Biography
UMarina Ivanovna Tsvetaeva - i-Russian Peetesess, oguqulelayo, umbhali wezincoko zendalo kunye namanqaku anzima. Ithathelwa ingqalelo elinye lawona manani aphambili kwimibongo yehlabathi yenkulungwane yama-20. Namhlanje babizwa ngokuba yi-shittomatiy ye-shittotiy ye-marina tsvetaeva malunga nothando, 'njengokuba kunjalo, "ingenguye owayifumana ikhaya - ndabuya ..." Kwaye abanye abaninzi.
Usuku lokuzalwa lukaMarina Tsvetaeva luwa kwiholide ye-Orthodox yememori yompostile uYohane iBogoslov. Le meko ye-geesess kamva ibonakalisa rhoqo kwimisebenzi yakhe. Intombazana eMoscow yazalwa, kwintsapho yeProindor Mores, umbhali-mbali odumileyo uIvadirovich Tesvetaeva, kunye nomfazi wakhe wesibini uMary, umfundi waseNikolai Rubinstein. KuBawo, uMarina wayenetrateni omnye uAndrei noDade e-Antocaria, kunye noDade waKhe Antostasia. Ubungqina bokuyila abazali babeka umnwe womnwe kunye nobuntwana beTsitTaeva. Umama waqeqesha umdlalo wakhe kwipiyano kwaye waphupha xa ebona intombi enemvumi, kwaye utata wakhe walusa uthando lweencwadi ezisemgangathweni ezisemgangathweni kunye neelwimi zasemzini.
Kwenzeka loo nto ukuba uMarina noMama babedla ngokuhlala kwelinye ilizwe, ngenxa yoko kwakuthetha ngokukhululekileyo kungekuphela nje ngesiRashiya, kodwa kunye nesiFrentshi nesiJamani. Ngapha koko, xa i-marina eneminyaka emithandathu ubudala i-mariavava iqalile ukubhala imibongo, yaqulunqa zombini zontathu, kwaye uninzi lwazo zonke - ngesiFrentshi. I-Peered Feeder odumileyo yaqala ukufumana kwi-MOSCOW ye-MOSCOW, kwaye kamva wafunda kwizindlu zendwendwe zamantombazana eSwitzerland naseJamani. Xa wayeneminyaka eyi-16, wazama ukumamela izifundo kwiincwadi zeZinyuko kwi-Pris Sorbonne, kodwa olo qeqesho aluzange lugqibe apho.
Xa i-pheetestass Tsvetaeva yaqala ukupapasha imibongo yakhe, waqalisa ukunxibelelana ngokusondeleyo nesangqa sesangqa seempawu ze-moscow kwaye sithatha inxaxheba kwi-Studis yeNdlu yokushicilela "i-Musiogt". Kungekudala imfazwe yamakhaya iqala. Le minyaka ibinzima kakhulu kwimeko yokuziphatha yebhinqa eliselula. Umsantsa wokuzalwa kwindawo emhlophe kunye nezinto ezibomvu akazange avume kwaye engavumi. Ngentwasahlobo ye-1922, uMarina Olegovna ufumana imvume yokufudukela eRussia kwaye aye kwiRiphabliki yaseCzech, apho umyeni wakhe wabaleka khona, i-sergey Efgey, enza iyunivesithi emhlophe, kwaye ngoku wayefunda kwiDyunivesithi yasePrague.
Ixesha elide, ubomi bukaMarina Tsvetaeva babuchanyi kuphela ngePrague, kodwa kunye neBerlin, kwaye kwiminyaka emithathu usapho lwakhe lwaya kufika kwikomkhulu laseFrance. Kodwa ke, ulonwabo, eli bhinqa alizange lingene. Umntu otyhafisayo wabenzela ukuba umyeni wakhe wayenenxaxheba eklinikeni ingonyamakazi yeTrotsky kwaye waqeshwa ngurhulumente waseSoviet. Ngapha koko, uMarina waqonda ukuba umoya wakhe wayengenguye ummiselo, kwaye iRussia ingavumeli iingcinga neentliziyo zakhe.
