Biography
I-Elena Bonnere yaqwalaselwa ngomnye wabakhuseli amalungelo abantu abadumileyo kunye nabachasi benkulungwane yama-20. Kwindawo entle yomfazi odlula kwiMfazwe yeLizwe enkulu yangena kwiziganeko ze-CPU, ephembelela iziganeko zePrague intwasahlobo kunye ne-Andremian Andrei Sakharov. Isigaba se-biography sakunikelwa kwimisebenzi yoluntu, equkumbele ekugxekeni kweengxabano zomkhosi ezaziphembelela kwintsimi yeSoviet Union, kunye nenkxaso yenkululeko yedemokhrasi ehlanganisiweyo yamawakawaka abantu.Ubuntwana noLutsha
I-biography yase-Elena GeorgieVV-eqale ngo-1923 eSoviet Turkestan. Emva kokuzalwa, le ntombazana ibibizwa ngokuba yiLusik iLeacharian.
Umama, uRuth Grigorievna Bonnere, abameli bobuzwe bamaYuda, babelilungu leqela lamaKomanisi. Ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yo-1937, umfazi wabanjwa waza wagwetywa iminyaka esibhozo yomsebenzi woLuleko phantsi kwenqaku lama-58-1 leKhowudi yoLwaphulo-mthetho. Malunga notata wendalo, iArmenian I-Earson Sririsovich Kotarian (Kococha), ayiziwa phantse akukho nto.
I-Stephim, Geevok Sarikovich Alikhan, ekuqaleni kweminyaka yee-1920 zaya kwiKhowudi yeKhorityhula yaseArmenia, kamva wabamba izithuba zelinye iqela kwi-lengerad naseMoscow. Ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yee-1930, umsebenzi obalulekileyo we-polymat yayiyimpazamo kwaye wadubula. I-Elena yahlala ngaphandle kwabazali ngesiphoso sabasebenzi be-NKVD.
Ndikunye nomzalwana omncinci, intombazana eneenkedada yafudukela kwikomkhulu elisentla le-USSR ngumakhulu wakhe. Izalamane, ezazilungiselela ukufuduka, zakhathalela ukuba abantwana abayi kuwa kwiZiko leMfundo kwiNtlalo yasekubhinqileni, bahlukile entolongweni.
UBonnere waya kwisikolo esiqhelekileyo kwaye watyelela iiklasi zokuzikhethela kuncwadi. Phezu kwako nje indlalifa "embi, wasiwa eSomomol. Kwisikolo samabanga aphakamileyo, emva kokwala ukulahla umama kunye notata wotshani, i-turkestan yakhutshwa kwintlangano yolutsha. Le ntombazana kwafuneka isebenze njengesicoci kwiZindlu nakwiOfisi yokusebenza, ukuze ingabi yindlala.
Ukufumene isatifikethi sokuvuthwa, uElena wagqiba kwelokuba ahambe emanyathelweni, i-Bibliographer kunye ne-Anna GdalievV, kwaye wangena kwi-Filobogy yeZiko leZiseko. A. I. Hlezen. Ngokuhambelana, wayeqeqeshiwe kwiSebe lezoNyango kwaye wafumana umsebenzi weminyaka yeMfazwe yeLizwe enkulu.
Iminyaka yeMfazwe
Ngo-1941, uBonnere njengenkonzo yasemkhosini wabiza uluhlu lwemikhosi ebomvu. Umfundi oneminyaka eli-18 ubudala wanceda oogqirha bebhabha 'olubhabha' - ukubalwa kukaloliwe, bathutha abenzekileyo kwiLeningrad ukuya kwingingqi yeVologda. Ngexesha lenqwelomoya i-elena ifumene ukwenzakala kakhulu kwaye ichithe iinyanga ezininzi ezibhedlele.Ukubaleka ezinyaweni, le ntombazana ibuyela kwindawo yemfazwe kwindima yoolomlo ophambili. I-heroine yafumana ii-lepaulets zayo zokuzila, ukugcina amajoni kunye namagosa. Usuku loloyiso uMsebenzi wezeMpilo ngemfundo yoncwadi engaphelelanga kwiSixeko saseAustrian sase-Innsbruck.
Ukubuyela kwintsimi ye-USSR, udade onamava wenceba waba nguSekela entloko yeqela le-SAPRER Battalion, elaligcina indlela yaseKarelian-Feinnish-Finnish-Finnish-Finnish. Ekupheleni kwehlobo lowe-1945, intombi yeArmenia ecinezelekileyo kunye namaJuda yayidilizwa kwaye yamkelwa njengokhubazekile. Ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yee-1980, urhulumente wawunika ngokulandelelana kwe-Tegriotic II.
Imisebenzi yomsebenzi kunye nemisebenzi yamalungelo oluntu
Imbambano neJamani kaHitler ebomini bakhe yenza u-Elena uyala umsebenzi wombhali kwaye akhethe imeko yezonyango njengomsebenzi. Ngo-1953, waphumelela kwiZiko lezoNyango le-1 leLeningrad kwaye waba ngugqirha, waba ngugqirha, emva koko intloko yeSikolo seMoscow kunye nomcebisi wabantwana abancinci.
