Biography
Ingonyama i-Trotsky luhlaselo olubalaseleyo lwenkulungwane yama-20, eyayikwimbali njengomnye wabasunguli bemfazwe yamakhaya, umkhosi obomvu kunye ne-metin. Wayengumntu wesibini kurhulumente wokuqala waseSoviet kwaye wayeyintloko yekomishini yabantu emkhosini nasematriki, apho wayezibonakalisa khona, ukuba abe nobunzima behlabathi. Emva kokubhubha kukaVladimir Lenin, wayehambahamba umgaqo-nkqubo weqela likaJoseph Stalin, apho kukho umntu ohluthwe ubumi baseSoviet, ogxothiweyo kwi-Arhente ye-NKVD.
ULeviovich Trotsky wazalwa (igama lokwenyani lokuzalwa - iLanda Daidovich Bronstein) nge-IKODEAN CORTEAP kwiPhondo le-Yaherson kwintsapho yamaYuda yabanini bamaYuda babathengisi bamaYuda. Abazali bakhe babengafundanga abantu abangafundanga, abangazange babathintele ekufumaneni imali kwi-capital kwindlela egudileyo yabagili. Inguqulelo yexesha elizayo ikhule yedwa - wayengenakubahlobo babalingane nabo wayenakho ukukhohlisa kwaye badlale, njengoko yayijikelezwe kuphela ngabantwana bamabetges, awayejongeka phezulu kuye ezantsi. Ngokutsho kwababhali-mbali, bebekwe eTrotsky yeyona nto iphambili kwisimilo apho imvakalelo yabangaphezulu kwabanye abantu bekukho.
Ngo-1889, abazali abancinci bakaTrotsky bathunyelwa ukuba bafunde eOdessa, kuba wayesele enomdla kwimfundo. Apho wafumana i-quota kwiintsapho zamaJuda kwiSikolo se-SV.Pavla, apho waba ngumfundi obalaseleyo kuzo zonke iindlela. Ngelo xesha, akazange acinge ngemisebenzi yoguquko, ukuthanda imizobo, iivesi kunye noncwadi.
Kodwa kwizifundo zokugqibela, uRotsky oneminyaka eli-17 ubudala wawa kwisangqa sabasenyazishini, eyayibandakanyeke kwi-prooltigandary propaganda. Kwangelo xesha, waba nomdla wokufunda imisebenzi kaKarl Marx kwaye kamva waba ngumanyano lwe-marxism. Kwakungelo xesha apho ingcinga ebukhali yaqala ukuvela kuyo, utyekelo lokukhokela, isipho sezulu.
Ukuntywila kwimisebenzi yotshintsho, i-trotsky iququzelela "i-trotsky i-inshurensi yabasebenzi abangama-Russian yesiRashiya, eyayingena yabasebenzi baseNikolaev Weilif. Ngelo xesha, babenomdla omncinci kwimivuzo, njengoko babefumana umvuzo omninzi, kwaye bekhathazekile kwezopolitiko kumgaqo wasebukhosini.
Ngo-1898, uLeo Trotsky okokuqala emsebenzini wakhe oguqukayo, waya entolongweni, apho kwafuneka achithe iminyaka emi-2. Emva koko, ikhonkco lakhe lokuqala eSiberia lalandelwa apho wayeqhuba emva koko wagqiba iminyaka eliqela kamva. Emva koko ukwazile ukwenza ipasipoti engeyonyani, apho iVev Deaoroovich Nazadach Fortsky, njengomphathi omkhulu we-Odessa. Le nto yayiyinto eyayiza kwixesha elizayo iPseudonym yoMvukelo, awayehlala naye ngobomi bakhe obushiyekileyo.
Imisebenzi yoguquko
Ngo-1902, emva kokubaleka kwisalathiso saseSiberia, uLeo Trotsky waya eLondon ukuze ajoyine i-lenin, ekwakhe enxibelelana nabo ngeendlela zePladimir Illiich. Inguqulelo yexesha elizayo yaba ngomnye wababhali bephephandaba laseLeninsky phantsi kwepseududuguudonym ".
I-Brospoprices kunye neenkokeli zedemokhrasi yentlalo yaseRussia, i-rotsky ngokukhawuleza kakhulu ifumene ukuthandwa kunye nodumo, ukuthetha ngokugcuma kwe-agestrating ngaphambi kokuba kutyibilike ngaphambi kokufuduka. Wabetha ojikelezayo kunye neorensi, eyamvumela ukuba ayoyike isimo sengqondo esinzulu kwintshukumo yeBolshevik, ngaphandle kolutsha.
