Biography
U-Edward Woophuden-Umncedisi wobuchwephesha waseMelika, waziwa kwihlabathi liphela ngokupapasha inani lokubonisana kwenani lezixhobo ze-US kwinkangeleko yabahlali. Ukusukela ngo-2013, igama lakhe lavela kwiileyile zokuqala zendaba, njengoko ulwazi lokwaphula i-Arhente yoKhuseleko lweSizwe (AB) yamalungelo nenkululeko yezigidi zabantu baseMelika kunye nabantu baseYurophu babetha uluntu lwehlabathi.
Kutshanje, ikhephu ebomini eRussia, apho wanikwa indawo yokuhlala yezopolitiko, njengoko i-United States yamxelela kuluhlu olufunwayo lwamanye amazwe, igalelo kwizityholo zokugcinwa kwezemali, ezithathwa njengesoyikiso sokhuseleko lwelizwe.
Ubuntwana noLutsha
U-Edward Snowden wazalwa nge-21 kaJuni, 1983 kwiSixekobeth City, esikwi-North Carolina. Abazali bakhe - umlindi weNkonzo yoNxweme lweLon noLwazi kunye negqwetha elizabeth ikhephu-uqhawulo-mtshato. Entlungwini, uEdward ngoyena mntwana omncinci, udade osele enguJessica, osebenza njengegqwetha kwiziko leziko le-fermation eWashington.
Ubuntwana kunye neqhwithela lolutsha olugqithile kwidolophu yabo, apho umsebenzi we-CIA kunye ne-USA Academy yesayensi ifumene imfundo yesibini. Ngo-1999, usapho lukakhephu lwekhephu lwafudukela eMaryland. Kwafakwa e-Edward eKholeji yaseAnn Elandel, apho iikhosi zokulungiselela zaziqhutywa ukuze kwamkelwe kwiYunivesithi.
Nangona kunjalo, njengemeko yempilo, akazange agqibe isifundo- kuye kwafuneka aqhubeke nezifundo zakhe ukuba ikhephu alithintelanga ikhephu ngo-2011 ukufumana idigri ye-MasterPool.
Ngo-2004, i-Edward Woophuden iye yasebenza njengomkhosi oxhobileyo ukusuka apho kwiinyanga ezimbalwa kamva, emva kokufumana ukwenzakala kakhulu kwemilenze yomibini, ibhinqa lathunyelwa. Ukusukela kule nto, i-SnographEN yebhayiloji inxulumene ngokuthe ngqo nesayensi yekhompyuter, inkqubo kunye netekhnoloji eboniswe yingcali yengqondo kunye netalente ekhethekileyo, ngaphandle kokungaqinisekisi ngokusemthethweni.
Inkonzo kwi-CIA
Ukunyuka kwenqanaba lomsebenzi e-Edward Woophu kuye kwazithemba kwaye ngokukhawuleza. Ingcali yezakhono zokuqala zobungcali ezifunyenwe kwiSayensi kaZwelonke, isebenza kwisakhiwo sokhuseleko sento eyimfihlo kwiDyunivesithi yaseMaryland. Kwiminyaka embalwa kamva, ikhephu lamkelwa kwinkonzo ye-CIA kwaye phantsi kwe-fiplomatic ikhava ethunyelwe eGeneva kwi-ofisi ye-United States kwi-UN. Kuluhlu lwemisebenzi yakhe kubandakanya ukuphunyezwa kweenethiwekhi zekhompyuter. Ngokutsho kwe-Edward, umsebenzi eSwitzerland wavula amehlo ukuba ulikhonkco ekhethekileyo kwiinkonzo zobuntlola zase-US, ezonzakalisa ngakumbi abantu kunokuba zilungile.
Ngo-2009, umnxibelelanisi weyeka kwi-cia kwaye waqala ukusebenza kwi-Dell naseBooz Allen Alvilton esebenzisana ne-Academy yeSayensi yeeNkampani, ezalisekisa imbopheleleko yangaphandle.
