Biography
U-Yuri Gagarin yi-pilot yomqhubi weSoviet, i-biography yakhe wonke umntu azi esikolweni. IGagarin - Indoda esenza ukuba indiza yokuqala ibe yindawo. I-Cosmot Pilot yaba yisampulu kunye neqela kungekuphela kubephe abahlali base-USSR, ungummi ozukisiweyo wezixeko zasemzini nakwimifanekiso yoluntu yamanye amazwe. UYuri Aleksevich wavula iphepha elitsha kuphononongo lwendawo kwaye waba luphawu lokuphuhliswa kwesayensi yeSoviet kunye ne-aviation.Ebuntwaneni
UYuri Alekseevich Gagarin wazalwa ngoMatshi 9, 1934 kwilali yaseCloshino, entshona ye-USSR ye-USSR, kwintsapho yezihlalo ezityebileyo. Inkwenkwe yayisisithathu sabantwana abane. Ubuntwana bukaYura zipasiswe ngokuzolileyo kwaye ngovuyo, utata nonina bafumana ingqalelo enkulu. UAlexey Ivanovich, entloko yentsapho, wayenemithi emininzi evela emthini kwaye efumana ngovuyo kwaba bantwana.
Kwiminyaka emi-6, uYura waya esikolweni, kodwa wakwazi ukugqiba iklasi yokuqala ngaphambi kokuba kwaqala imfazwe enkulu. Amajoni aseJamani abiba phezu kwendawo ye-USSR, bafika kwi-Closhino, ke umsebenzi weearhente zikarhulumente ezininzi, kubandakanya nezikolo, bema. Ukuba ngumntu odumileyo, uYuri wayekhetha ukuba angaze ukhumbule amaxesha okuhlala. Kuyaziwa ukuba amajoni aseJamani akhupha usapho lwaseGagari endlwini kwaye abuyise umva, athathe intsha, athathile nabo ulutsha njengebanjiwe emfazweni. Waqhuba ke umntakwabo nodadewabo.
Ngo-1943, i-Closhino yakhululwa, kwaye emva nje kokuphela kwemfazwe, iGagarins yaya eGzhatsk, apho inkwenkwe iqhubeka khona izifundo zakhe. UYuri wayengamadoda aselula afanelekileyo kwaye afumana amanye amadoda amancinci, obandakanyeka kwiindidi ezininzi zemisebenzi, ukusukela kumculo kwaye uphele ngefoto.
Emva kokuba iGagarin igqitywe amabanga ama-6, wagqiba kwelokuba afudukele eMoscow, njengoko wayeziva eneentloni kwidolophu encinci. Abazali bazama ukwahlukana nomfana oselula, kodwa abakwazi ukwenza loo nto. Ke, ngo-1949, umntu oneminyaka eli-15 ubudala uYuri Gagarin wafudukela kwikomkhulu.
Ishumi elivisayo yayihlala kwizalamane, ifundwe kwisikolo sobugcisa, ngelixa kwangaxeshanye sidlulisela le nkqubo yeklasi yesixhenxe esikolweni sobutsha. Kwangelo xesha, iGagarin Young yathwalwa ngebhasikithi kwaye kungekudala yaba ngumphathi weqela. Ngo-1951, lo mfana wafudukela eSaratov, apho waqala khona ukuqeqeshwa kwiSikolo soBugcisa kwezobuchwephesha. Ngexesha lezifundo zakhe, ukwazi okokuqala kukaYuri yenzekile.
Ngo-1954, iGagarin ifumana iklabhu yenqwelomoya, efunda iingxelo zootata abasezikolweni. Emva kokumamela ukubala kweTsiollkovsky, le ndoda ithandabuza nje ingcinga yokubhabha ngaphandle komhlaba, nangona wayengayicingisisa inkanuko yakhe. Elo nyaka uzayo, iGagarin ekhutshwe kwisikolo sobugcisa, ukufana komfana ukuqhubela phambili kwiklabhu yeenqwelomoya kwaye sele ikwazile ukuzimela ngenqwelomoya kwinqwelomoya.
