Biography
I-Sigmund Freud-I-Austchoanalyst, i-Psychiatrist kunye ne-neurologist. Umsunguli we-psychoanalysis. Izimvo ezinokucebisa ukubangela izimvo ezinokwazisa ukwanda kwiisaziso zesayensi nanamhlanje.
USigmund Freud wazalwa kwiSixeko saseFreiberg (ngoku - iPrseibor, iRiphabliki yaseCzech) nge-6 kaMeyi, ngo-1856, ukuba ngumntwana wesithathu kusapho. Umama kaJigmund-umfazi wesibini kaJacob Sreaud, owayesele engoonyana ababini umtshato wokuqala. Urhwebo lweelaphu lukhuphe inzuzo lusapho, olwanele ubomi. Kodwa inguquko eqengqelekayo yayiyeyona nto incinci inesithamo esincinci ngokuchasene nezinye izimvo, kwaye kwafuneka ukuba usapho lushiye ikhaya lomnyezo. Ekuqaleni, usapho lukaNoud lwafudukela kwiLeipzig, emva konyaka eVienna.
Indawo engalunganga, ubumdaka, ingxolo kunye nabamelwane abangathandekiyo zezi zizathu ezingakhange zenze imeko elungileyo kwindlu yesayensi yekamva. U-Sigmund akakuthandi ukukhumbula ubuntwana bhentwa, ukubala loo minyaka ayifanelanga ngayo ingqalelo yabo.
Bazali bayamthanda kakhulu unyana wakhe, babeka ithemba elikhulu kuye. Inkanuko yoncwadi nemisebenzi yefilosofi yayikhuthazwe kuphela. Kwaye funda i-sigmund freaud ayinabo uncwadi olubi olungengomntwana. Kwithala leencwadi lenkwenkwe, indawo ebekekileyo yayihlala iShakespeare, iKant, iNietzsche neHegel. Ukongeza, i-psychoanalyst yayithanda ukufundela iilwimi zasemzini, kwaye kwanesibini isiLatin sanikwa isigwebo esiselula.
Ukufundisisa kwimo yekhaya kuvumela inkwenkwe ukuba ingene ejimini ngaphambi kokuba ibe yayifanele. Kwiminyaka yesikolo, i-sigmund idale iimeko zokuzaliseka kwemisebenzi kwizifundo ezahlukeneyo. Olo thando lunjalo lwabazali lwalunesizathu esipheleleyo, kwaye i-freud's gymnusium igqibile ngempumelelo.
Emva kwesikolo, i-sigmund ichithe imihla emininzi, icinga ngekamva lakhe. Imithetho engqongqo nengalunganga ayizange inikwe lolona nyulu lukhulu lwenkwenkwe yamaJuda: iyeza, lezorhwebo, ezorhwebo kunye nemveliso. Konke iindlela onokukhetha kuzo, ngaphandle kweyokuqala, i-sigMund yehle kwangoko, iqwalasele ngokungafanelekanga kumntu ofundileyo. Kodwa i-freud ayifumananga umdla kakhulu kumayeza. Ekugqibeleni, umsunguli wexesha elizayo we-psychoanalysis uye wayeka ukhetho kule lenzululwazi, kwaye i-Psychology iya kuba sisiseko kuphando lweethiyori ezahlukeneyo.
Le ntetho yayikukunyanzeleka kwesigqibo sokugqibela, apho umsebenzi wawufundwa nguGeete wabizwa ngokuba yindalo. Iyeza intanda-bulumko yexesha elizayo eyafundwanga ngaphandle kwenzondelelo nenzondelelo. Ukuhlala kwiminyaka yomfundi kwilabhoratri yamaqhinga, i-freud yapapasha amanqaku anomdla kwaye efundisa malunga nenkqubo ye-nervous yezilwanyana ezithile.
Emva kokuphumelela ekufundeni, i-sigmund icwangcise ukuqhubeka nomsebenzi wemfundo, kodwa imeko ejikelezileyo iyifuna ukuba impilo. Ke ngoko, ukusebenzela iminyaka eliqela phantsi kokuqala kwamanye amanyala awaziwayo, ngo-1885 uSigmund Freud wafaka isicelo sokuvulwa kwekhabhathi yakhe ye-neuropatragy. Ngenxa yeengcebiso, inzululwazi yafumana imvume.