Ikhephu elinekhephu alizange lamkele imisebenzi ye-Arhente yoKhuseleko lwe-US, kwixesha elizayo, kwixa elizayo, ekusindiseni isidlangalaleni esivela kwizenzo zikarhulumente ezisemthethweni nxamnye nehlabathi liphela. Ngokumalunga noku, ngo-2013, iZiko eliKhethekileyo le-NSA lagqiba kwelokuba enze intshabalalo yentliziyo yakhe nokutyhila abantu abatyhila iinkonzo zobukrelekrele baseMelika.
Ikhephu lekhephu liqaphele ukuba ufuna ukubhengeza izenzo ezingekho mthethweni ze-NSB kunye ne-CIA ngo-2008, kodwa bekuyithemba ngokufika kukaBharaki, imeko ese-US iya kutshintsha. Kungekudala i-programmer, yacaca ukuba uMongameli wase-US uqhubeke nomgaqo-nkqubo wabamiselweyo kwaye ungazimiselanga ukuba ithintele imisebenzi "yeentlola".
Ukuvezwa kunye nokutshutshiswa kolwaphulo-mthetho
Umsebenzi wekhephu wokuBhengeza ulwaphulo-mthetho lweenkonzo ezikhethekileyo zaseMelika ngo-2013. Emva koko i-CIA yangaphambili ye-CIA kunye ne-arhente yaseNambia iqhagamshelane ne-generator yefilimu uLaura, intatheli yaseMelika uGlen Green Green kunye noPayton Gellman, owayexelwe ukuba wayekulungele ukubonelela ngolwazi olufihlakeleyo.
Unxibelelwano I-Snowden yenzeka ngemiyalezo ye-imeyile efihliweyo, igosa elihlanganisiweyo le-IT IGOSA LOKUFUNDA Amaxwebhu angama-200 amawaka amaxwebhu afihlakeleyo. Isimo sabo seMfihlakalo idlule kwizinto ezipapashiweyo kwi-Wikilile Malunga neengxabano e-Afghanistan naseIraq. Emva koko, kwaqhekeka isibetho, kwaye u-Diredromise wafumana ifuthe le-thermoninuar kwi-thermonicar kwimagazini. Kwixa elizayo, uJulian Assange, uMseki weWikilile, uya kuvakalisa oko, ngenxa yombutho ongenzi nzuzo wehlabathi, ikhephu elingenzi nzuzo.
Ukuvezwa kukaEdward Woophu kuye kwafumana iinyani malunga nokuhlolwa kwabaphathi bamanye amazwe kumazwe angama-60 akwa-Europed. Umnxibelelanisi uvakalise ulwazi malunga nenkqubo yePrism, apho iingcali zikhokelela ekubekenisweni kobunzima bokuthetha-thethano zabantu baseMelika kunye nonxibelelwano lwelinye ilizwe nge-Intanethi nakulonxibelelwano.
Ngokutsho kwe-Edward, inkqubo yePrism yavumela i-NAM ukumamela izwi kunye nevidiyo, jonga i-imeyile kunye neefoto, tsalela iifayile, zangezo zonke iifayile zolwazi lweenethiwekhi zentlalo. Inani elikhulu leenkonzo ezithandwayo ezithathe inxaxheba kule nkqubo: I-Microsoft (i-Hotmail), i-Facebook, Google (Google), i-Skmati, Yahoo! Apple, i-Apple kunye nePaltalk.
Kwakhona, ummiselo wenkundla weNkosi ikwangumbono wekhephu, okuthinjwe yi-Verizon enkulu ye-comricon inyanzelekile ukuba idlulise yonke iminxeba kwi-NSB yonke imihla, yenziwa ngaphakathi eUnited States. Ngokuchasene nesi sigqibo, iintatheli ziphakamisa ukuba ezinye abaqhubi baseMelika baseMelika banokutsalwa kwezi zibophelelo.
Ukongeza, ngenxa yokutsala ikhephu, kwakuqonda ukuba kukho inkqubo yokulandela umkhondo we-tendara, eyathethwa yiNgxoxo yeFoll ye-Intanethi, kunye nesoftware edibeneyo ye-iPhone, evumela ukuba ulandele izenzo zomsebenzisi.