Umbongo
Ingqokelela yokuqala yeMarina Tsvetaeva ebizwa ngokuba "yi-albhamu yangokuhlwa" yabona ukukhanya ngo-1910. Ngokuyintloko ibandakanya indalo yakhe ebhalwe kwiminyaka yesikolo. Mhle ngokukhawuleza ukubenzela i-Peetess Caress utsala umdla wababhali abadumileyo, i-Maximilian Voloshin yaba nomyeni kaNikohitov, kunye nomsunguli we-valery briyossov. Kwi-wave yempumelelo, uMarina ubhala inqaku lokuqala le-prosasaic "yomlingo kwindinyana yeBrysov". Ngendlela, eyona nyaniso iphawuleka kukuba iincwadi zokuqala azipapashiweyo kwimali yazo.
Kungekudala "umlingo wemilingo" ye-marina tsvetaeva yapapashwa, ukudityaniswa kwe-poic yakhe yesibini, ke umsebenzi olandelayo wapapashwa - "kwezi ncwadi zimbini." Kungekudala ngaphambi kwenguquko, i-biography ye-marina tsvetaeva yaxhunya nedolophu yase-Alexandrov, apho yatyelela udade wase-Anastasi neqabane lakhe. Ukusuka kwindawo yokujonga ubuchule, eli xesha libalulekile kuba lizaliswe zizithembiso kubantu abathanda abantu abazithandayo kunye neendawo ezithandekayo kwaye kamva kwabizwa ngokuba ziingcali "zeTsit Standeva." Kulapho ibhinqa ladala imijikelezo edumileyo yemibongo "ukuya kwi-Akhmatova" kwaye "imibongo malunga ne-moscow".
Ngexesha leMfazwe yaseburhulumenteni, uMarina wangena kuvelwano ngentshukumo emhlophe, nangona kunjalo, njengoko kuchaziwe apha ngasentla, ngokubanzi, ukwahlulahlula imibala yelizwe engavunyelwanga. Ngeli xesha, ubhala imibongo yengqokelela "ye-Swan Stan", kunye nemibongo enkulu "Tsar-faiden", "I-Egrushka", "kwiDolophu ye-goone" kunye nemidlalo ebomvu ye-kso. Emva kokutsalwa kwelinye ilizwe, i-poetess idibanisa umsebenzi omninzi omkhulu - "umbongo wentaba" kunye "nembongo yesiphelo", eya kuba phakathi kwemisebenzi yabo ephambili. Kodwa uninzi lweevesi zexesha lokufuduka alizange lipapashiwe. Le yokugqibela yapapashwa ingqokelela "emva kweRussia", equka imibhalo ye-marina Tesvetaeva de kube ngo-1925. Nangona engazange ayeke ukubhala.
Abaphambukeli bakuxabisa ngakumbi i-prose ye-Tsvetaeva - iinkumbulo zakhe zeembongi zaseRussia u-Andrei White, i-Maxilian Voloshin, i-mikhail voshin, "i-pimenkin ye-pimen" kunye nabanye. Kodwa imibongo ayithenganga, nangona uMarina wabhala umjikelo omangalisayo we-Mayyakovsky, "imyumyuhlungu" emnyama "ekungazibulali kwesobe yeSoviet. Ukufa kukaVladimir Vladimirovich kwaphela ngokoqobo ibhinqa lokuba kwiminyaka emininzi unokuziva, funda le mibongo yeMarina Tesvetaeva.
