo zatyhalela impilo yakhe yaba ngumhlolokazi kungekudala. IMargaret Miklukho-Maclay yayingafuni ukuhlala kwilizwe langaphandle kwaye ekupheleni kwe-1888 yabuya e-Australia, ngaphambili yayiqonde oovimba kunye nelifa lendoda yakhe. I-Emperor Alexander III ihlawule ibhinqa lohambo oluchaseneyo kwaye ikhusele ipenshoni yakhe yobomi.
Isayensi kunye nohambo
Uhambo lokuqala oluzukileyo oluzukileyo oluzukileyo oluzukileyo lukaMiklukho-Maclay lwaqala ngo-1870, xa wafika kwinqanawa yomkhosi we-vilawazi ngenqanawa eyayiseNew Guinea. Ukuphila kwesi siqithi ngaphezulu konyaka, i-EmpokorOgrasher efunde ubomi bemihla ngemihla, isimilo namasiko asePapuans, okwazile ukoyisa imbeko kunye nokuzithemba.Wayengakhange enze inkcazo eneenkcukacha kuphela amaIlanesiya, kodwa waphakamisa ingxaki yoluntu, eqinisekisa ukuba abahlali baseziqithi ezikude bangabameli bezinto ezizeleyo, kwaye hayi kwinqanaba lenkawu esendleleni eya eHomo Sapiens. Umsebenzi wekhoboka wabonakala ngathi unesayensi ongamkelekanga.
I-Anthropological kunye ne-Exnolai's Nikolai Nikolayevich iqhubekile kwiiPhilippines, kumazwe ase-Indonesia nakwiIndonesia, kodwa yabuya ibuyiselwe kwi-guinea entsha. E-Australia, inzululwazi yayizibandakanya ekwakhiweni kwesikhululo sezikolo, esasifunda umhlaba wesilwanyana. Ngenxa yoko, kwimimandla ekude, umhambi waseRussia wachitha ixesha elingaphezulu kwelizwe lakhe.
Ukufa
Ngobomi bakhe obufutshane, uMiklukho-Maclary wahlutha esinye isigulo esinzima, kuquka ukuvuvukala okuphindaphindiweyo kwemiphunga, i-Comurisy, i-icoulgia, i-ruatism kunye nemalariya. Bamlandela abatsolo, bada bagqibela imihla ngemihla. Ngama-40, uNikolai Nikolayevich yayikukubonakala ngathi buthathaka, balahlekile kwaye banamava abanamava. Wazama ukusebenza, nangona kunjalo, ekuqaleni kowe-1888 wayengasakwazi ukwenza ngaphandle kwe morphine.
Ukusweleka komhambi kwandulelwa yi-Tyrity: i-ronnchitis kunye ne-ppnemonia yongezwa kwi-Insomnia, i-Edema, ukugabha kunye nokuphazamiseka kwenkqubo ye-micycyskeletal. Epreli 2, inzululwazi ayizange. Unobangela wokufa wasungulwa kuphela kwinkulungwane yama-20: xa imyuziyam ye-Anthropology kunye ne-Ethnography yatshintshelwa kuMyuziyam kunye ne-Ethnografiy ngo-1938, wafumana iimviwo ezifumana umhlaza kwimihlathi.
I-Eknolomishe yayingcwatywe kwimbono yokoqobo ye-volkovy amangcwaba aseSt. Petersburg. Wahlala embalini njengendawo enobudala, eya kwangaxeshanye igalelo kwiJografi, i-biology, i-anthropology, i-geology, i-geology, i-oceanography kunye nezinye iindawo ezinxulumene noko. Ifoto yomphandi ihombisa iindonga zeeofisi zesikolo, kwaye i-biography yakhe yasungula iincwadi kunye neefilimu.
Imemori
- I-Miklukho-Maclay buqu ngokobuqu, ngokwelungelo lomphandi wokuqala, obizwa ngokuba yigama lakhe kunxweme olusempuma-mpuma we-guinea
- Makley River River e-Astrolabia Bay
- Igama elithi uMiklho-Maclay ogama libizwa ngokuba yi-Bay yolwandle olusezantsi lonxweme lweAntarctica (iWilx yomhlaba)
- I-Asteroid 3196 Maklaj (Maklaj)
- Izikhumbuzo zenzululwazi efakwe kwi-OUULOvka (I-NovgoroD), Malina, Sevastopol, Jakarta
- I-miklcuka-maclay izitrato zikhona eMoscow kunye neMadanga (Papua New Guinea)
- Ilali entsha esekwe kufutshane neKapa Garagasi ngo-2017 yafumana igama le-Miklho-Maclay
- I-miklcuka-maklai inqanawa
- Ifilimu yefilimu "Miklho-Maklai". UMlawuli A. E.sengqiwe
- Ifilimu "yonxweme lobomi bakhe". UMlawuli Yu. M. Slomin
- Ikhathuni "Indoda ivela eNyangeni"
- "Ikhweyitha"