Enye yezona zinto zichazwayo zekhephu zekhephu, kukuxelwa kwento yokunxibelelana kwamagosa ezobuko kwezopolitiko zamanye amazwe namagosa athabatha inxaxheba kwi-GMTITE ngo-2009 eLondon. Amaxhoba ka-USA anezenzo ezingekho mthethweni angenise ezopolitiko ezininzi ezaziwayo kwihlabathi jikelele.
Ngokutsho kwePentagon, ikhephu lekhephu lamaxwebhu afihlakeleyo amaxwebhu afihlakeleyo, uninzi lwayo lunxulumene nolwazi olubalulekileyo malunga nokusebenza komkhosi waseMelika kunye neenqanawa, i-marines kunye nomkhosi womoya. Olu lwazi, ngokwentatheli yabanye, luya kuchazwa ngokuthe ngcembe ukuze wonakalise umdla kazwelonke we-United States kunye ne-NSA.
Emva kokwenza isigqibo, ukutyhila i-idard yakhe yekhephu yekhephu, eqonda ukuba kuya kufuneka ahlawule ityala ngalo mthetho, uyeleka.
Okokuqala, uMsebenzi weNkqubo wayefihliwe eHong Kong, apho wacwangcisa ukufumana indawo yezopolitiko. Emva kokubhengeza isityholo se-American kwi-American kunye nokubhengezwa kweMfihlakalo yemfihlo ye-30 ka-Edward, kodwa, ngaphandle kokuba nesiRashiya I-Visa, yanyanzelwa ukuba ihlale kwindawo ye-Hairtot ye-Hair.
Ngokwamajelo osasazo, eRussia, umququzeleli wadibana nemoto kunye neenombolo zikadomotic zeVenezuela, eyathatha ikhephu kwicala elingaziwayo. Ngokufanelekileyo, i-Edward yenzelwe ukuya eMzantsi Melika ngeMoscow.
NgoJuni 30, 2013, wacela ukuba amnike ukhuseleko kwezopolitiko eRussia, kwaye ngengomso uMongameli weRussia Federation Vladimir Pladimir u-Pladimir uvumelekile ukuba enze le nkqubo i Iinkonzo zeKholeji zaseMelika.
Kwangelo xesha, i-Edward Woophuden ifake amagunya aseMelika malunga noxolelo, ebhekisa kwinto yokuba akukho nto imbi nengekho ngengozi kwizenzo zabo. Abasemagunyeni baseMelika banesimo sengqondo sokuchasana nokuvezwa kwekhephu eliqhutywa liqhwa, kuthathelwa ingqalelo ukuba le nkqubo inyanzelekile ukuba ivele phambi kwenkundla, kuba yayisinika iimfihlo zikarhulumente. I-American Scouts ijonga isenzo somsebenzi wangaphambili se-CIA kunye ne-NSA ethambisi kwaye ingekho mthethweni, obeke inkonzo yobuntlola ye-United States yomonakalo ongaphelelekanga.
Emva koko, kwi-European Union, ngokunxulumene nemeko yokufumana inkqubela phambili yekhephu. IPalamente yaseYurophu iphinda ivuselele i-EU engavumiyo ukulungisa isohlwayo, ukumnika ikhuselo, eliya kuyenza lingakwazi ukukhulula eUnited States okanye ukubuyela kwelinye ilizwe.
NgoJulayi ka-2016, uMlawuli we-I-United States uJohn Brenan wathi ikhephu kufuneka libuyele eUnited States kwaye livele phambi kwenkundla. Emva koko iNtloko yeNgcwele yeHlabathi yaseMelika yayingaxhaswanga sisikhundla se-US yangaphambili ye-US Stosecuter Hersurder, eyathi yenze izinto ezenziwa yikhephu "Inkonzo" yombutho wenkonzo ". Intloko ye-cia ayikholelwa ukuba ingcwalelwa ku-Edward kwilizwe yaqala ingxoxo yemicimbi ebaluleke kakhulu.
Ngo-2016, umqeshwa we-arhente yelizwe kuzwelonke waxelela udliwanondlebe namaxesha obomi bakhe kwikomkhulu laseRussia. I-Snowden yamkela ukuba ulwazi lwakhe ngolwimi lwaseRussia lwanele ukwenza iodolo kwindawo yokutyela. Ikhephu elikhephu longezelele ukuba uhlala kwihlabathi eliNyakatho-American Americal Times kwaye uchitha ixesha elininzi kwi-Intanethi, kodwa "uhlala ehleli ebomini bakhe."
