Biography
U-Ivan Garzny - ukumkani wokuqala wayo yonke iRussia, edume ngeendlela zakhe zebhadidi kwaye ezingqongqo kakhulu zikarhulumente. Ngaphandle koku, ulawulo lwakhe luthathwa lubaluleke kakhulu kurhulumente, othi, ngenxa yemigaqo-nkqubo yangaphandle neyasekhaya yaseGrozny, iphindwe kabini kwintsimi yayo. Umlawuli wokuqala waseRussia wayeyinkosi enamandla nenobubi kakhulu, kodwa ekwazi ukufikelela kwi-resna yezopolitiko yehlabathi, exhasa kuphela ubuzwilakhe kwi-Worting Prekstian kwiLizwe laKhe, egcwele i-proural yakhe, egudileyo kunye nonkwantyo.Ubuntwana noLutsha
U-Ivan Garzny (ivan iv vasileevich) wazalwa (ivan iv vannenevich) nge-3 ka-Agastian Elena Glinsky kwilali yaseVasily III Rurikovich neLithuania Prince. Wayengoyena mdala kubazali bakhe, ngenxa yoko yaba yitrone yokuqala kayise, eyayimele ukutshintsha ukufezekiswa kwesininzi. Kodwa kwafuneka abe nguKumkani obenziwe wayo yonke iRussia eneminyaka emithathu ubudala, kuba iVasly III yawela kakhulu kwaye yafa ngequbuliso. Emva kweminyaka emi-5, umama wasweleka kwikamva lokumkani, ngenxa yoko eneminyaka eyi-8 wayehlala egcwele inkedama.
Ubuntwana boMoses oselula baphumela kwimeko yebhotwe, umzabalazo onzulu wamandla, unxunguphalo nobundlobongela, olwenziwe kwi-Ivan. Ke, ethagesela itrone yendoda engenayo nayiphi na into engayiqondi umntwana, iiTrasti azizange zibuyekeze kuye, ngenceba yabulala abahlobo bakhe kwaye yagcina inkosi yentlupheko, impahla. Iphakanyiswe ngobukrwada kunye nenkohlakalo kuyo, esele ikwiminyaka emincinci yabonakaliswa kumnqweno wokuthuthumbisa izilwanyana, kwaye kwixesha elizayo nabantu bonke baseRussia.
Ngelo xesha, eli lizwe lalawulwa ziinkosana zenkolelo noShui, i-Shui, i-subleail vorontsov kunye nezalamane zomlawuli wexesha elizayo kwi-Malnkenky. Ulawulo lwabo lwaluphawulwe kuyo yonke i-RUS ngomceli mngeni ohle yipropathi kaRhulumente, yeyiphi i-Ivan Grozny ngokucacileyo.
Ngo-1543, waqala wabonisa abagcini bakhe bohlobo lwakhe, wayalela ukuba abulale uAndrei Shuisky. Waqala ke ukumkani kukumkani, amandla ehlabathi abezingatheka ngokupheleleyo ezandleni zikaMlinsky, owaba yiyo yonke into eyenziwa sisikhumba kuyo.
Kwangelo xesha, uKumkani wexesha elizayo wachitha ixesha elininzi ukuze azinikele kwimfundo, funda iincwadi ezininzi, ezenze ukuba abe ngowona mlawuli usebenzayo. Kwangelo xesha, ekubeni wayengumchasi ongenamandla, wamthiya umhlaba wonke, kwaye umbono wakhe ophambili wafunyanwa ngamandla apheleleyo angenamda kubantu, awawusebenzisayo kuyo nayiphi na imithetho yokuziphatha.
Ibhodi kunye nokuguqula
Ngo-1545, xa uIvan Grozny wafika kwiminyaka emininzi yobuninzi, waba ngukumkani ogcweleyo. Isigqibo sakhe sokuqala sezobuso yayingumnqweno wokutshata nobukumkani, owamnika ilungelo labanini nelifa lelifa le-Orthodox. Kwangelo xesha, lo mxholo wasebukhosini uye waba luncedo kumgaqo-nkqubo welizwe langaphandle, njengoko senze ukuba sikwazi ukuthatha esinye indawo kubudlelwane bozakuzo kunye neNtshona Yurophu kwaye ilungele iRussia kwindawo yokuqala phakathi kwamazwe aseYurophu.
Ukusukela kwiintsuku zokuqala zolawulo lukaIvan olona lubi kakhulu kuRhulumente, uninzi lweenguqu eziphambili kunye notshintsho lwalubanjwe kwi-rada ekhethiweyo, kwaye eRussia ixesha elihambayo ezandleni zakhe kwinkosi yakhe.
Iminyaka eli-10 ezayo, i-Tsar yeRussia inikezelwe kwinguqulo yehlabathi-ivan grozny yaqhuba i-vikoy yohlengahlengiso elizweni, lamkela amalungelo abo bonke abaphangi kunye ne-holsters, ezazisiwe Inguqu ephakanyisiweyo, yazisa amandla ephephancwadi kunye neerhuluneli exhasa ubungangamsha.
