Biography
I-Mikhail Khodorkovsky ngumnini-mveliso kunye nomnini we-ex yenkampani ye-oyile enkulu yase-Yukos. Ngokutsho kukaRhulumente ka-2003, wayethathwa njengenye yezona zinto zintle kwaye zinamandla kwisicwangciso semali sabemi baseRussia, imali enkulu yavavanywa nge- $ 15 yezigidigidi. Ngo-2005, waba ngumntu ophambili kwiprofayile ephezulu Ityala le-Yukis kwaye latyholwa ngobuqhetseba kunye nokudluliselwa kwerhafu.Ubuntwana noLutsha
I-Khododorkovsky Mikhail Boriovich yazalwa nge-20 kaJuni, 1963 kwi-Metroporapolitan Service yosapho. Abazali bakhe uMarina filippovna kunye noBoris Milliprich babengaba iinjineli zoMchweli kwi-Kanaligr ivelisa izixhobo zokulinganisa i-kababr ezivelisa izixhobo zokulinganisa ezichanekileyo. Ngokutsho kukaMikhail, izalamane zakhe kuYise babengamaYuda, kodwa yena waziva waseRussia ngobuzwe.
Intsapho yepetroli yexesha elizayo yayihlala kakubi kwindlu yobukumkani de kwangowe-1971, emva koko abazali bafumana izindlu zabo. Ebuntwaneni, i-Khodorkovsky yayithandabuza iimvavanyo kunye ne chemistry, zibonisa umdla kolu lwalathiso.
Ukunqwenela ukuphuhlisa italente yetalente yezixhobo zendalo, abazali bagqiba kwelokuba banike i-mikhail kwisikolo esikhethekileyo esine-chemistry kunye nemathematics Not. D. i. mendeleev. Eyunivesithi, iKhodorkovsky yayithathwa njengeyona candelo lobuchwephesha, ngaphandle kwento yokuba imfuneko yemali ye-ACTE yamenzela ixesha lawo simahla ukusebenza njengomchweli kwintsebenziswano yezindlu. Ngo-1986 waphumelela eyunivesithi ngembeko kwaye wafumana ugqirha we-tekhnoloji yetekhnoloji.
Ebutsheni bakhe, i-mikhail, kunye nabantu abaziingqondo, benza iziko lezenzululwazi nobugcisa bobutsha, owaba yiprojekthi yakhe yeshishini lokuqala, ngoncedo lwemali awayeyifumene imali enkulu. Ngokuhambelana nemisebenzi e-NTTM, i-tycoon ye-windows yexesha elizayo yafundwa kwiZiko loqoqosho lweSizwe. G. V. PlEkhanov, apho wadibana khona isalamane samagosa kwiBhanki kaRhulumente wase-USSR Alexei Golubovich.
Ibhanki "Meeatep"
Ngenxa ye-"yekhefu" lokuqala, uMikhail Khododorkovsky uthathe iseli eqinileyo kwihlabathi elikhulu kwaye ngo-1989 wenza iBhanki yeRhafu yeNzululwazi kunye neTekhnoloji ", ukuba ngusihlalo webhodi yakhe. I-Khododorkovsky Ibhanki yenye yokuqala yokufumana ilayisensi yebhanki ye-USSR ye-USSR ye-USSR ye-USSR, eyamvumela ukuba enze imisebenzi yezemali yerhafu, i-Rosvouchi.Ngo-1992, imbali yobungcali yeKhodorkovsky ifumene enye indlela kwaye yaqala ukuchitha ishishini leoyile. Ekuqaleni wafumana idinga lesithuba sikasihlalo weNgxowa-mali yoTyalo-mali yeShishini kunye ne-EEC. Isikhundla esitsha sanikwa i-mikhail onke amalungelo namagunya oSekela-Awenu namandla. Emva kweenyanga ezimbalwa, waba nguSekela eSetshiswe ngokupheleleyo. Ukusebenza kwiNkonzo kaRhulumente, kwakuyimfuneko ukukhupha ngokusesikweni imeko yesahluko kwiBhanki "Meeatep", kodwa zonke iibhulukhwe zeBhodi zahlala ezandleni zakhe.
Ngeli xesha, u-Oligar wagqiba kwelokuba atshintshe isicwangciso se-Memeniatep Bank. Umbutho wezeMali Njengoko isiphumo saqalisa ukugxila ngokukodwa kubathengi abakhulu abanceda, ngoncedo lwayo kwaye besenza intengiselwano efuna imiba yemicimbi evela kumaqumrhu orhulumente. Ixesha elingaphezulu, i-Meaniatep iye yangaphezulu ukuya kwishishini lotyalo-mali. Iimpawu eziphambili ngokubaluleka yayinguMzi-mveliso kwaye i-metallggy, iPetrochemistry kunye nezinto zokwakha, kunye nomzi mveliso wokutya kunye nemichiza.