Kuyaziwa ukuba i-sigmund ikwazamile icocaine. Inyathelo lesiyobisi labetha isithandi-sobulumko, kwaye wabhala inani elikhulu lemisebenzi, etyhila iipropathi zomgubo otshabalalisayo. Omnye wabahlobo abasondeleyo kaFraud ngenxa yonyango lwecocaine, kodwa umphandi onomdla weemfihlakalo zomntu akazange ahlawule le nto. Ekugqibeleni, uSigmund Freud kwaye naye waba ngumlutha weCocaine. Emva kweminyaka emininzi nobunzima bemizamo, unjingalwazi nangona kunjalo wathandabuza umkhwa owonakeleyo. Ngalo lonke eli xesha, i-freud ayizange ishiye iiklasi kwintanda-bulumko, ityelele ezinye izifundo kwaye zikhokela amangenelo abo.
I-psychotherapy kunye nengqondo
Ngo-1885, ngenxa yenkxaso yabahlobo, amayeza anefuthe elinefuthe, i-Sigmund Freud yeza kwi-internnip yengqondo yaseFransi yaseFransi yaseFransi. Ukuziqhelanisa ukuvula amehlo akhe kwi-psychoanalys yengqondo kumehluko phakathi kwezifo. I-Sharcot freud ifundile ukusebenzisa i-hypnosis xa inyanga, ekwazi ukunyanga abaguli okanye iphazamise ukubandezeleka.
USigmund Freud waqala ukusebenza kunyango lwencoko nezigulana, evumela abantu ukuba bathethe, batshintshe ukwazi. Obu buchule bufumana igama "Indlela Yokunxibelelana Simahla". Ezi ngxoxo zivela kwiingcinga kunye namabinzana asebenza ngengqondo inceda ukuba baziqonde iingxaki zezigulana kwaye bafumane isisombululo. Indlela yanceda ukuyeka ukusetyenziswa kwe-hypnosis kwaye ndatyumka ukunxibelelana nezigulana ngokugqibeleleyo necocekileyo.
UFreud wazisa umhlaba ukuba nayiphi na i-psychosis sisiphumo seenkumbulo zabantu, ekunzima ukuzisusa. Kwangelo xesha, inzululwazi yesayensi yazisa ithiyori yokuba uninzi lwengqondo lusekwe kwizini ezixineneyo nezesondo zabantwana. Isondo, njengokuba i-freud yakholekile, le yinto ebeka inani elikhulu leengxaki zengqondo zabasebenzi. "Izincoko ezintathu kwithiyori yesondo" zigqibile uluvo lwenzululwazi. Inkcazo enjalo kwisiseko somsebenzi owenziwe olwenziwe wabangela ukonakala kunye nokungaboni ngasonye phakathi kwamaqabane akho e-Frechicuud ethetha ngokuchasene nethiyori. Abameli boluntu lwezenzululwazi bathi i-sigmund ayisiyonto, kwaye yena ngokwakhe, njengamagqabi acingelwa, waba lixhoba lengqondo.
Ukungena ekukhanyeni kwencwadi ethi "Ukutolikwa kwamaphupha" ekuqaleni akuzange kungeniswe umbhali, kodwa kamva i-psychoanalystss kunye nengqondo iqaphele ukubaluleka kwamaphupha kunyango lwezigulana. Njengesosayensi kukholwa, iphupha yinto ebalulekileyo yempembelelo kwimeko yomzimba womzimba. Emva kokukhutshwa kweNcwadi kaProfayil imenyiwe kwintetho kwiiyunivesithi yaseJamani nase-United States, apho ummeli othathe impumelelo enkulu.
"I-psychopalogy yobomi bemihla ngemihla" ngomnye umsebenzi we-fraud. Le ncwadi ithathwa njengomsebenzi wesibini emva kokutolikwa kwamaphupha ", ephembelela ukudalwa kwemodeli ye-topcoagical ye-psyche ephuhliswe yinzululwazi.
Incwadi ethi "Intshayelelo kwi-psychoanalysis" yathatha indawo ekhethekileyo phakathi kwemisebenzi yenzululwazi. Eli phepha liqulethe isiseko somxholo, iindlela zokutolika imigaqo-siseko yethiyori kunye neendlela ze-psychoanalysis, kunye nentanda-bulumko yokucinga yombhali. Kwixa elizayo, iziseko zentanda-bulumko ziya kuba sisiseko sokwenza iseti yeenkqubo zengqondo kunye ne-phenomena efumene inkcazo entsha - "ukungazi."
Izamile freud ukucacisa kunye ne-phenomena yentlalo. Kwincwadi ethi "Psychologlogy ye-Mass kunye nohlalutyo lwabantu, i-psychoanalyst icinge ngezinto eziphembelela isihlwele, indlela" yokuziphatha "njengesiphumo sokuhlala sisemandleni. Zonke ezi ncwadi zombhali zisekhona.