Kwiinyanga ezimbalwa emva kokuba i-cosmonaut yaphumelela ekufundeni, wabizwa ngokuba yinkonzo yenkonzo yomkhosi kwisikolo sasemkhosini kwi-Chkalov. Apho, uGagarin wayenembambano enkulu, engayifanelanga na umfana wobomi. UGagarin, otyunjwe ngumncedisi womphathi-mkhosi wasePlatoon, wayengqongqo kakhulu ngokwemfundiso, ethi, ethi, kunjalo, ayizange ilungele abo bafundiswa nabo. Ngobunye ubusuku, wabethwa kwaye wabethwa kakhulu, emva koko umfana wayelele esibhedlele ngenyanga ngaphambi kokuba abuyele kwinkonzo. Kuyaphawuleka ukuba esi siganeko sasingaphumi kuyo yonke umoya wemfazwe, akazange atshintshe isimo sengqondo kwiwadi.
I-Cadet gagarin inamathele ngokulula imisebenzi, ngaphandle kokutyala inqwelo moya. Esi sixhobo sasihlala sihlekisa ngempumlo, kwaye ngenxa yokuba iimfuno zokuba iimfuno zomfundi zazingqongqo kakhulu, kwagqitywa kwelokuba kuhlawulwe iGagarin.
Umfana ongayicingiyo ngobomi bakhe ngaphandle kwesibhakabhaka wayelungiselela ukubeka umnqamlezo ngomsebenzi wakhe, kodwa ngalo mzuzu intloko yesikolo, engazange ayeke ukusilela okungaqondakaliyo komfundi obalaseleyo, atsalele ingqalelo kwi Ukukhula okuncinci komfana kwaye kwakuphakamisa ukuba kungenxa yale nto ineengxaki ngombono we-engile ngexesha lokufika. UGagarina wanikwa elinye ithuba, ngelixa imbangi yayifakwe kwindiza, ukwanda kokuphakama kokuhlala. Ingcinga ifikeleleka iyinyani.
Ngo-1957, uYuri Gagarin uphumelele esikolweni kwaye waqala ukuya kukhonza kummandla we-murmansk.
Cosmonautions
Ngo-1959, uGagarin wanikezela kwinqanaba le-hersenus puteenant, ukuba afumane isihloko sePiloti yeKlasi ye-1. Kwangelo xesha, kwinqanaba likarhulumente, umyalelo ekukhangelo nasekukhethwa kwabagqatswa ngenqwelo moya ngaphandle kwemida yomhlaba wabekwe. Ukuva oku, umqhubi wabhala ingxelo kubunkokeli, apho wacela ukumbhalisa kubaviwa.
Olu khetho lwalubekwe ngezakhono okanye ukufaneleka, iliso elongakhiwo lweKorolev kunye nowokuqala wajonga idatha yabafaki-sicelo. Iirokhethi zokuqala zazinqunyelwe kubungakanani kunye nokuphakamisa amandla. Ukukhula, phantse kubalulekile ukuba ngumqhubi wenqwelomoya, eli xesha laba yitikiti elonwabileyo likaYuri. Ukukhula komfana yayiyi-165 cm (ngokweenkcukacha ezithile naka-157), kwaye ubunzima be-cosmonaut yexesha elizayo yayingama-68 kg - yiba gegarin enkulu, wayengenakulunga kwispagarin.
Emva kokuhlolwa okulinganayo, iGagarin yamkelwa njengomnye we-20 yamandla kwi-cosmonauts yexesha elizayo. Ngo-Matshi 1960, umqhubi waqalisa uqeqesho.
Ngaphandle kokhuphiswano olunzima, uGagarin wakwazi ukoyisa uvelwano lwemibandela yakhe. Indoda enokuthenjwa, eyomeleleyo nenobuhlobo ayizange imoneli umntu, akazange aqwalasele umntu ongcono okanye ombi, kwaye wabonakala kwindlela aziphatha ngayo kunye nentetho yakhe. I-cosmonaut ilula inyathelo kuqala, isebenze nzima kwaye yonwabile.