Ngo-1550, umlawuli wasasaza "" "onyuliweyo" ze "i-moscow" i-moscow yobungakanani belifa ngaphakathi kwe-70 km ukusuka kwi-Russian kwikoyiri yaseRussia kwaye yabeka imipu. Ixesha elifanayo laphawulwa zizizathu zabalingane kunye nokuvalwa ukuvalwa eRussia bezinto zabathengi abangamaYuda.
Umgaqo-nkqubo wezangaphandle waseIvan owoyikekayo kwinqanaba lokuqala leBhodi lagcwala ngeemfazwe ezininzi, ezaphumelela kakhulu. Uthathe inxaxheba kwimikhankaso kwaye sele elawulwa nguKazan no-Astrakhakhan, emva kokuba inxalenye yamazwe aseSiberia wangena kwiRussia. Ngo-1553, i-Monarch yaqalisa ukulungiselela ubudlelwane borhwebo ne-England, kwaye emva kweminyaka emi-5 wangena kwimfazwe kunye noloyiso olukhulu kwaye waphulukana namanye amazwe angamaRussia.
Emva kokuphulukana nemfazwe, u-Ivan Grozny waqala ukukhangela abo banetyala boyiswa, bekhupha i-rada yomthetho kunye ne-rada ekhethiweyo kwaye benyuka ngendlela yokuzilawula ezazizaliswe kwezopolitiko.
I-oprichnina
IBhodi ye-Ivan yesoyikekayo kwinqanaba lesibini yayikukuthamba kunye negazi. Ngo-1565, wazisa uhlobo olukhethekileyo lukarhulumente, ngenxa yoko iRussia yahlulahlulwe yangamacandelo amabini - i-oprichnin kunye nomhlaba. U-Ochirichniki, owazisa isifungo ekunyanisekeni kukumkani, wawa phantsi kokuzinyameka kwakhe kwaye engakwazi ukunxibelelana namahlabathi ahlawula isabelo sengonyama ehlawulwa yinkosi yabo.
Kumazwe aseKrichnina, umkhosi wokuninzi wahlanganisana ngale ndlela, yeyiphi iVan Garzny ukukhululeka kuxanduva. Bavunyelwe ukuba bacwangcise ukuphanga kunye nemiqobo ye-boycar ngokunyanzelwa, kwaye kwimeko yokuxhathisa bavunyelwe ukuba bangabi nakumtsalane kwaye babulale wonke umntu kwilori yombuso.
Ngo-1571, xa i-chartan uKan Devlet-Garyra yahlasela iRussia, i-Ekrichnina Ivan Grozny yabonisa ukungabinakho ukulwa, kwaye kuyo yonke imikhosi emininzi, inkosi yakwazi uku Qokelela kuphela intlangano, ongekhe akwazi ukumelana nomkhosi we-chartan chan. Ngenxa yoko, u-Ivan Grozny ukuphepha i-Oprichnin, bayeka ukubulala abantu kwaye bayalele ukuba baqulunqe uluhlu lweSikhumbuzo babantu abaphumileyo kwiimonimative.
Iziphumo zolawulo lukaIvan kuye kwabakho uqoqosho lwelizwe kunye nokoyiswa okukhulu kwiMfazwe yaseLivonia, ethi, ngokutsho kwababhali-mbali, yayingumbandela wobomi bakhe. UMonana waqonda ukuba ngokuqhuba elizweni, wenza iimpazamo ezininzi kuphela kungekuphela nje ngaphakathi, kodwa nakwimigaqo-nkqubo yangaphandle, ethi ngasekupheleni kweBhodi yenze ukuba inyanzelwe i-ivan.
Ngeli xesha, wenza olunye ulwaphulo-ligazi kunye namaxesha omsindo wambulala ngengozi unyana wakhe kunye nokuqeshiswa kwentloko yetrone ye-Ivan Ivanovich. Emva koko, ukumkani wayenqwenela ngokupheleleyo kwaye wayefuna ukuya kwimonki.
Ubomi Buqu
Ubomi bukaIvan bobuqu buye bugcwele, kunye nebhodi yakhe. Ngokutsho kwababhali-mbali, ukumkani wokuqala wayo yonke iRussia wayetshatile izihlandlo ezisixhenxe. Umfazi wokuqala kaMonarch wayenguAnastasia Zaharin-yuryev, otshatile ngo-1547. Ngaphezu kweminyaka eli-10 womtshato, ukumkanikazi wazala abantwana abathandathu, basinda khona i-Ivan noFeder noFenar.
