Biography
I-Ekaterina II - i-Erport enkulu yaseRussia, uLawulo lwalolona xesha libalulekileyo kwimbali yaseRussia. I-epoch ye-catherine enkulu iphawulwa yi "Golden Age" yoBukhosi baseRussia, inkcubeko kunye nobomi bezobupolitika apho ukumkanikazi wakhiwa kwinqanaba laseYurophu.
I-biography ye-CITEINE II yagcwala ngokukhanya kunye nemivimbo emnyama, izicwangciso ezininzi kunye nezinto eziphunyeziweyo, kunye nobomi bobuqu obunesaqhwithi, ezinokubhala iifilimu.
Ubuntwana noLutsha
UCatherine II wazalwa nge-2 kaMeyi (ngo-Epreli 21, kwisitayile esidala) kwi-1729 kwi-prussia kwintsapho yeRolyrbst kunye neDuchess ye-HollyTein-Gostopkaya. Ngaphandle kwesityebi sentusi, usapho lwenkosazana alunantsingiselo, kodwa oku akuzange kuthintelwe ukuba abazali bafundele intombi yakhe. Kwangelo xesha, i-chress yeRussia yexesha elizayo kwinqanaba eliphezulu efunde isiNgesi, i-Italiali nesiFrentshi, yatsala uMdaniso kwaye icule, yafumana ulwazi malunga nembali, ye-geography kunye nezenkolo.
Njengomntwana, inkosazana encinci yayiyinto enguFrisky kunye nomntwana onomdla 'obizwe "lomlinganiswa obhaliweyo. Akazange abonise ubuchule bokuqaqamba ngengqondo kwaye akazange abonakalise iitalente zawo, kodwa ancede unina ekukhuliseni udadewabo uDausis, owanelisekileyo kubo bobabini abazali. Kule minyaka incinci, umama obizwa ngokuba nguCatherine II fie, okuthetha ukuba i-feerica encinci.
Kwiminyaka eli-15, yaziwa ukuba inkosazana ye-czyrbst inyulwe nguElizabhete Njengomtshakazi wendlalifa ukuya kuPeter Cedorovich, owathi kamva waba ngumlawuli waseRas Hope III. Inkosazana kunye nonina bamenyelwe eRussia, apho babehamba phantsi kweBhunga legama laseReinbek.
Intombazana yaqalisa kwangoko ukufunda imbali yaseRussia, ulwimi kunye no-Orthodoxy, ukuba zifunde ngokupheleleyo nge-wind yasekhaya lakhe elitsha. Kungekudala watshintshela eOrthodoxy kwaye wachongwa nguCatherine Alekseevna, kwaye ngosuku olulandelayo wambeka noPeter Fedorovich, owayenomzalwana oqhelekileyo.
I-Palace Coup kwaye ikhwela itrone
Emva komtshato noPeter III ebomini bexesha elizayo laseRussia, i-Worress ayitshintshanga - uqhubeke nokuzinikela kwimfundo edumileyo, njengoko iqabane lingabonisi mntu kuye kwaye wazonwabisa ekuhleni kwamanye amanenekazi emehlweni akhe. Emva kweminyaka eli-9 yomtshato, xa ubudlelwane phakathi kukaPeter noCatherine ekugqibeleni bangcwatywe indlalifa yetrone, eyakha yedwa engamnikanga yena.
Ke, kwintloko yeCatherine, isicwangciso sasivuthiwe ekubhukweni kweqabane lakhe kunye netrone. Ulungile, ngokucacileyo nangokucacileyo kwaye ngokukuko ucwangcise i-pillaador ye-pillaador ye-Williams kunye ne-Conllor yoBukhosi baseRussia-I-Alexey Seweyv imncedise.
Kungekudala, kwathiwa bobabini abantu abathembekileyo be-vress yaseRussia bangcatshwa. Kodwa uCatherine akazange asilahle esi sicwangciso kwaye wafumana amahlakani amnandi ekubulaweni kwakhe. Baba ngabantakwabo okanye abangekho mthethweni kwi-WYYDOR KHITROV kunye neWhmistr Grigory Potekin. Uthathe inxaxheba kwintlangano ye-palace coup kunye nabaphambukeli ababelwe inkxaso-mali yokunyoba abantu abafunekayo.