UGagarin wamdinisa isibhakabhaka kwaye wazinikela ngokupheleleyo, wayengenalo ixesha lokuphumla kwakhe. Ngenxa yoko, kumbuzo ongaziwayo, olwenziwe phakathi kwabafundi be-Astronauts, uninzi lwabo lwabizwa ngokuba yiGagarin njengomntu ofanelekileyo ukubaleka kwindawo yokuqala. Ngaphandle kwento yokuba umqhubi wenqwelomoya wayengeyiyo inkokeli kuyo nayiphi na indawo yoqeqesho, ekudibaniseni izakhono, iimpawu zomlinganiswa kunye nokuzinza kwengqondo, yayingulowo wamkelwa ngokugqibeleleyo ukuba uhambe ube sendaweni.
Ukukhetha umgqatswa
Ngo-1961, xa kujongwa imbambano kunye ne-United States, kuye kwanyanzeleka ukuba ithathe isigqibo malunga nabaviwa kunye nokubhabha kwelona nqanaba lesibini lika-Epreli. Ke lo lwazi lwabonakala oko ngo-Epreli 20, iRoke yaseMelika yasungulwa ngendoda ebhodini. Phakathi kweenkokeli ezintathu njengoko i-cosmonaut ye-cosmonaut inyule iGagarin, yenzekile ngexesha lokugqibela, elingaphantsi kwenyanga ngaphambi kokubaleka. UHermann titova wamkelwa nguSpare.
Umbuzo ngowokuba kutheni uGagarin waba ngumntu wokuqala esikhaleni, kwaye hayi iTikov, ixhala labathandi bembali ukuza kuthi ga namhlanje. Kwiirekhodi, ukumkanikazi ubonakala uqonde ukuba amabali alandelwe ngakumbi kuneGagarin, kodwa ngomzuzwana othatha isigqibo wawusesibini. Enye i-Iriory ithi imeko yezopolitiko ingenelele ekukhetheni. I-Astronauting yokuqala yamelwe kukuba ibe luphawu: UYuri, oye waba nomfanekiso-ngqomo we-slavic kunye nembali ecocekileyo yosapho lonke, kwabonakala ukuba abasemagunyeni kufanelekile kwindima yesoviet cosmonautics.
Enye ithiyori ibanga ukuba iTitov ibaluleke kakhulu kule projekthi, ngenxa yoko babengafuni ukuba semngciphekweni kwindiza yokuqala. Sele ngelo xesha, wavunywa okwesibini. Ngokuthengiswa, umsebenzi wenziwe ngexesha lokuhlala ixesha elide kwindawo. I-Hermannn Titov yayingathi ngukumkanikazi ilungele ukuqhuba yonke imihla.
Enye ithiyori ithi iGagarin inyule ngokobuqu. Imithombo yeendaba iphikisana ukuba uYuri waba yinto entle yabasemagunyeni emva kweqela elinye lokulungiselela iphendule ukuhlala kwinqanawa yesatellite "East" xa inqanawa yaboniswa kuqala ngumkhombe.
Ngokutsho kukamama we-cosmout, uYuri waphumelela uvavanyo oluthile olungekho semthethweni oluye lwavuswa ngukumkanikazi.
Umyili wawungakwazi ukukhetha abaqhubi beenqwelomoya abahlanu. Amadoda ayephantse ukukhula okuthethayo kunye nobunzima, isikhundla somkhosi. Konke, ngaphandle kweCAPEIT Komarov, wakhonza njengabakhulileyo abakhulileyo. U-Korolev uchithe iincoko zobuqu kunye nabagqatswa, ebuza inkuthalo yeqhinga. UGagarin wathi uziva kakubi kolu vavanyo kwaye athiyile i-Centrifuge. Abaviwa abaseleyo banikwe ingxelo yokuba ukulungiselela kugqibelele. Ke uYuri yayiluvavanyo lokunyaniseka. Ukumkanikazi kunye nomyalelo wesiseko, kwakubaluleke kakhulu kwi-cosmonaut ukuba ichaze ngokungagungqiyo malunga nazo zonke iingxaki neempazamo ezibalekayo, kwaye azizange zivume kwaye zibugcinele ubuso.
