Biography
UAlexander Maecedky - Umphathi oMkhulu wakudala, owaziyo ukutshata uninzi lweAsia ngexesha nje elifutshane, ukufikelela eIndiya nasePakistan. Wangena ibali njengesoyisayo, engazange aphulukane nedabi elinye. Impumelelo enjalo iququzelelwa yitalente yomlawuli kunye nokukhetha isicwangciso-nkqubo: Umkhosi waseMakedoni uhlala usebenza ngokukhawuleza nangequbuliso, ngelixa ujikeleza ngamaxhoba amancinci. Eyona nto idumileyo ngemihla yanamhlanje umgaqo-siseko ka-Alexander yimotto: "Yahlulahlula."Ubuntwana noLutsha
UAlexander wazalwa kwi-Pella yaseMakedoni yaseMakedonia. Uye wenzeka kwi-nonysty enobukroti e-Argead, owenze ngokwemigca, yaqala imvelaphi kwi-herocules edumileyo. Utata ka-Aleksandire wayenguKumkani waseMakedoni waseMakedoni II. Umama - iOlimpiki, intombi yenkosi yase-Epiriya. I-dedigree ayingagungqi, ngokokubona, uMsesi wohlobo lwemphunga, waye. Ukwazisa ukuba ngootyelelo olukhulu ezimbini kuchaphazele ukumiswa kweempawu ezithile zomfana.
UAlexander, ngenxa yokungathobeli, utata wayenoodadewethu abangumthungi kunye nabazalwana, kodwa kuphela uFilipu wathathwa njengezihlobo zazo, ezaziwa njengezantsi. Inkwenkwe ikhule kwindawo enobuqili: Wamthanda umanyano lukatata, iimfazwe ezingapheliyo ngemilithe yamaGrike, kodwa kwangaxeshanye wachukunyiswa ngumama obenza umyeni wakhe ngomyeni wakhe.
Uqeqesho IAlexander Elexander yasebuncinaneni yayingekho ekhaya, kodwa kwisiko eliqinisiweyo - kwizalamane. Wayefunda equleni, kwaye ootitshala besi-leonid, ababenyanzelisa indlela ye-Spartan, kwaye banyanzelisa i-liimah, eyabaqeqesha indlalifa encinci kwitrone ye-Rhetoritoric nasekulawuleni.
Ukususela kwiminyaka eyi-13, waqala ukumva okuqonda okukhulu uAristotter, owayeqhelene noYise. Isithandi-sobulumko, siqonda ukuba ungumcebisi woMlawuli wexesha elizayo, ejolise kwisifundo sezopolitiko, zokuziphatha kunye nentanda-bulumko. Ukongeza, ukuzama ukunika iwadi imfundo yemfundo, utitshala wafundisa amayeza amayeza eTsarevich, uncwadi kunye neengulube.
UAlexander ukusuka kwasebuncinane wabonakalisa ezo mpawu njengamabhongo, ukungazithembi kunye nokuzinikela. Kwelinye icala, wayengakhathali ukuba ayonwabele, adla ngokutya kwaye akazange abonise umdla kwisini esahlukileyo ixesha elide.
Sele ebuntwaneni, ubuchule bexesha elizayo babenobukrelekrele obungaqhelekanga kunye nevumba. Ukuqala ukudibana notata unamaza abantu basePersi, akazange ababuze umba owodwa. Inkwenkwe yayinomdla kwizinto ezinje ngomgangatho weendlela, iinkalo zobomi besixeko kunye nenkcubeko yelizwe langaphandle. Kwiminyaka ye-10, umntwana okwishumi elivisayo wayenza ihashe elingcolileyo le-racophal, kamva owaba ngumhlobo wakhe othembekileyo kuwo onke amaphulo. UAlexander waphawula ukuba i-tlollion iyakoyika isithunzi sakhe, ngenxa yoko ndakuphepha ukutyhilwa ihashe kwilanga.
Okwesihlandlo sokuqala, utata wamphathise unyana wakhe uMareordoni, xa wayeneminyaka eli-16 ubudala. UPhilip ngokwakhe waya esoyisa i-byzantine, kwaye ngelo xesha iMvukelo yayiphuma kwilizwe lakhe, owayesihlola yayizizwe zakwa-thride. I-Tsarevich yoNxweme, ngoncedo lweendawo ezihlala zisekwe kwikomkhulu, lacinezela isiseko se-riot, kwaye kwindawo ye-Thracia Saseka isiXeko saseAlexandropol kwimbeko yakhe. Emva kweminyaka emi-2, waphinda walawula njengomphathi ophumeleleyo, echaza iphiko lasekhohlo lemikhosi yaseMakedoni kwidabi likaHerone. Kwi-336 BC NS. UKumkani uFilipu wabulawa, kwaye uAlexander wabhengeza ukumkani waseMakedoni.