Ngo-1762, i-Empress yayilungele inyathelo elingahloneli-waya eSt. Emva koko, walahla itrone, wavalelwa elugcinweni kwaye wasweleka phantsi kweemeko ezingaziwayo. Emva kweenyanga ezi-2, ngoSeptemba 22, 1762, uSofia Frederick Agastis Anhalka wathwalwa isithsaba eMoscow waza waba nguCatheress Catherress Cathersine II.
Ibhodi kunye nokufezekiswa kweCatherine II
Ukusukela kumhla wokuqala wokukhwela itrone, ukumkanikazi wachaza ngokucacileyo imisebenzi yawo yemonki kwaye waqalisa ukuzisebenzisa. Wakhawuleza wenza kwaye waqhuba uguquko kuBukhosi baseRussia, ochukumise ubomi bonke abantu. I-Catherine Murine yePosi ye-LED, ithathela ingqalelo iimfuno zazo zonke iiklasi, kunokuba iphumelele izifundo.
Ukolula uBukhosi baseRussia kwiBog yezeMali, ukumkanikazi wayeqhuba kwaye wathatha ilizwe leecawe, ukuba nepropathi yehlabathi. Oku kwenza ukuba kuhlawule umkhosi kwaye kugcwalise ubuncwane bobukumkani ngemiphefumlo eyi-1 yezigidi zabafana. Kwangelo xesha, wakwazi ukuba u-boyko ukumisela urhwebo eRussia, ukonyusa amaxesha ama-2 inani lamashishini omzi-mveliso elizweni. Ngenxa yoku, isixa semali yengeniso karhulumente sanda amaxesha ama-4, ubukhosi bakwazile ukuqulatha umkhosi wokuninzi kwaye uqalise ukuphuculwa kwee-Ural.
Njengomgaqo-nkqubo wangaphakathi weCatherine, namhlanje ubizwa ngokuba "zikhanyisekile ngokupheleleyo, kuba i-Emplereredreriki izama ukufezekisa" okuhle "kuluntu nakwimeko. I-chatheriform yase-II yaphawulwa ngokuthathwa komthetho omtsha, owamkelweyo ngesiseko se "Wordress ye-purress Catherine" enamanqaku angama-526.
Bathetha ngemigaqo eyayiza kukhokelwa ziimeko ze-suruties, ngokuyintloko malunga nezimvo ze-Deni Dontcape, i-charles de montcape, iJean Lerona d'aembert nabanye abakhaliphileyo. Umthetho oyilwayo waphuhliswa ngokuthe ngqo ngo-1766 yiKhomishini ethunyelweyo.
Ngenxa yokuba imisebenzi yezopolitiko ye-Tsaritsa yayisabambekile "i-prodly nje", ukusuka kwi-1773 ukuya kwi-1773 ukuya kwi-1775 ukuya kwi-1775 wajamelana ne-pugiled pucchedv yase-Emedwachev. Imfazwe yonqaba igutyungelwe phantse wonke ubukumkani, kodwa umkhosi wombuso wacinezela i-riot kwaye ebanjiwe nguPugichev, owabanjwa ngentloko. Kukuphela kommiselo kwisigwebo sentambo, esapapashwa yi-MARRERISTURE kwiminyaka yeminyaka yolawulo lwakhe.
Ngo-1775, uEkaterina omkhulu waqhuba iCandelo loBukhosi kwaye landiswa iRussia ukuya kumaphondo ali-11. Ngexesha lolawulo lwayo, iRussia ifumene i-Azov, iRarda, i-Kuban, kunye nenxalenye yeBelarus, ePoland, iLithuania kunye nendawo yentshona yeVolyn. Inguqulelo yephondo yeCatherine, ngokutsho kwabaphandi, yayinenombolo ebalulekileyo.
Ukwenziwa kwePhondo, ukwakhiwa kwelizwe kwabemi azange kuthathelwe ingqalelo, ngaphandle, kwakufuneka ukwandisa inkcitho yohlahlo-lwabiwo mali. Kwangelo xesha, iinkundla ezinyuliweyo zaziswa kweli lizwe, ezazibandakanyeka kwinkqubo yezolwaphulo-mthetho nezaseburhulumenteni.
