Biography
"Umqokeleli wehlabathi laseRussia" noIvan obizwa ngokuba yinzala yoxabiso lomlawuli wabo u-Ivan I-Ivan I-Ivan I-I-III Vankevich. Kwaye iNikolai Karazin iphakamise lo mntu wenza i-Peter I. Yena, uGraz osuka kwi-1462 ukuya kwi-1562 ukuya kwi-1505, etyala ukwandisa intsimi yamawaka amawaka amawaka. Kodwa eyona nto iphambili - ekugqibeleni wakwazi ukugcina iRus esemsebenzini minyaka le ukuhlawula uloyiko olukhulu lwe-Golden Horde.Ubuntwana noLutsha
U-Ivan wazalwa owesithathu ngoJanuwari 1440. Inkwenkwe yaba ngunyana omkhulu we-MOSCOW iPrince i-II vasilysevich kunye noMary Yarossalavv, umzukulwana wePrince Vladimir isibindi. Xa uIvan wayeneminyaka emi-5, utata wakhe wabanjwa kwiitayile. Kwinkoliso ye-MOSCOW, waphakanyiswa ngokukhawuleza kwitrone yohlobo lwenzala yenzala kaIvan Kalita - Iprince Dmimry Yievich Shevivich shevich shevich shevich shevich shevich shemmaki. Ngenkululeko yakhe, iVasly II II yanyanzelwa ukuba ithembise intlawulelo, emva kokukhululwa inkosana. Ukufika eMoscow, utata ka-Ivan waphinda wafumana itrone, kwaye uSmyak waya eGlich.
Uninzi lwabantu ababephila ngokungonwabisi ngezenzo zenkosana, eyaba mandundu isikhundla sabantu, sakhulisa irhafu nge-horde. I-DMMMIRY YAYEYIVEVICH yaba ngumququzeleli weyelenqe lokuchasana nenkosi enkulu, kunye noogxa bakhe bathatha iVaslyily II bayimfamelweyo kwaye bayimfamekisa. I-Vaslyly II kunye nabantwana bayo bakwazile ukubaleka eMurom. Kodwa kungekudala kwaphela inkosana yasePrisi, ngelo xesha wafumana igama lesidlaliso emnyama ngenxa yobumfama, waya eSver. Apho wacela inkxaso yePrince Grand Boris Tven, enesongelwe i-Ivan eneminyaka emithandathu ubudala nentombi yakhe uMaria Boriovna.
Kungekudala wakwazi ukulawula ukubuyisela amandla eMoscow, kwaye emva kokusweleka kwemihlambi, abahlali bagqiba. Ukutshata ngo-1452 noMtshakazi, uIvan waba liqabane likaYise. Ekuzithobeleni kwakhe, i-pereslavl-zanxibe i-hisky yayisisixeko, kwaye kwiminyaka eli-15 ivan sele lenze uhambo lokuqala ngokuchasene neTatar. Kwiminyaka engama-20, inkosana ikhuphe uMkhosi weMoskow.
Nge-22, uIvan kwafuneka athabathe iBhodi ngokuzimeleyo: Vaslyt II icinezelwe.
Ibhunga lolawulo
Emva kokusweleka kukaTata uIvan, owesithathu wafumana iflethi enkulu neyona ibaluleke kakhulu, equka izixeko zeMoscow kunye nezixeko ezinkulu: Kostroma, i-vladimir, i-unigi, i-wizhny novdod. Abazalwana bakaIvan andrei Bolshaya, uAndrei, kancinane noBoris, bawela kwi-ofisi yaseGlich, iVologda kunye nevolokomsk.U-Ivan III, njengoko uTata walitha, waqhubeka nemigaqo-nkqubo yakhe yendibano. Ucebise ilizwe laseRussia ngandlela zonke iindlela: apho ubunyani kunye nokuphembelela, kwaye phi kwaye phi. Ngo-1463, u-Ivan III wakwazi ukunamathisela i-Yaroslavl ubuncinci, kwi-1474 ye-1474 yoRhulumente yenyuke ngomhlaba kaRostov.
Kodwa yayisisiqalo nje. URUS wayeqhubeka nokubeka phezulu, ngokukhawuleza kunamazwe amakhulu akwaNovgorod. Emva koko, i-tver inikezele kwinceba yabaphumeleleyo, kwaye ngokuthe ngcembe wafudukela kwi-Ivan iVYANKAYE ne-PSKOV.