Emva kokuba uAstastasia wasweleka ngo-1560, uIvan Grozny watshata nentombi kaKabhardian Maria Cheria Sckiasy. Ngonyaka wokuqala wobomi bomtshato kunye noNzala, umfazi wesibini wamzalela uNyana, owafa ngenyanga. Emva koko, umdla ka-Ivan owoyikekayo kwinkosikazi yakhe wanyamalala, kwaye emva kweminyaka esi-8, uMaria waswelekayo.
Umfazi wesithathu ka-Ivan owoyikekayo we-marfatin uyintombazana yeKlomna Nolebleman. Umtshato wabo wenzeka ngo-1571. Umtshato wesithathu wokumkani wasamkela iintsuku ezili-15 kuphela - uMaria wasweleka ngenxa yezizathu ezingaziwayo. Emva kweenyanga ezi-6, ukumkani waphinda watshata uAnna Kolovskaya. Lo mtshato wawungekho mntwana, kwaye ngonyaka wobomi bentsapho inkwenkwe yakhe yesine, ukumkani waqukumbela iqabane lakhe kwimonimate, apho wasweleka khona ngo-1626.
Umfazi wesihlanu womlawuli waba nguMaria Dolgoruk, wahamba waya echibini emva koMtshato wokuqala ubusuku, njengoko wafumanisa ukuba umfazi wakhe omtsha wayengenguye intombi yakhe. Ngo-1975, waphinda watshata uAnna vasilchikova, owayengayi kudla ngokulalelwa nguKumkanikazi, naye, naye, naye, naye, naye, naye, naye, kunye naye, naye, naye, naye, naye, naye, kunye naye, naye, naye, naye, naye, naye, naye, kunye naye, naye, naye, naye, naye, naye, kunye naye, naye, naye, naye, naye, naye, naye, naye, naye, kunye naye, naye, naye, naye, naye, naye, naye, naye, naye, naye ukumkani, naye, naye, kunye naye, naye, naye, naye, naye, naye, kunye naye, naye, naye, naye, naye, naye, naye, naye, naye, naye, naye, naye, naye, engasami kude, naye, naye, naye, naye, naye, naye, naye, naye, naye, naye, naye uvalelwe kukumkanikazi.
Elokugqibela, inkosikazi yesixhenxe ivan yesoyikeka yayinguMaria Nagaya, owatshata naye ngo-1580. Kwiminyaka emibini kamva, i-Tsarevich Drimiry yazala i-Tsarevich, eyasweleka kwiminyaka engama-9. UMariya emva kokusweleka komyeni wakhe, inkosi entsha yagxothwa eGlich, kwaye emva kwe-Nun. Waba ngumntu onzima kwimbali yaseRussia njengonina we-fitmimeria, ebhodini yakhe kwakufuneka ngexesha elinengxaki.
Ukufa
Ukufa kukaKumkani wokuqala wabo bonke iRussia ivan Grozny yafika ngoMatshi 28, 1584 eMoscow. Umlawuli wasweleka emva komdlalo we-chess ekukhuleni kwe-osteophytes, eyakutshanje iye yenze ukuba iphantse ilungiswe. Imozulu, indlela yokuphila enempilo kwaye lo silumkiso sinzulu senze i-Ivan Garzny kwiminyaka yeminyaka engama-53 ngexhego, elikhokelela ekufeni kwangoko.U-Ivan Grozny wangcwatyelwa ecaleni konyana wakhe uIntin eKethangenilt ye-Curthangesral, abekwe eMoscow kremren. Emva kwengcwabe, u-Monarch waqalisa ukuvela amarhe akhe ukuba ukumkani wasweleka unogonyamelo, hayi ukufa kwendalo. Ezemicimbi, i-Ivan Grozny yayityhefu ityhefu kaPorinov, owati emva kwakhe waba ngumlawuli waseRussia.
Inguqulelo yetyhefu yemonarch itshekishwe ngo-1963 xa kuvulwa amangcwaba asebukhosini-abaphandi abakhange bafumane kwintsalela yomxholo owongezelelekileyo we-Arsenic, ke ukubulala i-Ivan Grozny khange kuqinisekiswe. Kolu shiqo, iRurikovich iyamisa ngokupheleleyo, kwaye kwilizwe laqalisa ixesha elingangempela.
Imemori
Into eqaqambileyo yembali ayinakubangela umdla kwizizukulwana ezilandelayo. Malunga nexesha le-Ivan Ivan Garzny, iincwadi ezininzi zibhalwa, iifilimu zefilimu kunye nemiboniso yeTV, zombini amaxwebhu kunye nobugcisa.
Elinye lawona mboniso bhanyabhanya wefilimu ye-Tsar enkulu yayingumfanekiso kwiprojekthi kamama "i-Grozny", ekhutshwe ngo-2020. UAlexander Yatselo wadlala indima kaIvanka ebutsheni bakhe, iSergey Makovetsky yadlala inkosi eklasini, iTatyana i-ronze i-atastasia romanovna. UArthur Ivanov, Konstantin Kryukov, i-Lymila Polungukova kunye nabanye abadlali nabo bakhwela kuluhlu.