Yukos
Ngo-1995, i-Khododorkovsky ibhene kwi-Peerie-Premer ye-Russian Federation Olla inesindululo sokutshintsha i-Ismores ye-Oyile ye-Oyile, eyokuqala kwi-Omoreen .
Emva kwefandesi, iMenki yaba ngumnini we-45% yeepesenti eYukos, kwaye emva koko i-In Khododorkovsky inenye inkampani ye-oyile, enamaqabane angama-5 ahlawule i-Auction ye-GAREP Iphinde yaba ngumnini wenani elinomtsalane lezixhobo zeshishini leoyile yeRussia nolawulo ngaphezulu kwe-90% yezabelo zeYukos.
Ukuba ngumnini wakwaYukis, iKhodorkovsky esenziwa kwisiphelo senkampani yeoyile ye-Bhankham kwi-Clayisi, kodwa iimpahla zemematep ezingenazi. U-Oligarch uthathe iminyaka emi-6 kunye notyalo-mali lweebhanki zomntu wesithathu ukwenzela ukuba uza kuyizisa i-Yukos kwingxaki enkulu, ngenxa yoko ukucocwa kwemarike yamandla ehlabathi ngemali engaphezulu kwe- $ 40 yezigidi.
Ubunzima ekwenzeni ishishini aluzange luthintele i-mikhail Biriovich ngo-2001 ngumsunguli we-purrussia wesiSeko, obaquka i-piksrovsky, uYakobi wakwa-rothschild, uHenry Kisinger wasiya kwi-USSR Artman Hartman. Emva koko ngesiseko salo, inethiwekhi yaseRussia yonke inethiwekhi yentlalo neyezopolitiko "ivuliwe iRussia" yadalwa, eyayitshutshiswa kwintsimi ye-Russian Federation. Emva kwenkululeko ye-Khodorkovsky, iqela laqhubeka nomsebenzi wayo phantsi kobunkokeli bakhe.
Ishishini le-Yukis
Ngo-Oktobha 2003, ngelo xesha, uMikhail Khododorkovsky, owayenesomntu ocekisayo eRashiya nasehlabathini, wathabatha ukubanjwa kwamaziko esikhululo seenqwelomoya iNoselasis kwaye ahlawule irhafu. Emva koko, ukukhangela kwakuqhutywa yiOfisi ye-Yukis, kwaye zonke izitokhwe kunye neeakhawunti zenkampani zabanjwa yi-ofisi yomtshutshisi yeRussian Federation.Ngokutsho kwabaphandi, emva koko kwamkelwa yinkundla, i-Oyile yeoyile ngo-1994 yadala iqela lolwaphulo-mthetho, imisebenzi ejolise ekufumaneni izabelo ezingekho semthethweni zeendleko eziphantsi ukuze ziphinde ziphinde ziphile ngamaxabiso entengiso. Ngenxa yoko, inkampani yeoyile yeRussia Yukis yaqala ukwahluka, kuba ukuthunyelwa kweoyile ekhutshwe, kwaye yonke imali kwii-asethi zeshishini ziye zahlawula ityala kuRhulumente.
Ngokweziphumo zetyala lokuqala lolwaphulo-mthetho ngoMeyi 2005, iKhodorkovsky yagwetywa iminyaka eyi-8 entolongweni ngokukhonza ixesha kwikoloni yolawulo ngokubanzi. Kwaye imeko yeYukos ngokunxulumene nabanye abaphathi benkampani baphanda ngakumbi.
Ngo-2006, ngokunxulumene ne-Khodorkovsky kunye neqabane lakhe leshishini, iNtloko yeBhodi yaBalawuli yeMegito le-Plato Leadeev malunga netyala leoyile, inkcubeko eyayine-14 yemiqulu. I-Khododovsky ibizwa ngokuba lulwaphulo-mthetho olungenanto kuye. Usomashishini ubuzile: Ukuba uye weba zonke iitoni ezingama-350, kutheni umvuzo wabaqeshwa, kutheni le nto umvuzo wabasebenzi, iirhafu zahlawulwa kwi-FORT kunye ne-piles, ukuphuhlisa iidipozithi ezintsha?
