Biography
I-Aristotle yimbonakalo yamandulo yamaGrike, umfundi kaPlato, emva kwexesha wangena kuye kwimpikiswano, umsunguli wesikolo sokuphazamisa, umcebisi uAlexander Maecekonsky. Igalelo lakhe kwisayensi lubalulekile. Ngaphezulu kwe-2 Millennia, isithandi-sobulumko sisonwabela izixhobo zokuqonda ezenziwe ngaso, izimvo zayo zisisiseko sesayensi yendalo. Ilifa lika-Aristotle libandakanya malunga neencwadi ezingama-50 ezizehlelayo kuthi zinkosi kwimizamo yabafundi bakhe kunye nabalandeli.Ubuntwana noLutsha
U-Aristotle wazalelwa kwisixeko sangaphantsi, esikwe kwiColony yaseGrikhi yaseFrakia. Ngenxa yamagama edolophu yomthonyama, emva kwe-Aristotle yayidla ngokubizwa ngokuba yi-stagrsky. Wayevela kwindlu yokuphila yabaphilileyo. Utata wakhe uNikomi wayengugqirha wenkundla yamaMakedon III. Umama kaMhloli wayemvelaphi.
Ekubeni kusapho, iyeza latshintshelwa kwisizukulwana ngesizukulwana, akukho mntu uza kwenza ugqirha nakunyana wakhe. Ke ngoko, ukusuka kwi-orphanage, wafundisa inkwenkwe iziseko zezamayeza, kunye nefilosofi, eyathathwa njengesayensi eyakhiwe yinzululwazi ngekhekuri nganye. Kodwa izicwangciso zikatata azizaliswa zizalisekisiwe. I-Aristotle enkedade kwaye yanyanzelwa ukuba ishiye i-stagger.
Ekuqaleni, umfana oneminyaka eli-15 ubudala uye eMaly Asia kumgcini wommeli, kwaye ngonyaka wama-367 bc. NS. bazinza eAthene, apho waba ngumfundi kaPlato. UAristotle wafunda ipolitiki kuphela kunye nokuhamba kwentanda-bulumko, kodwa nelizwe lezilwanyana kunye nezityalo. Lilonke, wahlala ePlato Academy kangangesithuba seminyaka engama-20.
Yenziwe njengomcinga, uAristotle walahla imfundiso yoMcebisi malunga neembono zezinto ezikhoyo zezinto zonke. Isithandi-sobulumko esincinci sibeka phambili ithiyori yakhe - ubuthongo bobume kunye nomcimbi kunye nomphefumlo ongapheliyo emzimbeni. Umzobo wabatyebi ababini, oqokelayo, inkosi ye-Renaissance - I-Rafael Santi kwi-Madrid "IAthene".
Kwi-345 BC Amagqabi e-Aristotle kwisiqithi seLesbos, kwisixeko saseThoilen, ngenxa yokuphunyezwa komhlobo wakhe uHermia, owayengumfundi owayesawokuqala noPlato, owayesaqala imfazwe yamaPersi.
Emva kweminyaka emi-2, iAristotle iya eMakedoni, apho uKumkani wamema ukuba akhulise iHerir- 13 - Alexander oneminyaka eli-13 ubudala. Ixesha lebhayiloji lomfanekiso oqiqayo, awawunikela kuqeqeshelwa kuqeqesho lomphathi wexesha elizayo, phantse iminyaka eyi-8. Ukubuyela kwakhe eAthene, uAristotle wasungula eyakhe ifilosofi ye-heliesophic ", ekwabizwa ngokuba sisikolo sokuphazamiseka.
Imfundiso yefilosofi
I-Aristotle yahlulahlula iSayensi yethiyori, eSebenzayo kunye nokuyila. Ubhekise kwi-physics, iMathematics kunye neMetaphysics. Ezi moya zeSayensi, ngokobulumko, zifundwa ngenxa yolwazi ngokwaso. Kwinqanaba lesibini - ezopolitiko kunye nokuziphatha, kuba ukubulela kubo ubomi boRhulumente kuyakhiwa. Kumntu wokugqibela, wathetha zonke iintlobo zobugcisa, imibongo kunye ne-rhetoric.
Eyona nto iphambili kakhulu kwiimfundiso ze-Aristotle ithathwa njengeyona nto iphambili kwi-4 ivela: "Intoni" ivela phi ("), ivela phi. Kuxhomekeka kwezi zivela, igqibe kweza kunye nezifundo ezinjengalunganga okanye ngokungagungqiyo.
Ukucinga kwaba ngumsunguli wenkqubo ye-hierarchical yeindidi. Babela i-10: I-GOIBE, ubungakanani, umgangatho, indawo, indawo, indawo, isikhundla, isenzo kunye nokubandezeleka. Zonke izinto zisasazwa kwimfundo ye-Inorganic, ilizwe lezityalo kunye neendlela eziphilayo, umhlaba weentlobo ngeentlobo zezilwanyana nabantu.
Ukusuka kwiingcamango ze-Aristotle kwaqala ukuphuhlisa ezona zikhombisi zendawo kunye nexesha njengamaziko eZimeleyo kunye nenkqubo yobudlelwane eyenziwe ngezinto ezibonakalayo xa kunxibelelana.
Kwiinkulungwane ezininzi ezilandelayo, iindidi zezixhobo zikarhulumente zazifanelekile, ezichazwe iAristotle. Umfanekiso welizwe elifanelekileyo, isithandi-sobulumko esiveliswayo kwi-Fropos "Ezopolitiko". Ngokutsho kwethiyori yokuthandwa, umntu ophunyezwa eluntwini, njengoko uhlala kuye kuphela.