Amakhono angasebenziyo aluncedo kumaphephancwadi okubhalisa "i-Neva" kunye nenxaxheba kumaphepha afanelekileyo e-Almanari "abadlali abafayo kwimikhosi yeMfazwe yeLizwe" kunye neencwadi "zeVevolod Bengriskrisky. Iidayari, iileta, imibongo. " Ngapha koko, umthathi-nxaxheba kwimfazwe yokuthand 'izwe yayiziitekisi zosasazo lwerediyo, amayeza ahleliweyo "amayeza athi" amayeza ", wayengumcebisi we-it, yayingumcebisi we-it ngemanyano yababhali be-USSR.
Ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yee-1960, iBonnere itshintshe kakhulu. Isihlandlo esi sihlandlo kuhlaziyo lweenqobo ezisemgangathweni yayiziganeko zePrague intwasahlobo, ekhokelele kwinguqulelo kunye nokwabelwa amandla e-Czechoslovakia. Ukuhlala iminyaka eliqela ilungu leqela lamaKomanisi, eli bhinqa lalishiya inqanaba laza laba nenxaxheba rhoqo kwiinkqubo kubachasi.
Ngexesha lohambo oluya eKaliga, apho i-pimenova ye-pimenova, i-Elena yadibana no-Andrei Dmitevich Sakharov Sakharov Sakhai, owayenohambo oluya eKaliga. Ngenkxaso yomphuhlisi wesixhobo se-thermonipucleary, wabeka isandla sakhe kwintshona yentatheli yentatheli ebanjiwe kwiimbono zobupolitika zezopolitiko ezichasene nolawulo lukaEuziarl.
Ngo-1974, uBonnere wanceda iAlulaphia ukuba iseke isiseko sabantwana bamabanjwa ezopolitiko. Emva kwexesha elifutshane, limele iinkokeli zentshukumo yamalungelo oluntu kwinkcazo-ntetho yoxolo kwaye yayikho ekumiselweni kweqela loluntu ukukhuthaza izivumelwano ze-Helsinki.
Bekuba bedibene nedolophu yaseGorgey, i-tucles yaseTurkestan yawa phantsi kweyona ndawo iphambili kwiKomiti yezokhuseleko yaseburhulumenteni. Indlu yayihambahamba, iphantsi kwentshutshiso yezalamane nabahlobo. Ngaphandle koku, uElena Georgievna wagcina ubukho boMoya kwaye ukususela ekupheleni kweminyaka yee-1980, waba ngumfundisi wokuvela kweeklabhu ezinjalo kunye nemibutho, njengembuyekezo yeSikhumbuzo ne-Mscow. Ngo-1990s, wayelilungu leKhomishini yamaLungelo oluNxweme uBhoris Yeltsin, ngo-2000 echithwe kwicala lokukhuselwa kweqela lebhulorho le-VIDV.
Inqanaba lokugqibela lobomi lalinxulunyaniswa ne-United States yaseMelika. UBonnere uzinze eBoston ecaleni kwabantwana bakhe. Ngenxa yolwandle, iDssesze, yasigweba isikhundla seRussia ngokunxulumene nemeko yezopolitiko eqhutywa kwiRiphabhlikhi yaseMzantsi Wessetia waseMzantsi. Ujoyine iqela labemi elifuna ukurhoxa kukaMongameli Vladimir Spin kwaye wasayinwa phantsi koxwebhu lwezikhalazo lika-Andrei Pionkovsky, epapashwe kwiwebhusayithi "i-spin kufuneka ihambe."
Ubomi Buqu
Ebutsheni basekuqaleni, uElena Georgievna wayengenalo ixesha lokucinga ngobomi bakhe. Ukusinda kwimfazwe yokuthand 'izwe, wadityaniswa nomtshato no-Ivan vanyinevich kwaye wazala abantwana - intombi kaTatiana, intombazana uAlexei, ongunyana wase-US ukusuka ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yoo-1970s.Inzululwazi yeSoviet Andrei Dmitrievich uSakharov yaba ngowesibini kumadoda asemthethweni. Ukusukela ngo-1972, isibini sabandakanyeka kwiiprojekthi zikawonke-wonke kunye, kwaye emva kokusweleka kweqabane, umhlolokazi wazama ukuqhubela phambili imibutho yaseburhulumenteni engekhoyo yelizwe jikelele kunye nengxowa-mali eyintloko.
Ukufa
Unobangela wokufa komfazi wakhe uAndrei Sakharov wayesisifo sentliziyo yeSchemic. I-Bonnere yobomi obushiyekileyo eBoston ngo-2011.
Ngokokuvela kumngcwabo wasemthethweni, kwakungekho mngcwabo wasemazweni eUnited States. Emva komsitho wokuvaleka, umzimba watshisa, kwaye i-in inutl ngothuli oluhanjiswa eMoscow kwaye wangcwatyelwa kumangcwaba omyeni wakhe, umntakwabo kunye nomntakwabo omncinci.
Amabhaso kunye nebhaso
- Ngo-1988 -Umyalelo we-Tegriotic IIDES
- 1991 - I-Professor yeMemori yeMemori iRafto
- Ngo-1993 - imbuyekezo "ngenkululeko yokushicilela"
- Ngo-2000-I-Hannah iqashiso
- Ngo-2009-I-Command Command inqamleza ngokwemigangatho yeRiphabhlikhi yasePoland
- Ugqirha wamalungelo amalungelo eeyunivesithi zaseMelika kunye neeyunivesithi zaseYurophu
- I-Raoul Walnberg Pay Cwangcisa
- Imbasa ye-Trumane Inkululeko-I-Reagan