NgoDisemba ngo-2010, iNkundla yam yavuma i-KHODRODKOVSKY naseLebeedev Inetyala, wagwetywa iminyaka eli-14 entolongweni ngenxa yokuqukumbela wancitshiswa.
Inkohlakalo eyenziwe kwi-coloning filtional isixeko saseKegezha, kwaye ingxoxo enkulu ye-ERROSTOVSKY iguqukele eRussia. Ityala laligwetywa esidlangalaleni ngumfanekiso kawonke-wonke uBhorin, opolitiki uBoris Netsov, onguSodolophu wangaphambili waseMoscow Yorsi Federation Lyudmila Alekseeva kunye nabanye Kholwa ukuba uMthetho waphula "indlela enobubi kwaye yoba bhokoxeyo". Yazisa isigwebo seKhododorkovsky naseNtshona - I-United States yagxeka imithetho yaseRussia, inkululeko yeenqanawa, umgaqo-nkqubo werhafu eRussia kunye nokungabikho kwepropathi.
Ngokukhumbula, ukungaqwalaseli kwentlawulo, ukungaqwalaseli kwetyala, i-Khodorkovsky ngexesha lokukhonza isohlwayo amaxesha ama-4 ebhengezwe umlo wokulamba. Ukongeza, ukuhlala kwakhe kwikoloni kuphawulwe ngokwahlukeneyo. Emva kwesivakalisi sokuqala kwiChita Colony, wawela kwisigwebo se-insulator, kuba xa waphefumlelwa yimiyalelo yobulungisa kwilungelo lamabanjwa, ekwakholwa Ngokomthetho. Kwindawo enye, eChita, i-chita, iTimbakur Khoarkovsky yaba 'ngumbingelelo' weAlkamer Alexander Kuchma, onqamle ubuso buka-Oligarker. Ngokutsho kukaKuchma, abantu abangaziwayo batyhalela kulwaphulo-mthetho, nto leyo ngokwesiqhelo yegama elithi "bankqonkqoze" kuyo nxamnye ne-mikhail. Ibanjwa lixele ukuba kufuneka linike imboniselo phambi kwekhamera awayeyinqunyulwa yi-Khododorkovsky ngokuchasene nemvelaphi yokuphathwa gadalala ngokwesini.
NgoDisemba wama-2013, uMongameli weVladimir uPladimir uTshin kwi-Therardon kunye nenkululeko yeKhododorkovsky. Intloko ye-yukos yakhutshwa ngokukhawuleza kwikoloni, yaze ilibale ukukhupha isatifikethi senkululeko, kwaye ithumele i-Pulkovo ukuya kwiNtloko yeJamani yeJamani yabhabha i-birlin.
Ukufika kwakhe kwikomkhulu leJamani, i-Khodorkovsky yathetha kwinkomfa yeendaba kwaye yatsho ukuba emva kwenkululeko ayikhange ijonge ukuthatha inxaxheba kwezopolitiko, ixhaswa ngenkcaso. Isicwangciso esiphambili yayingumsebenzi woluntu ojolise kwinkululeko yamabanjwa ezopolitiko eRussia.
Ukuhlaziywa kwemisebenzi yezopolitiko
Ukutyhubela iminyaka, uluvo lwe-tycoon yangaphambili itshintshile kakhulu - phambi konyulo lukaMongameli, wenza imisebenzi yakhe exatyiswayo njengomnqweno wokwahlukana namandla. I-Khodorkovsky ngokwakhe ichaza ukuba ungumongameli weRussian Federation ukuqhuba uhlengahlengiso lomgaqo-siseko eRussia kunye nePalamente neNkundla.
Kwakhona e-Incoidan yaseUkraine ngo-2014, emva kokuba urhulumente uCop, uMikhail Khodorkovsky wathi wayekulungele ukuba ngumntu oxolo kwimeko ye-Ukraine. Emva koko, ukuthetha kwinqanaba phambi kwabantu baseUkraine, wagxeka ekuhleni amagunya eRussia, kwaye amatyala eUkraine abizwa ngokuba ngabantu abanesibindi, bazikhusela ngokunyaniseka inkululeko.
Emva entolongweni, uMikhail Boriovich waqalisa imisebenzi yoncwadi. Imisebenzi yakhe yayihlalutsho. Ebudeni -0s, iincwadi "zentlekele yenkululeko" zivele, "ukujika", "wazisa ngekamva. Uxolo ngo-2020. "
Emva kwexesha yayipapashwa "amanqaku. Incoko. Udliwanondlebe: Ukuqokelelwa kombhali "kunye nentolongo kunye" nentolongo ". Kodwa iNcwadi yoShicotinu "abantu basentolongweni", ethi umbhali azinikele kwiimodeli zakhe yayiyeyona ithandwa kakhulu. I-Khododovsky ibizwa ngokuba bubomi bomntu kuphela kwemali ekhoyo ekhoyo entolongweni. Kwiibhokisi, kuthathwa kuyo yonke imeko ukuya esiphelweni, ngaphandle kwegwala, nokuba kuya kufuneka uhlukane nobomi.