Intatheli kunye nabaphandi bayavuma ukuba lo mbuzo ngokwakhe, kutheni uGagarin waba ngumntu wokuqala esikhaleni, ongachanekanga, kuba uYuri wayengekho. Ngo-1993, uM. Ruddeko noN. Vavarov wapapasha amagama abaqhubi beenqwelomoya ezintathu kwiphephandaba "lothutho lomoya". Ngokutsho kwentatheli, ngo-1957, umqhubi weqhwa, ngo-1958 - iShabin, ngo-1959, yafa ngexesha le-subboating. Iimvavanyo zahlala zahlelwa, kwaye ngo-1960, ukukhetha abaqhubi beenqwelomoya kwinkqubo yoqeqesho kwadluliselwe. Inqaku elikwiphepha lephephandaba eliqhelekileyo alizange licel 'umngeni emsebenzini wecandelo lendawo.
Indiza yokuqala ukuya kwindawo
Ukubhabha kwinqanawa "Vostok" kunxulunyaniswa nemingcipheko enkulu yobomi beGagarin. Ngenxa yokungxamiseka, ezinye iinkqubo ezibalulekileyo azizange ziphindezelwe, inqanawa yayingaxholanga ngenkqubo yokutyala ethambileyo, inkqubo yokuhlangula engxamisekileyo ayizange yenziwe kwimeko yokuhamba ngengxaki ngexesha lokuqalisa. Ithuba lokuba i-cosmosaut yokuqala iya kufa kwaye inganyuki emoyeni yayinkulu kakhulu.Nge-12 ka-Epreli, ngo-1961, yakhupha kwi-baikour cosmodrome. Ngenxa yokuba kukho ukungasebenzi kakuhle kwezixhobo, iGagarin inyuka ikhilomitha ezili-100 ngaphezulu kokucwangciswa kwasekuqaleni. Ukuba kukho iingxaki zofakelo lwe-brake, i-astronaut kuya kufuneka ibuyele emhlabeni ngaphezulu kwenyanga, ngelixa amanzi kunye nokutya kwenzelwe kuphela iintsuku ezili-10.
Ngaphandle kweengxaki ezininzi, uYuri Gagarin wayekhuselekile kwimozulu. Isixhobo sakhe sobuvuliwe apho bekucetywa khona. I-Cosmonauts yaziswa kwilali ekufutshane, kwaye ukusuka apho i-Yuriy ibizwa ngokuba ngabasemagunyeni ngengxelo yokufumana umhlaba ophumeleleyo kunye nokungabikho kwengozi. Kuba indiza yayiyimfihlo, nkqu nemithombo yeendaba yaseSoviet yafunda malunga nokukhula kwezobuchwephesha kwendawo yemvelo kuphela ngosuku olulandelayo.
IHLABATHI YOLWAZI
Nje ukuba ulwazi lukhona, uGagarin uye waba yinkwenkwezi yehlabathi. Le yayiyi-khrushchev eninzi, inyanzelise iqhawe elifanelekileyo. Nge-14 ka-Epreli, ngo-1961, umnyhadala ozukileyo wabanjwa ngokuhlonitshwa kwe-cosmout.
Kwinyanga kamva, uGagarin wathunyelwa kwelinye ilizwe kunye nomsebenzi wehlabathi, apho kwakufuneka atyelele amazwe angaphezu kwama-20, asebenza, kuquka kwithambo le-gorilomatic. Kuzo zonke ezi hambo, iGagarin ifezekisile njengomfana onobuchule nonomtsalane. I-charsma yobuqu yuri igalelo ekomelezeni umfanekiso oqinisekileyo we-USSR.