Ngo-1785, i-emperress yalungelelanisa urhulumente wasekhaya ezixekweni. Ummiselo weCatherine II ungenise i-Arch ecacileyo yamalungelo amahle- Ukhulule iingcali kwintlawulo yeefilitha, inkonzo enyanzelekileyo emkhosini kwaye wafumana ilungelo lawo nabalingane. Ngenxa yegazi kwiRussia, kwakhiwa inkqubo yemfundo yesibini, kuba ezo zikolo zikhethiweyo zakhiwa, amaziko amantombazana, amakhaya afundisayo. Ukongeza, uCatherine waseka iZiko laseRussia, elaliphakathi kwezi ziseko zenzululwazi zaseYurophu.
Ingqwalaselo ekhethekileyo ngexesha leBhodi yeCatherine ihlawule uphuhliso lwezolimo. Kuthathelwa ingqalelo iRussia le mveliso isisiseko, ephembelela kuphuhliso loqoqosho lukaRhulumente. Ukunyuka komhlaba olimekayo kukhokelele ekunyukeni nasezikhutshelwe ngaphandle kwengqolowa.
Kunye naye, okokuqala eRussia, isonka saqala ukuthengisa, apho kuthengwa inani labemi ngemali, nayo yangena kwi-Wisress. Kwakhona, i-proturies ye-monicarnin ibandakanya ukungeniswa kokugonywa eRussia, okwenze ukuba kuthintelwe ukusweleka kwezifo zelizwe, ngaloo ndlela kugcinwa inani labami.
Ngexesha lolawulo lukaCatherine, owayesindile okwesiBini kwi-6 iimfazwe apho iindebe ezinqwenelekayo zifunyenwe ngohlobo lwamazwe. Umgaqo-nkqubo wakhe wezangaphandle, abantu abaninzi bajonga ukungaziphathi kakuhle nangokuhanahanisa namhlanje. Kodwa lo mfazi wakwazi ukungena kwimbali yaseRussia njenge-nionarchne enamandla, eyaba ngumzekelo wokuthand 'izwe ngezizukulwana ezizayo zeli lizwe, ngaphandle kokusilela kwamaconsi egazi laseRashiya kulo.
Ubomi Buqu
Ubomi bukaCatherine II bunemo eqaqambileyo kunye neentsuku zanamhlanje zinomdla. Sele ebutsheni, i-Empsress yazibophelela 'kuLuthando lwasimahla ", oluye lwaba sisiphumo somtshato wakhe ongaphumelelanga nguPeter III.
Iinoveli zothando luka-Ekaterina ziphawulwa luthotho lwezikali, kwaye uluhlu oluthandayo luqukethe iifani ezingama-23, njengoko kungqinwa kuphando lwe "yeterdov". IZiko eliPhakanyiweyo lichaphazele kakubi ixesha likarhulumente welo xesha. Waba negalelo kwinkohlakalo, izisombululo zabasebenzi ezingachanekanga kunye nokuwa kwendlela yokuziphatha.
I-Grigotiy Orlov, Alexander Lanskaya, i-Grigol Potenken kunye nePlaton yamazinyo, yaba ngoyena mntu udumileyo waseMonjaryn, owayengumntu oneminyaka engama-20 ubudala, waba mkhulu kaCatherine oneminyaka engama-60. Abaphandi abayikhupheli ngaphandle ukuba imihla yothando yayingamazi izixhobo zayo ezingaqhelekanga, ngoncedo lwalo lwalufumana imisebenzi yakhe kwinkosi yetrone.
Kuyaziwa ukuba uCatherine wayengamkhulu abantwana abathathu - unyana womyeni wakhe esemthethweni kaPeter - uPavel Petrovich, u-Alexey Borinsky, owazalwa eOna Petrovna, osweleke kwiminyaka yonyaka.
Iminyaka yokutshona kwelanga iresregress inikezelwe kubazukulwana bakhe kunye neendlalifa, kuba yayilulwalamano olubi nonyana wakhe uPawulos. Wayefuna ukugqitha amandla nesithsaba kumzukulwana omkhulu uAlexander, olungiselelwe umzi wetrone yetrone. Kodwa izicwangciso zalo zazingamiselwanga ukuba zenzeke, kuba indlalifa yakhe yafunda ngesicwangciso sikanina kwaye silungiselele ngononophelo ukulwa itrone. Kwixa elizayo, umzukulwana onomdla wokuphulukana naye emva kokuba yonke ijoyine itrone, ukuba nguMlawuli uAlexander I.