Ngeli xesha, ingonyama i-Trotsky yakudala ixhaswe ngomgaqo-nkqubo kaLenin, awayepeyintwe nguLenin dubyon. Kodwa ihlala ixesha elide - ngokoqobo ngo-1903 inguqu ifudukele kwicala laseMonhevis kwaye laqala ukumangalela uLINIn ekwintsapho. Kodwa kunye neenkokheli zeMonhevismsm "azihambi", njengoko wayefuna ukuzama ukudibanisa amaqhezu e-bolsheviks kunye ne-monhevinks, eyenza ukungavisisani kwezopolitiko. Ngenxa yoko, wazisa "ilungu elithi" langaphezulu lentlalontle yenkululeko, bebeka isukelo lokudala elakhe lwangoku, oluya kuba luphantsi kune-bolsheviks kunye ne-meninheviks.
Ngo-1905, uLeo Trotsky ubuyela kwilizwe lakhe, kwi-Pestsburity ye-St. Petersburg, kwaye ngoko nangoko waqhekeza kwiziganeko. Ngokukhawuleza uququzelela iBhunga labasebenzi leSttersburg labasebenzi kwaye lenza iintetho ezivuthayo phambi kwezihlwele zabantu abasele bengamandla oqoqosho. Kwimisebenzi yabo esebenzayo, impikiso laphinda laya entolongweni kwakhona, njengoko wanikezela ngokuqhubekayo emva kokuba i-Royal Eardsto ivele, kwathiwa abantu abafumana amalungelo ezopolitiko. Kwangelo xesha, wayehluthwe onke amalungelo aseburhulumenteni kunye nendawo yokuhlala ngonaphakade bathunyelwa eSiberia.
Endleleni eya kwi "Polar Tundra", uLeru Rotsky wakwazi ukubaleka kwi-gendarmes kwaye waya eFinland, apho avela khona eYurophu. Ukususela ngo-1908, uguquko luhlala kwiVienna, apho waqala khona ukupapasha iphephandaba elithi "yinyani". Kodwa kwiminyaka emine kamva, ii-bolsheviks phantsi kobunkokeli bukaLenin bangenelele kule ncwadi uVesaorhovich baya eParis, apho wakhululwa khona iphephandaba "Ilizwi lethu". Ilizwi lethu "
Emva kotshintsho ngoFebruwari ngo-1917, uTrotsky wagqiba kwelokuba abuyele eRussia. Inene kwisikhululo saseFinland, waya ePetrosovet, apho wanikwa ubulungu nelizwi legazi. Ngokwenyani kwiinyanga ezimbalwa zokuhlala eSt.
Ngo-Oktobha 1917, i-prosarerionary idala ikomiti yemvukelo yasemkhosini, kwaye nge-25 ka-Okthobha (nge-7 kaNovemba, isitayile esitsha) siqhuba umphakamo ovuthuzayo wokubhukuqa kwesebe lethutyana, elingenisa i-Okthobha. Ngenxa yenguquko, iiBolsheviks zeza kumandla phantsi kobunkokeli be-lenin.
Phantsi korhulumente omtsha, u-Lev Rtsky wafumana indawo ye-comrissar yemicimbi yabantu, yaye ngo-1918 waba yikomishini yabantu kwimicimbi yasemkhosini naseMatride. Ukusukela ngalo mzuzu, waqala ukwenza umkhosi obomvu, enza amanyathelo anzima - wangena ezintolongweni kwaye wadubula bonke abaphumeleleyo, bangenza inceba bonke ababambisayo, bengakhange benze inceba nabani na, owehlayo kwimbali phantsi komxholo "ukoyikeka obomvu".
Ukongeza kwimicimbi yasemkhosini, wasebenza ngokusondeleyo noLenin kwimicimbi yangaphakathi neyangaphandle. Ke, ekupheleni kwemfazwe yamakhaya, ukuthandwa kwengonyama i-Trocksky kufikelela, kodwa ukusweleka kwe "nkokeli ye-bolsheviks" engamvumeli ukuba aqhubele phambili kwi-"Mkhosini Bomanyamsi" kumgaqo-nkqubo omtsha wezoqoqosho .
UDOtsky wayengazange akwazi ukuba "ongcungcuthekiswa" uLenin kunye nendawo yakhe ekugqumeni kwelizwe ahlala uJoseph Stalin, owabona umdlali welinye iqela likaLovze, wakhawuleza ukuba 'akhawuleze "ukuba" akhawuleze "akhawuleze akwazi" ukuba angabi namchasi ". NgoMeyi 1924, inguquko yabekwa engozini yokwenene kubachasi phantsi kobunkokeli beStalin, ngenxa yoko waphulukana nePosi yeMicimbi ye-Naval kunye nobulungu kwikomiti ephakathi kwezopolitiko. Ngo-1926, uTrotsky wazama ukubuyisela isikhundla sakhe kwaye ucwangcise umboniso we-anti-ochasene norhulumente, ngenxa yoko wagxothwa kwiAlmamay, emva koko waya kwi-turkey ngokukhupha ubumi baseSoviet.