I-Grand Duke ikwazile ukuphumelela kwiimfazwe ezimbini neLithuania, ithathela ingqalelo inxenye ye-snolensky kunye ne-cherlehiv iinkosana. I-Gandet Ivan III ihlawule iodolo yeLivonia.
Isiganeko esibalulekileyo ngexesha lolawulo lukaIvan III lalingemva kweNovgorod. Inkoliso ye-Mscow enkulu yayizama ukunamathisela i-NoVgorod ukusukela kwixesha lika-Ivan Kalisita, kodwa kunokwenzeka ukuba ibeka phantsi isixeko saseTan. I-NovgoroD ifune ukugcina inkululeko evela eMoscow kwaye ifuna inkxaso evela kwiNtloko yeLithuanines. Ukusuka kwinyathelo lokugqibela, babebamba kuphela ukuba i-orthodoxy kweli tyala lafakwa ingozi.
Nangona kunjalo, kunye namanzi esiqithi saseLithuania, iPrince Mikhail Oleolkovich, ngo-1470, uNovgoroD watyikitya isivumelwano ne-xem xegir. Ukufunda malunga noku, u-Ivan III wathumela abathunywa ukuya kwisixeko esisemantla, kwaye emva kokukhululwa kunyaka ongaphantsi konyaka waqala imfazwe. Ngexesha le-Shelolon ye-Shelon, i-Novolo yaphukile, kodwa akukho luncedo lwalandelwa kwiLithuania. Ngenxa yothethathethwano, i-Novgorod yabhengezwa njengexhoba leNkosana yeMoscow.
Kwiminyaka emithandathu kamva, u-Ivan III wathabatha olunye uhambo oluya eNovgorod, emva kokuba i-boy yenkwenkwe yenqaba ukuyamkela inkosi yakhe. Iminyaka emibini, i-Grand Duke yakhokelela ekubeni uNovgoroD, ungqingo ekugqibeleni lungaphantsi kuye umzi. Ngo-1480, ukuhlaliswa kwabo abahlali baseNovgorod baqala kwilizwe le-Mscow, kunye neMoscow Boyares kunye nabathengisi-kwi-novgorod.
Kodwa eyona nto iphambili - ukusuka kwi-1480 iGraz kaGram Deke Moscow ihlawule umrhumo kumaza e-Arders. I-RUS, ekugqibeleni, ifihlwe iminyaka engama-250 yedyokhwe. Kuyaphawuleka ukuba kunokwenzeka ukufezekisa inkululeko ngaphandle kokuphalazwa kwegazi. Kwihlobo lonke lomkhosi wase-Ivan waseIntan noKhan Akhmas bame ngapha nangapha. Bahlulwe kuphela nguMlambo i-Ugrome (imile yentsimbi kwisela). Ke lona idabi lenzekanga, yahamba ke, loo mambambo ehamba nantoni na. Kwimidlalo ye-nerves iphumelele umkhosi wePrince yaseRussia.
Kwaye ngexesha lolawulo luka-Ivan III, i-moscow yangoku ye-moscow ivele, yakhiwa kwisitena kwindawo endala yesakhiwo esidala somthi. Inkundla yemithetho karhulumente yabhalwa yaza yamkelwa, ityala, ukukhetha amandla amancinci. Sikwabonakala ngathi siphambili sokudibana kunye nenkqubo yomnini womhlaba we-Advanced ixesha labo. Qala ukwenziwa kweSerfdom. Abalingane ababedla ngokuhamba komnye umniniyo baye kwenye ngokukhululekileyo, ngoku balinganiselwe kwikota yosuku lwe-Yurian. Ngenguqu yabalingane, ixesha elithile lonyaka libalaselisiwe-kwiveki ngaphambi nasemva kweholide ye-Autumge uGeorge eyoyisileyo.