Yintoni le ayilahlekanga, ngoko lunxibelelwano nabahlobo, izihlobo, abantwana kunye namathuba okujonga phezulu. Okokuqala, emva kokungena ngenkululeko, usomashishini waya elwandle, watsiba neparashute kwaye wasiqhekeza etyeni. Ngokutsho kukaMikhail Boriovich, imvakalelo ka-Adrenaline egazini imbuyisele ebomini.
Ngokuphindaphindiweyo kudliwanondlebe noKhodorkovsky ochaphazelekayo isihloko sobudlelwane kwiRussia. Kwincoko kunye neentatheli, wayethetha ngeVladimir Spin njengomgaqo-nkqubo ongenalo isicwangciso sokuhamba esivela kwisithuba sentloko yentloko. Ngokutsho koShishino, ixesha elide lolawulo lukaMongameli libonisa ukuba kukho i-stereotype yobudlelwane kubantu baseRussia njengabantu abangakwazi kuphila ngaphandle kwesandla esiqinileyo eluntwini. Uhlobo olunjalo lolwalamano lwabantu baseKhododorkovsky obizwa ngokuba "yindlela yobuhlanga".
Ngo-2018, umbutho ovulekileyo waseRussia wasungula iidemokhrasi ezihlangeneyo kwi-St. Petersburg, injongo yoko kukubonelela ngoncedo lomthetho kunye nokucela uncedo ekusebenzeni ngokwabagqatswa kulawulo lwengingqi, ocwangciselwe unyaka wama-2019. Njengoko uyazi, ngoku inkxaso-mali iNgxowa-mali iqhutywa ngokuthe ngqo nguMikhail Khododorkovsky.
Kwakuloo nyaka, umrhwebi wasungulwa umbutho ukuba aphande isohlwayo sezonyango "Desier". NgoNovemba, indawo yeziko yasungulwa, apho izinto zobuchwephesha zazivele ngexesha nje elifutshane, zibhengeza imisebenzi yamagosa. Ngokutsho kukaMikhail Boriovich, bonke ubungqina obufunyenweyo baya kudluliselwa kumthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho.
Ubomi Buqu
Ubomi bobuqu baseMikhail Khododorkovsky abuntsonkothanga umsebenzi wakhe kunye neziphumo zayo. I-tycoon ye-oyile yayitshatile kabini. Ndikunye nomfazi wokuqala, uKhododovsky wadibana ngelixa wayefunda eyunivesithi, wayengumfundi wakhe endifunda naye. Umfazi wokuqala kaKhodorkovsky uLona dobrovonskaya ngo-1985 wazala isota soyiso sonyana uPavel, ohlala e-US kwaye sele esondeze umzukulwana katata wakhe.Ngokutsho kukaMikhail Boriovich, umtshato wakhe wokuqala wawungengoba, bagqiba kwelokuba baqhawule umtshato umfazi wakhe, kodwa kude kube namhlanje bagcina ubudlelwane.
Okwesibini iKhododorkovsky itshatile ngo-1991. Umfazi wakhe wesibini waba ngumqeshwa weBhanki "Meeatep" INena, awayefumana kuyo uthando, ukuqonda kunye nentlalo-ntle. Emva komtshato, uIna noMikhail wazalwa yintombi ka-Antostasia, kwaye ngo-1999 intloko yeYukos yaza yazala i-laya yaza nothula i-Incya noGleb. Bantwana baphila kwaye bafunda eSwitzerland.
Emva kwenkululeko, uMikhail Khododorkovsky wafudukela kwindawo yaseSwitzerland kwiCanton ye-St. Gallen Gallen. Ku-11 11.5 I-FRANCS ngenyanga, urhalela i-coby villa ejonge uLwandle lweZurich kwaye sele ifumene imvume yokuhlala eSwitzerland. Kodwa ukuze kufumaneke ubumi baseSwitzerland, kufuneka bahlale kweli lizwe iminyaka eli-12.
Usomashishini wafumana amanqaku emva kokungena kwinkululeko, ebonakalayo ngokwemifanekiso yakhe kwimithombo yeendaba, kodwa ngokukhula okuqhelekileyo (i-177 cm) agcina inani eliqinileyo.