Ngo-1910, kwakukho ukwahlulwa kwezikhundla zabafundi kunye nabalandeli be-freud. Ukungavisisani kwabafundi ngenyaniso yokuba i-psychosis kunye ne-hysteria inxulunyaniswa nokufumana amandla obuqu okwesini nomntu (freud alungiselele le thiyori) -Unobangela wokungqubana okukhokelela kwi-split. Ukungavisisani kunye nokuSebenzisa kwakhona ukudinwa kwengqondo enkulu. I-Psychoanaranalyst yagqiba ekubeni iqokelele kuye kuphela abo babanika iziseko zethiyori yakhe. Ke, ngo-1913, iKomiti efihlakeleyo kunye nephantse yavela kwikomiti yoluntu eyimfihlo.
Ubomi Buqu
Kumashumi eminyaka ye-sigmund freud ayizange inikele ingqalelo kumgangatho wasetyhini. Ngeliphandle, inzululwazi yayisoyika abafazi. Le nyaniso yabangela amahlaya amaninzi kunye neengqokelela, odidekileyo. UFreud waqiniseka ukuba bonke ubomi bakhe banokwenza ngaphandle kokungenelela kwabasetyhini kwindawo leyo. Kodwa iimeko ziye zaphucuka ukuze inzululwazi enkulu inokwenzeka kwimpembelelo yomtsalane womgangatho omnandi.
Ngendlela eya kwiNdlu yokushicilela, i-freud iphantse yawa phantsi kwamavili enqwelweni. Umkhweli, esizisole ngesigameko, njengoko umqondiso woxolelaniso wathumela isimemo senzululwazi kwibhola. Sele kuloo msitho, uSigmund Freud wadibana nenkosikazi yakhe yexesha elizayo uMartha Beyrneis, kunye nodade wabo. Emva kwexesha elithile, ukubandakanyeka okuvulekileyo kwenzeka, kwaye emva komtshato. Ubomi bomtshato babuhlungu kakhulu, ikhwele i-thermaxa inyanzelise ukuba umyeni uphazamisa unxibelelwano lwam. Ukungafuni ukufunga inkosikazi yayo, i-freud yenze.
Kwiminyaka eyi-8 yobomi bosapho, uMarta wanika umyeni wayo ukuba abantwana abathandathu. Emva kokuzalwa kwentombi encinci, uAnna Sigmund Freud wagqiba kwelokuba alahle ngokupheleleyo ubomi besondo. Ukugweba ngento yokuba uAnna waba ngumntwana wokugqibela, i-psychoasanaranalyst enkulu igcina uLizwi. Yayiyintombazana encinci eyayikukhathalela i-freud ekutshoneni kwelanga lobomi benzululwazi. Ukongeza, uAna kuphela koonyana abaqhubeka nomsebenzi katata osaziwayo. Amagama ka-Anna Freaud ogama linguSerchotheraperapeic eLondon.
Iinyani ezinomdla
I-biography ye-bigund ye-freud izele ngamabali anomdla.
- Kuyaziwa ukuba i-psychoanalyst yayisoyika iNumeri 6 kwaye 2. Inzululwazi ayiqiniswanga kwiihotele apho amagumbi angaphezu kwama-61 adweliswe. Ngenxa yoko, i-freud ithintele ukubetha "igumbi lesihogo" phantsi kwenani "62". Ukongeza, phantsi kwayo nayiphi na intelekelelo nge-6 kaFebruwari, i-Austrian ayizange iphume ngaphandle, yoyika iziganeko ezimbi, ezazicinga ngolwazi, kwakulindelwe ngalo mhla.
- UFreud wamaziphulaphule ngokwakhe kuphela, ejonga uluvo lwakhe ukuphela kwenyani kwaye ichanekile. Inzululwazi inyanzelisa ukuba abo baphulaphulayo iintetho ngononophelo. Ngokuqinisekileyo, akukho mfundiso inye yenzululwazi inxulunyaniswa nala maxesha, kwaye loo mfuno wokufumana abanye ngengqondo bazama ukubonisa ukuphakama, ukwanelisa ikratshi lakhe.
- Inkumbulo enkulu yogqirha wengqondo ngomnye umzuzu ongaqondakaliyo kwi-biedyy kagqirha wase-Austrian. Inzululwazi evela kubantwana ebuntwaneni iwukhumbule umxholo weencwadi, amanqaku kunye nemifanekiso ayithandayo. Obu buchule buncede i-fraud kwiilwimi zokufunda. I-Austrian eyaziwayo iyodwa ikwasazi inani elikhulu lezinye iilwimi.