Ndiyabulela kuIvan, ubuyisi bobukhulu beMoscow jika ndaya kwimeko eqinileyo, eyafundwa eYurophu. Kwaye uIvan Omkhulu waza waba ngumlawuli wokuqala waseRussia, obizwa ngokuba "ngurhulumente wabizwa ngokuba" ngurhulumente wabizwa ngokuba "ngurhulumente wabizwa ngokuba yiRussia." Ababhali-mbali bayakhankanya ukuba iRussia yangoku isekwe kwisiseko sokuba ivan III Vaineneevich ibotshwe ngemisebenzi yayo. Kwanakho ukhozi olunentloko ephindwe kabini - kwaye wagculela idyasi yengalo emva kolawulo lukaJary Doke Moskovsky. Enye ibolekwe ngumboniso we-Byzantium wentloko ye-MOSCOW ngumfanekiso we-george uloyisi, ukubetha i-zmia.
Baxoxa ukuba iMfundiso "Moscow - iRoma yesithathu" yaqala ngexesha lolawulo lukaIvan Vasneevich. Njengoko kunjalo, ngenxa yoko, ngobukhulu boMbuso unyuke phantse amatyeli ama-3.
Ubomi bomntu ivan III
Umfazi wokuqala ka-Ivan omkhulu yayingu-rinces tverkaya maria. Wafa ke, wazala umyeni wakhe ngokuphela kukaIvan omncinci.
Ubomi bobuqu Ivan III itshintshe iminyaka emi-3 emva kokusweleka komfazi wakhe. Umtshato kwinkosazana ekhanyisayo yesiGrike, umnyhali kunye nethambo lomlawuli odlulileyo uBytsariagium wephambukisa, waza waba yinto enjengesongamileyo ngenxa yeRussia neyaseRussia. I-Sofia Paleogist ebhaptiziweyo eOrthodoxy yazisa intsha kwaye iluncedo kubomi bezinto zakudala.
I-Etiquette ivele enkundleni. I-Sovia Fominelist i-Paleologist inyanzelise uhlengahlengiso lwemali enkulu, "i-Wring" ivela eYurophu ye-Eurorhos yeRoma. Kodwa eyona nto iphambili kukuba yayiyeyona nto iyenza lula indoda yakhe ukuba ithathe isigqibo sokwala ukuhlawula imbeko kwi-Golden Horde, kuba abafo boyika basoyika kakhulu inyathelo. Ixhaswa liqabane elithembekileyo, uMongami waqhekeza uKhan olandelayo, awazisa ii-Ambustical ambissis.
Mhlawumbi, uIvan noSophia babethandana. Umyeni waphulaphula icebiso lobulumko lokuba ngumfazi wakhe oqaqambileyo, nangona engazange athande i-boedare, ngaphambili wayenempembelelo ehlaziyiweyo kwinkosana. Kule mtshato, oko kuye kwaba ngumandlalo wokuqala, imbewu emininzi yavela - oonyana aba-5 neentombi ezi-4. Omnye wonyana, uVaswely III, wadlula amandla orhulumente.
Ukufa kuka-Ivan III
U-Ivan III wasinda umfazi wakhe amthandayo kangangeminyaka emi-2. Kwakungekho ku-Okthobha 27, 1505. I-Grand Duke yayingcwatyelwe eKerathangesk.Emva koko, ngo-1929, iziqwengana zabafazi bobabini bakaIvan enkulu - uMary Boririovna kunye ne-sofia paleogist zatshintshelwa kwisiseko sale tempile.
Imemori
Inkumbulo ye-Ivan III ifakwe kwinani lezikhumbuzo ezikhoyo eKalga, Narban Mare, e-Moscow, eVeliky Novgorod kwi-Millenium yeli xesha lesikhumbuzo saseRussia. I-biographies ye-radies ye-Grand Duke i-Grand yamaxwebhu aliqela, kubandakanya ukusuka kwi-Rus Ruristriers. Ibali lothando luka-Ivan vankevich kunye ne-sofia phaleogist yayisekwe kwi-Alexey Elexey Andrianova "Sofia", apho iindima eziphambili zidlalwa khona yi-Evganov naseMaria Adoria Andreeva.
Ungcelele lwamanqaku athi "Grozny", epapashwe kwi-2020s, waba luqhubekele kule projekthi imbali. Indima ye-Ivan III iphinde yaya eTsyganov, umfanekiso we-Ivan ombi kakhulu oboyikekayo uAlexander Yatsenk u kunye neSergey Makovetsky. Nakumfanekiso, Yuri Kolookolnikov, uVictor Sokhokov, Tatyana LYALINA.