UCatherine omkhulu kubomi bemihla ngemihla wazama ukuhlala engalunganga, wayengakhathali kwiingubo zefashoni, kodwa wayethanda umsebenzi wenaliti, ephethe iinkuni kunye nethambo. Yonke imihla, wahlawula umsebenzi wakhe owathandayo emva kwemini. I-Wissress ngokwangqinwa, i-knonit, yakuqala ukuba ingubo yesuti yomzukulwana ka-Alexander. UKumkanikazi unesipho esibonisa ukuba afundise, esebenzisa umdlalo wethiyetha yeNkundla ngokubhala.
Ngaphandle kwento yokuba kulutsha lwe-erredress, wayenomdla kwiimbono zeBuddhism. UCatherine wasungula isikhundla sentloko yeCawa yaseLamia yaseMpuma yaseMpuma naseTransbaikalia. Urhulumente wamkeleke ngokusemthethweni njengombane wenkolo yaseMpuma-imhlophe.
Ukufa
Ukufa kukaCatherine II yeza kwisitayile esitsha ngoNovemba 17, 1796. I-vress ifile ngenxa ye-strooke eyomeleleyo, yakhawuleza yaya kwiiyure ezili-12 kwaye, ngaphandle kokubangela, impilo yasekhohlo emgubo. Wangcwatyelwa kwi-Peter nakuPaul Catnikerral eSt. Kumanyano kukho i-Epitaph ebhalwe nguye.
Emva kokujoyina itrone, uPawulos ndatshabalalisa uninzi lwelifa likanina. Ukongeza, amatyala angaphandle afunyanwa urhulumente afunyanwa, ebeka ezantsi kubalawuli ezalandelayo kwaye abuyiselwe kuphela ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-Xix.
Imemori
Ukuhlonitshwa kwe-vress, ngaphezu kweelixesha ezili-15 eSt. Presburg, Sumastopol, Sevasnondar, ezinye iidolophu zoBukhosi baseRussia zakhiwa. Emva kwexesha, uninzi lweziphene zalahleka. Kuba uCatherine wafaka isandla ekusasazeni imali ye-PICHIATED ye-100 - iibhedi zamaxesha kaNicholas II.
Inkumbulo yoMlawuli omkhulu yaphinda yafakwa kwimisebenzi yoncwadi yababhali baseRussia nabangaphandle - uNikolai Gogol, Bernard shaw, iValentina Pikul kunye nabanye.
Umfanekiso kaCatherine uhlala usetyenziswa kwi-cinema yehlabathi. Ibhayiloji yalo eqaqambileyo neyityebileyo ithathwa njengesiseko semeko, kuba i-ekaterest enkulu yaseRussia yayinobomi obunesaqhwithi obuzaliswe ziimpawu, iyelenqe, kodwa kwangaxeshanye baba ngurhulumente onesidima.
Umfanekiso kaCatherine omkhulu kwiscreen yayikhutshiwe uMarlene Dieprich, Alla Liya Armman, uJulia Ormon, Svetlana Outomdov kunye nezinye iinkwenkwezi zeRussia kunye ne-cinema yeRussia.
Ngo-2015, ukuboniswa kwengcekityhefu eyonwabisayo "enkulu" iqalile eRussia. Kwimeko yakhe, izibakala zayo zokumkanikazi ngokwakhe zathatyathwa, eyayikwimeko "yomphathi wendoda", hayi umama webhinqa nenkosikazi yakhe. Ngomfanekiso we-vress, uJulia Spigir wavela.
Iifilimu
- Ngo-1934 - "Ubugqwirha obugqwesileyo"
- Ngo-1953 - "U-Admiral ushakov"
- Ngo-1986 - i-mikhail lomonososov
- 1990 - "I-Tarist Hunt"
- 1992 - "Amaphupha eRussia"
- Ngo-2002 - "ngokuhlwa kwifama kufutshane ne-Dikankanka"
- Ngo-2015 - "Mkhulu"
- Ngo-2018 - igazi i-baryna