Ibhodi kunye nokuhamba okuhle
Ukufika kwakhe, uAlesandire uyonakalisa iintshaba zikaYise, ezazinetyala lokufa kwakhe, lehla irhafu. Ke, kangangeminyaka emi-2, wayisusa izizwe ze-qarian ze-thricari emantla eli lizwe kwaye ibuyisela amandla eMakedoni yaseMakedoni eGrisi.
Emva koko, uAlexander uyayidibanisa yonke i-elloud kwaye wenza uhambo oluhle ukuya kwiPersia, olwalungaphupha lonke ubomi bakhe. Iimfazwe namaPersi abonisa italente yomkhosi omangalisayo waseAlexander Macecedeky. Emva kwedabi elunxwemeni lomlambo nge-334 BC. NS. Phantsi kolawulo lwabantu baseMakedoni, phantse onke amancinci eAsia aguqukele. Kwaye uAlexander yena wathunyelwa kubuqaqawuli bomphathi omkhulu kunye nomyisi.
Ukuzithoba kuye phantse ngaphandle kwedabina, iPalestine, uKariya nakwamanye amazwe aseMbindi Mpuma, uAlexander waya eJiphutha, apho wadibana khona nokuba ngunesifo esitsha. E-Egypt, inkosi isekwe kwesinye isixeko kwimbeko yakhe - uAlexandria.
Ukubuyela kukaPersi, uAlexander woyisa uSuzu, i-Persepol neBhabheli. Isixeko sokugqibela saba yidolophu enkulu ye-United odityaniswe. Ngo-329, isithsaba sokumkani wasePersi uDariyo wabulawa ngeyona nto isondeleyo yakhe, kwaye uAlexander waphinda azibonakalisa njengegcisa nezamacwangciso-mali. Ithe ke yona, ukuba inyikima, iwa, iwa, iwa, iwa, iwa, kungabikho namnye woyisa, aze abize umnquli, imbeko kaDariyo.
UAlexander uba nguKumkani waseAsia kwaye iminyaka emi-2 efaka iSogdean neBhageria, oko kukuthi, iAfghanistan yale mihla, eTajikistan no-Uzbekistan. Ngokuhlala phantsi kweMimandla emitsha, uAlexander wayibeka imizi kwimbeko yakhe. Umzekelo, uAlexandria Eschata no-Alexandria baseArachosia, abaye basinda kumaxesha ethu phantsi kwamagama kaKhujand noKandahar.
Ngo-326 BC I-Alexander enkulu yathatha iphulo lokuya eIndiya. Ukwazile ukufaka izizwe ezimbalwa kwaye woyisa umhlaba wePakistan yangoku. Kodwa, ngokuhamba umlambo wase-Indiya, umkhosi odiniweyo wancuma wangazange avume ukuqhubeka. UAlexander wanyanzelwa ukuba athumele imikhosi emva koloyiso lweminyaka eli-10 ubudala kwinxalenye ye-Asiya ye-Eurasia Mainland.
Inqaku lika-Alexander Maecedky njengoko uMlawuli wayekukuthatha izithethe kunye neenkolelo zendawo ezithinjiweyo, akazange azame ukubeka inkcubeko yakhe kwaye ngamanye amaxesha abashiye abalawuli bookumkani bangaphambili nabalawuli. Umgaqo-nkqubo onjalo uthintele ukhathalelo lwemimandla eyoyisiweyo, kodwa qhubeka minyaka le ngakumbi kwaye wenza okungakumbi phakathi kwamaThuli. Amaqhinga afanayo apha emva koko asebenzise iimpetroli zakudala zaseRoma.
Ubomi Buqu
Kubomi bakhe, uAlexander waseMacedonia wabonisa inkululeko efanayo kunye nenkululeko evela kumazwe athile abantu njengakwishishini lomkhosi. I-Harexander Macedonia yabalwa amashweshwe angama-360 apho wahlulwa khona, yayiyiminyaka engama-338 ubudala, i-Alexander, i-Alexander engu-36, i-Alexander, yanguAlexande, owaba ngunina wonyana wakhe ongekho mthethweni. Ukongeza, ubudlelwane bakhe kunye ne-kumkanikazi iAmazon Faleztris kunye ne-Claopis ye-Indian iyaziwa.
Amaqabane ka-Alexander ayethathu. Owokuqala waba yinkosazana ye-bactrian roxana, awayethatha umfazi wakhe xa umtshakazi wayeneminyaka eli-14 kuphela ubudala. Ngokutsho kweLagend, le ntombazana yayikuthinjwe, inkosi yayingakwazi ukumelana nobuhle bayo kwaye yathandana ekuqaleni kokubona. Batshata ngo-327 BC. Eh .. Wazala kuphela umntwana odwa osemthethweni womphathi omkhulu womphathi omkhulu, unyana ka-Alesandire, owazalwa inyanga emva kokusweleka kukayise.