Iminyaka embalwa elandelayo uYuri Gagarin yayizibandakanya kwimisebenzi yoluntu, iphantse yabandakanyeka kwinkonzo yezandi. I-cosmonaut yenze umzamo omninzi wokudala i-astronautics, wayelungiselela ukuba abe lilungu leqela leLunar Cosmic. Kwakhona, iGagarin enkulu ifake i-Agegest yase-Inkcazelo ye-Ageric, eyagqitywanga inyanga ngaphambi kokuba ifile.
Ubomi Buqu
Ngo-1957, uYuri Gagarin otshatileyo uValentina Goryryva, umsebenzi wezonyango kwiziko lolawulo lwenqwelomoya.
Kule mtshato, amaqabane aneentombi ezimbini: ULena - ngo-1959, kwaye uGalina wabonakala ngenyanga ngaphambi kokuba abe yi-Matshi kaMatshi ngo-1961. I-cosmonaut kunye neentombi zakhe zavalwa izilwanyana, kangangokuba amadada, iinkukhu, iiproteni noLan bahlala kwindlu yaseGagarines. Umfazi womqhubi waxhathisa i-hobby ye-zoo, kodwa kamva warhoxa.
Emva kokusweleka kweqabane, uValentina Goryryva watshata.
Sele emva kokusweleka komqhubi wenqwelomoya kwintsapho yaseGagari, kwavela abazukulwana, uElena wayenentombi kaCatherine, noGalina - unyana. Umzukulwana we-cosmout wagqiba kwelokuba abe ngumbhali-mbali wobugcisa, kwaye umzukulwana - ukudibanisa ubomi bakhe norhulumente.
Ukufa
NgoMatshi 27, 1968, uGagarin wenza inqwelo moya kwaye ngenxa yezizathu ezingaziwayo zenze ukuba kungabikho nto ingakwaziyo ukuphuma. Inqwelomoya yawa emhlabeni, iGagarin kunye nomfundisi wakhe weVladimir uSegadin wasweleka. Umzimba wabaqhubi beenqwelo moya watshiswa, iingoma zothuli zingcwatyelwe kudonga lweKremlin.
Esinye sezizathu ezinokubakho kwiNtleyilo ibizwa ngokuba yi-rappirochement kunye ne-risks ebukhali evela kwenye inqwelomoya, ngenxa yokuba i-mig-15uti-gagarin yaya kwi-corkscrew. Ngenxa yedatha engalunganga kwiimeko zemozulu kunye nezixhobo, abaqhubi beenqwelomoya bangenayo ixesha lokususa inqwelomoya ekuweni. Kangangeminyaka emininzi, iNyaniso yahlala ingaziwa.
Ukunqongophala kwenkcazo esemthethweni ye-Fender kwakhokelela ekucingelweni nasekucingeni malunga nonobangela wokufa komgaqo wokuqala we-cosmowut. Ukuthandwa kufunyenwe uqikelelo lwezoluleko. Kwakrwada ukuba uGagarin wayenongquzulwano nobunkokheli, emva kokuba i-cosmonaut yayiyinto "esuswe", okanye ithe yachukumisa ukufa, okanye iGagarin yadlala ngokufa yayisinda. Enye ithiyori ithi uGagarin wasweleka ngexesha lovavanyo lwelitye elitsha, kwaye indiza yoqeqesho yayilondolozwa kukuvavanywa okungaphumelelanga kwenkqubo yendawo.
Ngo-2013, i-cosmonaut alexii lenov yabelwana ngayo ngolwazi olubhengeziweyo ngenqwelomoya lokugqibela iGagarin ye-Gagarin kunye nomatshini wokushicilela. Inguqulelo engentla yaqinisekiswa ngokupheleleyo. Ngokungafanelekanga, ecaleni kwenqwelomoya yaseGagarin neSergey, umbilini we-SU-15 yayiqhutywa yi-mig-15uti kwi-spiral kunye nomjelo wakhe. Abaqhubi beenqwelomoya bafa, babengenalo ixesha lokususa inqwelo moya ekuweni.