Ubomi Buqu
Ndikunye nomyeni wakhe wexesha elizayo, uSergei Efron we-poeeds wadibana ngo-1911 endlwini yomhlobo wakhe uMaximilian Voloshin eKoktelbel. Kwiinyanga ezintandathu kamva, baba yindoda nomfazi wakhe, yaye kungekudala kwavela intombi yawo uAringadne. Kodwa uMarina wayengumfazi othanda kakhulu kwaye ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo, abanye abantu bathabatha intliziyo yakhe. Umzekelo, imbongi enkulu yaseRussia Bisris Paris, i-Tsvetaeva yayifumene ubudlelwane bothando lweminyaka eli-10, ayizange iphele ukufuduka.
Ukongeza, ePrague, i-poetess yaqalisa inoveli enesaqhwithi kunye negqwetha kunye negqwetha konstantin rodzevich. Unxibelelwano lwabo lwaluhlala malunga neenyanga ezintandathu, emva koko lwaza lwaza lwaza lwazahlula intanda kunye nothando lwentaba "lo mbongo wentaba" lothando lwentaba ", umbonisi wentaba" ukhetha inqaku lothando .
Kodwa ubomi bobuqu beMarina Tesvetaeva badityaniswa kungekuphela ngamadoda kuphela. Kwanangaphambi kokufuduka, ngo-1914 wadibana nomboniso woncwadi onesifo somenzi we-poetess kunye nomguquleli waseSoftok. Amanenekazi akhawuleza afumanise uvelwano omnye komnye, owaguqukayo waba yinto engaphezulu. UMarina unikezelwe kumjikelo wentanda yemibongo "yentombi", emva kokuba ubudlelwane babo buphuma emithunzini. I-Efron yayisazi ngenovezo lomfazi wayo, ikhwele kakhulu, yaneliswa yimiliko, neTvetaeva ukuba basindile kuye eShiya. Nangona kunjalo, ngo-1916 wahlukana nomdlalo, ebuya kwiqabane lakhe kunye nentombi yakhe uIrena azale umfazi wakhe. Malunga noqhagamshelo olungaqhelekanga lwe-poetess luya kuthi kamva, umfazi othanda umfazi ngenene, kodwa ngaba amanye amadoda adinisayo. Nangona kunjalo, uthando lukaMarina Garrina lubonakaliswa njenge "intlekele yokuqala ebomini bakhe."
Emva kokuzalwa kwentombi yesibini, uMarina Tesvetaeva ujongene nomtya omnyama ebomini. Uguquko, ukubaleka umyeni phesheya, isidingo esigqithisileyo, indlala. Intombi endala yase-Ariadne yagula kakhulu, kwaye iTsvetaeva inika abantwana indawo yokuhlala kwilali yaseKulsovo kufuphi eMoscow. I-Ariadona yafunyanwa, kodwa igula kwaye irina yasweleka kwiminyaka emithathu yobudala.
Emva kwexesha, emva kokudibana nomyeni wakhe ePrague, umondesi wazala umntwana wesithathu - unyana kaGeorge, owayebizwa ngokuba ngu "Morure" kusapho. Inkwenkwe yayibuhlungu kwaye ibuthathaka, ngexesha leMfazwe Yehlabathi II yaya ngaphambili, apho wasweleka kwihlobo lowe-1944. UGeorgy Efron wangcwatyelwa kwingcwaba elininzi kwingingqi ye-vitebsk. Ngenxa yokuba i-Ariadana noGeorge babenabantwana babo, ke namhlanje akukho nzala ngqo inzala enkulu.
Ukufa
Ukufuduka, uMarina nosapho bakhe babephila phantse kubuhlwempu. Indoda kaTsvetaee yayingenakusebenza ngenxa yesi sifo, i-Georgy yavalwa ngokupheleleyo, iAriadne izamile ukunceda ezemali, izabelo zezabelo, kodwa ingeniso yabo yayiyimirhumo enqabileyo yamanqaku kunye nezincoko ezizezisiTsina Tsvetaeva. Ubize ngokucotha ngokucothayo kwindlala. Ke ngoko, onke amalungu osapho ahlala ejikela kwi-Soviet i-Soviet ngesicelo sokubuyela kwilizwe labo.