- I-Sigmund freud khange ibukele abantu emehlweni. Eli nqaku ngokucacileyo labona abantu abangqonge abadibana nogqirha ngexesha lobomi. Inzululwazi yaphephe izimvo, ke abameli boluntu lwenzululwazi bacinga ukuba igumbi elidumileyo lavela kwigumbi lengqondo le-psychoanalyst linxulunyaniswa nalo mzuzu.
Ukufa
Ukomeleza isifundo sonyango kunye nemisebenzi yentanda-bulumko, indlela enzulu yemini nomsebenzi wokucinga oshiye impahla enzima kwimpilo ye-sigmund freud freud freud freud freud freud freud freud freud freud freud freud freud freud freud freud freud freud freud freud freud freud freud freud freud freud freud freud freud freud freud freud freud freud. I-Austrian Psychoanalyst yagula ngumhlaza.
Inani elikhulu lokusebenza kwaye lingasifumani iziphumo ezifunwayo, uRreaud wacela ugqirha osisiya kwinkonzo kunye noncedo lokufa, ukususa i-Muk. NgoSeptemba 1939, i-Dose Morphia yaphazamisa uBomi boNzululwazi, bengcatsha umzimba weblue.
Ukuhlonitshwa kwe-freud, inani elikhulu leemyuziyam lenziwe. Eyona nto iphambili kwiziko elicwangciswe eLondon, kwisakhiwo apho iSayensi yayihlala khona emva kokufuduka kwaseVienna. Kwakhona, imyuziyam kunye nenkumbulo yenkumbulo ye-higmund freud ikwisixeko sasePortdip (iRiphabliki yaseCzech), kwilizwe lasekhaya lenzululwazi. Ifoto yomsunguli we-psychoanalysis ihlala ifumaneka kwiziganeko zenqanaba lamazwe aphesheya elinikezelwe kwi-Psychology.
Iikowuti
- "Uthando kunye nomsebenzi lilitye lesiseko sobuntu bethu."
- "Umsebenzi wokwenza umntu wayengonwabanga kwisicwangciso sokudalwa kwehlabathi."
- "Ilizwi lengqondo ethe cwaka, kodwa alidinwa kukuphindaphinda-kwaye abaphulaphuli bakho."
- "Awupheli ukukhangela amandla kunye nokuzithemba ngaphakathi, kodwa ukuzijonga ngokwakho. Babesoloko kukho. "
- "Ngokubanzi, inani lamatyala, uthando aluyonto ngaphandle kokubanjwa ngokwengqondo kwento eyenziwe ngezandla zesondo ezenziwa ngokwesini ukuze kuqondwe ukoneliseka ngokwesondo kunye nokufezekisa le njongo kunye ne-fuse; Le yinto ebizwa ngokuba yi-paricelands, uthando lweziqhelo. Kodwa, njengoko uyazi, imeko eyimfiliba kunqabile ukuba ilula kangako. Ukuqiniseka ngokuvuswa okutsha nje kwakufuna nje ukuphefumla nje kusenokwenzeka ukuba esona sizathu sikufutshane, ukuba kutheni ukubanjwa kwento yesondo kwavela ukuba ide ibe "ithandwa" nakwela maxesha xa utsala umdla wawungekho. "
- "Nje ukuba intombi yam engasekhoyo ibiza kuguqula iminyaka engamashumi amathathu anesithandathu ... sifumana indawo yalowo ulahlekileyo. Nangona sisazi ukuba ilahleko enjalo iya kucima, nangona kunjalo, siya kuhlala singonwabanga kwaye asisoze sikwazi ukufumana indawo. Konke oko kuba yindawo engenanto, nokuba iyakwazi ukuyigcwalisa, ihlala ithile. Ke kufanele kube njalo. Le kuphela kwendlela yokwandisa uthando apho singafuni ukumlahla. " - Ukusuka kwi-Ludwig Budwig Binswanger, Aprili 12, 1929.
I-Bibliography
- Ukutolikwa kwamaphupha
- Izincoko ezintathu kwithiyori yesondo
- Totem kunye ne-taboo
- I-Psychologlogy ye-Masses kunye nohlalutyo lomntu "ndi"
- Ikamva lenkohliso
- Kwelinye icala lomgaqo wolonwabo
- I kwaye
- Intshayelelo kwi-psychoanalysis