Mikhail khodorkovsky ngoku
Ngoku uMikhail Khododorkovsky kukuxhasa ngezimali amalungelo abantu kunye neeprojekthi zikasasazo eRussia. Phakathi kwawo, "Mnu weendaba" kunye "neendaba ezivulekileyo". Wachazwa ngenxa yokunikwa kwenkxaso-mali yomdlalo "I-SITET", ekhokelela dorin. Nangona kunjalo, usomashishini wawakhanyele amahemuhemu. Ungumphathi jikelele weqela leSirara.
NgoFebruwari 2020, uMrhwebi wakhupha umsebenzi omtsha woncwadi - i-Intesko ebizwa ngokuba "yiRussia entsha, okanye iGadiarbi". Encwadini, umbhali waphakamisa imibuzo emininzi enxulumene nelizwe lakhe, kutheni le nto akunakwenzeka ukuba kude kwezopolitiko; Kutheni le Russia, ukuba nobutyebi bePetroleum, ngamanxuwa, kunye nabanye.
Kwi-Switzerland, iKhodorkovsky yenza intetho ngesihloko "Ngaba iRussia inekamva." Umsitho wabanjwa kwiZiko leYunive yaseZurich. Umzekelo wama-800 abantu beza kuphulaphula usomashishini.
Ngo-Epreli, amanani oluntu anike udliwanondlebe kwisikhululo sikanomathotholo "Echo Moscow" kwisakhelo seNkqubo "okwangoku okwangoku ngokuhlwa." Imixholo emininzi exutyushwe emoyeni, kubandakanya nengxaki ye-coronavirus, amaxabiso e-oyile asezantsi, imikhosi ye-postcularline kwipolitiki yaseRussia.
NgoDisemba, uMikhail Khododorkovsky wanika udliwanondlebe olukhulu nentatheli iDmitdon Gmiddon, ephuma kwisitishi "sityelele i-YouTube. Ngexesha lencoko, usomashishini wasikhanyisela imicimbi emininzi yezopolitiko, kwaye wathetha ngemisebenzi yakhe kunye nomsebenzi wakhe.
Ngexesha lodliwanondlebe, uMikhail Boriovich uxelele ngendlela aquka ngayo i-KGB ye-USSR, njengoko wayekhonkxa kwaye ulwalamano olunokuba namabanjwa.
I-Khodorkovsky ivakalise isimo sakhe sengqondo kuMongameli weRussia Federation. Ukongeza, i-Khododorkovsky yatsho umthetho wentloko ye-iUkraine Vladimir Zelensky.
Ichukumise ishishini kunye nemeko yayo yezemali. Wabelana ngesibakala sokuba emva komonakalo awayenemali, ngoko ke ungumntu okhuselekileyo. I-Khododorkovsky ayichazanga ukuba i-billionaire yeyo. Kodwa uqaphele ukuba ufumana umvuzo kangako eli-10 ngaphezulu kunokuba wayefuna.
Kumbuzo waseGordon malunga nokuba ngubani osomashishini ochitha imali, uMikhail Boriovich uphendule ukuba akathandanga ukuthenga nokuthenga kwi-Intanethi. Uchitha imali kwizixhobo zanamhlanje:
"Ndingumthandi wasendle wegajethi. Zonke iigajethi ezintsha kunye neelaptops eziphumayo, ndithenga kwaye ndivavanye. Emva koko ndinika abafana. Andizisoli kakhulu imali. "Kwijeloub-chan, kunye nakwiinethiwekhi zentlalo "," i-Instagram "," Instagram "," i-Instagram "," I-Instagram "," FAFEBO ", i-facebook", i-facebook ", ishishini ixoxa rhoqo ulwalamano phakathi kweMbuso yaseRussia kunye nabasemagunyeni phakathi kwezoluntu zaseRussia nabasemagunyeni. Ukubandakanya ibhlog yakhe kwi-YouTube, waphinda wayikhathaza isihloko esihambelana netyhefu ye-Alexei Navalny, uqhanqalazo oluninzi eBelasus.
I-Bibliography
- Ngo-2004-"Ingxaki yenkululeko"
- Ngo-2005 - "jika lasekhohlo"
- 2006 - "Intshayelelo ngekamva. Umhlaba ngo-2020 "
- I-2007 - "Inkcazo"
- Ngo-2010 - "amanqaku. Incoko. Udliwanondlebe: Iqokelelo yombhali "
- Ngo-2012 - "Intolongo kunye Vallia"
- Ngo-2014 - Abantu Beyabo