I-Snowden iphinde yavakalisa izimvo malunga neMthetho ye-Russian Anti-Grofer. Owenziweyo wangaphambili weenkonzo zeAmerican Erighkis zigxunyekwe kwimicroblog yakhe kwi-microblog yayo kwi-Twitter yenethiwekhi, i-phakheji ye-Eritter ("iphakheji yehlobo"), ezazisa iinethiwekhi zonxibelelwano zokugcina ulwazi Malunga nezibakala zencoko kunye nembalelwano yomsebenzisi kunye nomxholo wazo.
"Ukuhlala okuninzi akusebenzi. Lo mthetho ukhethwe kwimali nganye yaseRussia kunye nenkululeko ngaphandle kokuphucula ukhuseleko. I-Snowdeden ithi: "Ungayityikitye.Ngo-2017, umsebenzi wangaphambili weenkonzo zeAmerican American Mema umntu wangaphambili wamazwe amaninzi ehlabathi ukuba athethe imicimbi emininzi, kunye nokwenza intetho.
Iifilimu
"Oyena mntu wayefuna kakhulu emhlabeni" uEdward Woophude emva kopapasho kunye nokupapashwa kolwazi olufanelekileyo lweenkonzo ezikhethekileyo zaseMelika zabanye nabantu abaphambili abababhali kunye nee-quinematographedpheatophembeza ababecinga ukuyenza inxenye yendalo yazo. Wayengumlinganiswa ophambili kwifilimu yefilimu "(" I-"(" Citizenfour "), ifihlelwe nguLaura Poites esekwe kudliwanondlebe negosa le-CIA kunye ne-NSA.
Ifilimu emalunga ne-Edward Woophu iphumelele imbasa ye-Oscar ePhezulu njengowona mfanekiso ubalaseleyo kwicebo elinesibindi, elivela kwindawo yokuqala kwimizuzwana yokugqibela ithwala ulwazi lwendalo.
Ngo-2016, umhlaba wabona iprojekthi entsha yomlawuli owaziwayo weli-Oliver Litye elibizwa ngokuba "likhephu", elinikezelwe kwimbali karhulumente wase-US wase-US owayesakuba yi-Aytichnik. Iindima eziphambili kwifilimu zenziwa ngabalinganiswa bakaJoseph Jordon - iLevitt, uShelin Dowley and Zakari Quinto.
Ubomi Buqu
Ubomi bobuqu obuDwell Bowden emva kokuboniswa kwakhe kukukhumbula izinto zokuphatha ezithathiweyo yayiyimfihlo yoluntu. Wakhankanya ubomi bosapho kanye kanye emva ko-2013 bathi wayenomfazi nabantwana. Kuyaziwa ukuba ukusukela ngo-2009, intombazana yakhe yayiyimidlalo yokudanisa ye-Lindsser, awayehlala kuyo kumtshato waseburhulumenteni kwi-vaipakh yaseHawaiiakh.
Kwakukho amahemuhemu ukuba kwisibini sika-2013 sahlukana. Kodwa uMlawuli weLiver, umbhali wefilimu yekhephu, wakhanyela olu lwazi. I-American Spey ihlala kunye nomzali eRussia. Le nyaniso bubungqina beefoto zabo ezidibeneyo ezivela kwiakhawunti yobuqu kwiLindsay kwi "Instagram".
Ngo-2013, kwabekade umsebenzi wenkonzo ekhethekileyo ye-Anna Chapman emenywe e-Edward ikhephu ukuba angamtshatise naye. Ubhale ngale nto kwi-Twitter, kodwa abasebenzisi babiza inyathelo elinjalo ne-PR.
NgokweMurnariki ethatha udliwanondlebe eHoll eHong Kong, ikhephu lihlala lingumntu olungileyo nolumanyane, olwenziwa ngumntu ohamba nothando. Iprogram ikhokelela kwindlela yokuphila ethe cwaka kwaye isempilweni, idlalwa ixesha elininzi kwikhompyuter kwaye ithanda ukufunda iincwadi kwimbali yaseRussia. Kwangelo xesha, "ukugxotha" kwe-NSA kunye ne-CIA anamathele kwi-gesian yokutya, ayiseli ikofu kwaye ayiseli utywala.