Emva kweminyaka emi-3, ukumkani watshata ngaxeshanye kwiinkobe ezimbini zasePersi-intombi kaTsar Darius Inkwenkwezi kunye nentombi kaTssar Horsestative. Bobabini umtshato owongezelelekileyo bathathwa njengabafezekisiweyo kuphela kwizigqibo zezopolitiko. Kuyinyani, ayithintelanga inkosikazi yokuqala yeRoxane ukuba ingene ngomona kwaye ixhelele i-stangela kulo mhlaba kwangoko emva kokusweleka kwendoda yakhe.
UAlexander Maecensky wayenembono ende yexesha lakhe kulwalamano kunye nabasetyhini ababehlonitshwa kwaye bajamelana namadoda alinganayo, nangona kwanomona wakhe u-Aristottile wanyanzelisa indima yesibini yabasetyhini.
Ukufa
Ebusika, 323 BC. NS. UAlexander uqalisa ukucwangcisa imikhankaso emitsha nxamnye nezizwe zesiArabhu zePeninsula yaseArabia kunye noloyiso lwe-carthage. Izicwangciso zokumkani-ukungathobeki i-Mediteran iphela. Emva kokuphumla okufutshane, iqala ukwakha izibuko elitsha kwi-Persian Gulf kunye nohlaziyo lweFlotilla.
Ngaphantsi kweveki ngaphambi kokuqala kweshishini, umthendeleko omkhulu ugula kakhulu, ngokungakhathali. Ukuthandabuza kwabaphandi kukuba isifo esosulelayo asizibonisi phakathi kwesangqa esikufutshane solawulo lomphathi. I-hypotheses malunga nomhlaza wegazi, othathe umlinganiswa osekwe ngesantya, malunga nokuvuvukala kwemiphunga, isisu esiswini kunye nokusilela kwesibindi. Ngapha koko, kukho iinguqulelo kunye netyhefu yeAlexander.
Kangangeenyanga ezininzi, umphathi wayengenakukhwela ebhedini yendlu yakhe eBhabheli. Ukususela ekuqaleni kukaJuni, kuyala ukupela kwaye ifikelele umkhuhlane ongekho mthethweni, ophelileyo iintsuku ezili-10. Nge-10 kaJuni, 323 bc. Umphathi omkhulu nomphathi-mkhosi uAlegandere uswele e-Macedoky. Ngexesha lokufa, wayeneminyaka engama-32 ubudala, akazange aphile inyanga ngaphambi kwesikhumbuzo sakhe.
Kungekudala emva kokusweleka kuka-Alexander omkhulu, ukuwa kwamandla kwaqala. Indawo eyoyisiweyo yahlulwa phakathi komphathi womkhosi womlawuli. Akukho nanye yeendlalingi zokumkani, uAlexandere noHenj bakeres akafikanga emfazweni, kuba bobabini babulawa ngabantwana, oko kwabulawa ngabantwana, oko kwakuthetha ukonakaliswa kwendlu yamargeswed. Nangona kunjalo, ukusasazeka kwenkcubeko yamaGrike ngeyona nto iphambili kumazwe amancinci naphakathi e-Itaria yanika impembelelo ekuveli kule mimandla iHellenism.
Imemori
Impembelelo ka-Alexander Macedonia kuphuhliso lwenkcubeko, ezopolitiko kunye noqoqosho lwehlabathi lakudala kunzima ukubeka ngaphandle. Sele kwakudala, wamkelwa njengowona woyiso olukhulu kuwo onke amaxesha namanye abantu. KumaXesha Aphakathi, imbali yakhe yayisebenza njengomthombo weyelenqe "roman malunga neAlexandra", eyakongezwa ngeenyani ezahlukeneyo zeentsomi. Kwixa elizayo, umfanekiso womphathi ophefumlele amalungelo okudlala kunye nokudalwa kwemifanekiso, imizobo kunye nemisebenzi yobugcisa. Kwisixeko saseThessaloniki, umfanekiso oqingqiweyo woloyiso olukhulu kwiKone wafakiwe.
Ehlabathini i-cinema, ubuntu buka-Alexander bakhulu ngakumbi kunokuba bawuphefumlelwe kwiimeko zemeko kunye nezibolelo. Ifilimu yeHollywood "Alexander" 1956 kwaye Alexander 2004 enoColin Harrell kwindima ekhokelayo.
Iifilimu
- Ngo-1956 - "Alexander Mkhulu"
- Ngo-2004 - "Alexander"