Ngo-1937, ufumana ilungelo lase-Ariadne, emva kweenyanga ezintandathu, iSergey Efron ifudukele eMoscow, eFrance wasisongela ukubanjwa kwakhe njengeepolitiki zokubulawa kwakhe kwezopolitiko. Emva kwethuba, wawela ngokusemthethweni umda kaMarina nonyana wakhe. Kodwa ukubuya kwaguquka yaba yintlekele. Kungekudala, intombi ebanjiweyo yi-NKVD, kunye nayo nomyeni wakhe ngomyeni wakhe. Kwaye ukuba uAriadne emva kokubulawa kukaJoseph Stalin, kwakungekho ngaphezulu kweminyaka eli-15, kwalungiswa, ke i-Efron yadutyulwa ngo-Okthobha 1941.
Nangona kunjalo, umfazi wakhe wayengazi ngaloo nto. Xa kwaqala iMfazwe Yezwe Elinkulu, umfazi ononyana okwishumi elivisayo waya kuphumela kwidolophu yase-Elabuga kumlambo kaMame. Ukufumana ubhaliso lwethutyana, i-poetess inyanzelekile ukuba ifumane umsebenzi wesitya. Ingxelo yakhe yayiye yaya ngo-Agasti 28, 1941, kwaye kwiintsuku ezintathu kamva, uTesvetaeva wazibulala, wonwabile endlwini apho babezimisele khona ngoGeorge. UMarina washiya amanqaku amathathu azibulala. Uye wathetha nonyana wakhe omnye wabo kwaye wacela ukuxolelwa, kwaye kwezinye ezimbini zacela ukuba abantu bacele abantu ukuba banyamekele inkwenkwe.
Kuyinto enomdla kakhulu ukuba xa uMarina Tsina Tesvetaeva wayeya kuthunyelwa kuphela, umhlobo we-borist uBoris siye wamnceda ekupakisheni izinto, ezazithenga ngokukhethekileyo intambo kwizinto ezibophelelayo. Indoda yancoma ukuba ukhuphe intambo enjalo - "nangona uxhonywa" ... Nguye waba sisixhobo sokuzibulala saMarina Ivanovna. Ndingcwatywe i-tsvetaeva kwi-Ebubuga, kodwa kuba imfazwe yaya, indawo yokungcwaba ihleli ingacacanga ukuza kuthi ga ngoku. Izithethe ze-Orthodox azivumeli ukuzibulala, kodwa ubhishophu olawulayo unokukhetha. Kwaye usolusapho uAlexty II ngo-1991, kwisikhumbuzo seminyaka engama-50 yokufa, wasebenzisa eli lungelo. Iqela lecawe laliqhutywa kwiCawe yaseMoscow yokunyukela kweNkosi eNikitky noSango.
Kwinkumbulo ye-poeteress enkulu yaseRussia, iMyuziyam yeMaria Tsvetaeva yavulwa, kwaye ayinguye. Kukho indlu efanayo yenkumbulo kwizixeko zaseTire, kwiKorolev, ivanov, e-feoosia nakwezinye iindawo ezininzi. Kwindlu ye-Okey River, isikhumbuzo somsebenzi we-boris messer sekiwe. Kukho amatye aqingqiweyo kunye nezinye izixeko zaseRussia, kufutshane nasekude phesheya.
Ingqokelela
- I-1910 - i-albhamu yangokuhlwa
- Ngo-1912 -umlingo
- Ngo-1913 - ukusuka kwiincwadi ezimbini
- Ngo-1920 - Tsar-Maiden
- Ngo-1921 - Swan Stan
- Ngo-1923 - i-psyche. IRomance
- Ngo-1924 - I-Poem yasentabeni
- Ngo-1924 - umbongo wesiphelo
- Ngo-1928 - emva kweRussia
- Ngo-1930 - iSiberia.