Abanye abantu, igazi, abanobuhlobo kunye nezinye iimbophelelo bambopha. Injongo yoluntu ayisiyo inkqubela kwezoqoqosho kwaye inxalenye yabantu, ukuba zingaphi izibonelelo ze-Eudernism. Kuyenzeka ngenxa yokungahloneli kobomi ngumthetho woluntu kunye nemithetho yokuziphatha.
Igxininise iinguqulelo ezi-3 ezihle nezi-3 zeBhodi. Ukusekunene, ukuzoba injongo yobuhle obuqhelekileyo, wathimba inkanuko, i-aristocy kunye nezopolitiko. Kwizinto ezingalunganga zomlawuli, wathi uTyranny, uOligarny nentando yesininzi.
Ubunyani befilosofi bachukumiseka kunye ne-ART. Umntu ocinga ukuba uchaze umbono wakhe ngokuphuhliswa kohlobo lweqonga lomdlalo weqonga kubume be "poetic". Inxalenye yokuqala yalo msebenzi ifikelelwe kule mini, okwesibini, ngokokucinga, iqulethe ulwazi malunga nolwakhiwo lomhle wamaGrike amandulo. Ukucingisisa kwiholo yemidlalo yeqonga kunye nobugcisa, iAristotle ibeka phambili umbono wobukho bendlela yokuxelisa, ebonakaliswayo yendoda kwaye imnandi.
Esinye isincoko esisisiseko sesithandi-sobulumko sibizwa ngokuba "ngomphefumlo". Kwindlela, i-aristowet ityhila inani lemicimbi ye-metaphdisical enxulumene nobomi bomphefumlo wayo nayiphi na into, ukumisela umahluko kubukho bomntu, izilwanyana kunye nezityalo. Apha, intanda-bulumko ichaza iimvakalelo ezi-5 (ukuntywila, ivumba, ingca, incasa kunye nombono) kunye nezakhono ezi-3 zomphefumlo (ekukhuleni nasekubonakaleni).
Ukongeza, iAristotle ikwazile ukufundisisa kwaye ibonakalise kuzo zonke izayensi ezifumanekayo ngexesha lakhe. Wayishiya imisebenzi ngengcinga, i-physics, i-biology, intanda-bulumko, isimilo, i-swics, ezopolitiko, imibongo, imibongo kunye ne-ritoric. Ingqokelela yemisebenzi yentanda-bulumko enkulu ibizwa ngokuba ngu "Aristotelian Corps".
Ubomi Buqu
Uhlobo lwenzululwazi lungagwetywa ngezinkumbulo zezinto eziphila ngexesha lakhe. Ngokutsho kwabalandeli bakaPlato, uAristotle akazange azibambe iimvakalelo xa ityala lichaphazelekayo iimbambano zefilosofi. Ngenye imini, ukucinga kwade kwaxabana nomcebisi kanzima ukuba i-Plato yaqala ukuphepha ukuhlangana kwethuba kunye nomfundi.
Malunga nobomi bobuqu benzala kaCarker bahlala benqabile. Kuyaziwa ukuba uAristotle wayenabafazi ababini kunye nabantwana ababini. Kwi-347 BC e., kwiminyaka engama-37 ubudala, uAristotle otshatileyo ePythiyadi, intombi eyamkelayo umhlobo osondeleyo waseHemiria, uTirana enxulumana nenxaxheba. UAristotle noPoofida babenentombi enye yePythiyadi. Emva kokubhubha kweqabane lokuqala, ifiloso-ntandabhokolo yaqalisa ukubambisa kunye nomkhonzi uHerpelda, owamnika indlalifa - inkwenkwe yeNikomakh.
Ukufa
Emva kokufa kuka-Alexander Maecedky, iBanta ngokulawulwa kweMakedoni ziyanda eAtene, kwaye yena u-Alexander wayesakhe uAlexander, otyholwa ngokusikhathazeka. Isithandi-sobulumko sishiya iAthens, njengoko yayicinga ukuba kungenzeka ukuba iphinde ingekaphuli i-scherites-ityhefu yetyhefu. Ibinzana elithi "Ndifuna ukusindisa abantu baseAthene kubalwaphulo-mthetho olutsha kwintanda-bulumko" yaba sisicatshulwa esidumileyo.
Umntu ocingayo usiya kwiSixeko saseHalkis kwiSiqithi sase-Iva. Ukubonisa i-aristotle kwinkxaso yakhe, ilandelwa linani elikhulu labafundi bakhe. Kodwa isithandi-sobulumko khange siphile ixesha elide. Kwiinyanga ezi-2 emva kokuhlaliswa kwakhona, uyafa ngeminyaka engama-62 yobomi kwisifo sesisu esiqathayo, esamhlukumeza.
Emva kokusweleka komcebisi, isikolo sakhe "sakhe" sasikhokelwa ngumfundi owazinikeleyo i-Iristofter, eyaphula iimfundiso zika-Aristotles malunga ne-botanic, umculo, imbali yentanda-bulumko. Wayikhathalela ukugcina imisebenzi yokucinga.
Imisebenzi yefilosofi
- "Iindidi" ""
- "I-physics"
- "Malunga nezulu"
- "Kwinxalenye yezilwanyana"
- "Ngomphefumlo"
- "I-Metaphysics"
- "Nikomiakhova intersics"
- "Izopolitiko"
- "Imibongo"