I-Edward Woophuden ngoku
Umdwelisi wenkqubo uye wachaza ukuba bekulungele ukufudukela eUnited States, ngokuxhomekeke kwityala elivulekileyo nobukho kwijaji. Kodwa akukho ntloko yerhulumente ayikanikelanga ukuba zinikezele ngekhephu. Ngo-2017, iintatheli zibeka phambili ingcinga yokuba iMoscow ayizukufihlwa ngakumbi kwintsimi yaseRussia, kwaye imnika uMongameli wase-US e-Donald Trump, kodwa inkqubo yaphinda yakwazi ukwandisa imvume yokuhlala.
Ngo-2018, iAmericame yaseMelika yayeka ubudlelwane boluntu kangangesithuba seenyanga ezintandathu. Ekoneni uthathe inxaxheba yakhe, isikhululo sevidiyo sabanjwa neDyunivesithi yolawulo lweSixeko saseAustrian sase-Innsbruck. U-Edward uxele ukuba wayesilawula iNgxowa-mali yeAmerica yaseMelika ukukhusela inkululeko yeentatheli.
Njengenxalenye yemisebenzi yayo, ikhephu liphuhlise inkqubo ekhusela imithombo yolwazi evela kwizisongelo zangaphandle. Ngokutsho kwegosa langaphambili le-CIA, ikhathazekile, okokuqala, kwiingxaki zoluntu lwaseMelika, aqhubeka naye elwela. Kwangelo xesha, uEdward akayeki ukugxeka urhulumente waseRussia noguquko.
NgoNovemba, ikhephu libambe intetho ngenxa yobunkokeli baseMossadi, ebanika inkomfa yevidiyo yobungqina bokungeniswa kwe-NSA kwizenzo zobukrelekrele bakwa-Israyeli. Kwintetho eNtsha ngo-2019, ikhephu aliboneleli ngolwazi okwangoku, kodwa kucingelwa ukuba inkqubo yenkqubo iza kuqhubeka ityhila iinkonzo ezikhethekileyo zaseMelika.
Iikowuti
Ikhephu ngokwakhe incokola ngesityhilelo sakhe ngolu hlobo:
"Ndifundisisa ngocoloni iincwadi zonke ukuze ndiqiniseke ukuba ukuvezwa kwakhe kuya kusebenza ngokusemthethweni izilangazelelo zoluntu. Kukho amaxwebhu azo zonke iintlobo, ukuxelwa kwayo kuya kuba nemiphumo emihle, ngenxa yokuba usukelo lwam kukungafihlaki, kwaye kungabi nengozi ebantwini. "Ukugqabaza ngeenyani zolawulo ngabasemagunyeni abasemagunyeni, ikhephu liphawulwe ukuba imeko enjalo iya kukhokelela kwikamva lentlekele:
"Le misebenzi kwixesha elizayo inokuba kukutolika ngokuchanekileyo, ngokuchanekileyo, kwaye isetyenziselwe kuwe ukuze ube nengxaki njengomntu. Ngaphandle kwayo nayiphi na injongo ngqo evela kurhulumente ukukwenza uhlobo oluthile lwengxaki. Imo yokhuseleko kuphela apho iphambili kukhuseleko luphezu kwako konke ukuqwalaselwa. "
Ukusetyenziswa kweGoogle kunye neSkype:
"Andisebenzisi iGoogle kunye neSkype. Ezi ziinkonzo ezilungileyo, kodwa zithembekile ngokupheleleyo kwisicwangciso sokhuseleko sedatha. Asifanele sibathembe, kwaye ngokuqinisekileyo ezi nkqubo akufuneki zisetyenziselwe unxibelelwano lobuqu. "Amagosa aseMelika aphinda afowunele ngolwazi "ukuze aziqonde iimeko njengoko zinjalo," ukwamkela isibakala sokuba usongelwa ngesigwebo esibalulekileyo eUnited States, kodwa i-Snowden yayihlala ihleli:
"Iimeko ayisiyo inkundla evulekileyo kwaye hayi ulingo olwenziweyo"