Ekuthilekeni kwi-USSR, uLeo Trotsky akazange ayeke umzabalazo kunye neStalin - waqala ukupapasha "i-tyholetion bulletin" kwaye yadala i-Autobiograph "ubomi bam", nto leyo yafumana imisebenzi yakhe. Uye wabhala isincoko sembali 'kwimbali yeVenkile yaseRussia ", apho wabonisa ukuba u-Emperist Russia kunye nemfuno yohlaziyo luka-Okthobha.
Ngo-1935, uLevievovich wafudukela eNorway, apho wawa kwingcinezelo yabasemagunyeni engafunekiyo ukonakalisa ubudlelwane neSoviet Union. Inguqu ithathe yonke imisebenzi kwaye ityalwe phantsi kwendlu. Oku kukhokelele kwinto yokuba uTrotsky wagqiba kwelokuba ahambe eMexico, apho "ngokukhuselekileyo" elandela uphuhliso lwemicimbi e-USSR.
Ngo-1936, uLeo Trotsky wayigqiba incwadi yakhe ethi "Inguquko esisingeleyo", apho i-stroline yolawulo lweStroline yayiyindawo yokuguqulela. Kwiminyaka emibini kamva, i-prolirionary ivakalisa ukudalwa kwenye "i-stalinism" yelizwe lesine, elinendlalifa nokubakhona nanamhlanje.
Ubomi Buqu
Ubomi bobuqu be-quotsky babunxibelelene ngendlela engaxinwanga ngayo nemisebenzi yakhe yoguquko. Umfazi wakhe wokuqala waba nguAlexander uSololovskaya, awayedibana naye eneminyaka eli-16, xa wayengazange acinge ngekamva lakhe lokuguqula. Ngokutsho kwababhali-mbali, yayingumfazi wokuqala kaTrotsky, owayengumdala iminyaka emi-6, waba sisikhokelo kwi-marxism.
Umfazi wasemthethweni waseTrotsky Sokolovskaya waba ngo-1898. Ngokukhawuleza emva komtshato, kwathunyelwa inkitha yakwikhonkco laseSiberia, apho babeneentombi ezimbini - uZinaida noNina. Xa intombi yesibini yayineenyanga ezi-4 kuphela ubudala, uTrotsky wasinda eSiberia, washiya iqabane lakhe kunye nabantwana abancinci abambalwa. Encwadini yakhe, "ubomi bam" uLeviovich, xa wayechaza eli nqanaba lobomi bakhe, labonisa ukuba isivumelwano sakhe senziwe ngesivumelwano sika-Alexandra, owamncedayo ukuba abaleke angqengqele phesheya.
Ukuba eParis, u-Lab Rotsky wadibana nomfazi wakhe wesibini uNatalia Skovoy, owayethathe inxaxheba kulo msebenzi wephephandaba iSkra phantsi kobunkokeli be-lenin. Ngenxa yolu lwazi lubalaseleyo, umtshato wokuqala wotshintsho wawa, kodwa wagcina ubudlelwane obunobuhlobo bukaSokovsky.
Kumtshato wesibini, oonyana ababini bazalwa besuka kwingonyamakazi benengonyama, ingonyama neSergey. Ngo-1937, uthotho lobubi lwaya kusapho lwenguqulelo. Unyana wakhe omncinci uSergey ngomsebenzi wakhe wezopolitiko wadutyulwa, yaye unyaka kamva, ongunyana olizibungu, owayeyi-rotskysist, eswelekile kwiimeko zokunyanzela ukuba asuse i-hanrindis eParis.
Iintombi zakwaLeo Trotsky nazo zibandezelekile. Ngo-1928, intombi yakhe uNayine isweleke eThatheka, nentombi enkulu yeZinaida, kunye noyise ohluthwe ubummi baseSoviet, ngo-1933, ukuba abe kwimeko yoxinzelelo olunzulu.
Ukulandela iintombi noonyana, ngo-1938 uTrotsky waphulukana neqabane lakhe le-Alexander Sololovskaya, owahlala umfazi wakhe osemthethweni ukuba afe. Wadutyulwa eMoscow njengomxhasi onamandla wenkcaso yasekhohlo.
Inkosikazi yesibini yengonyama iRotsky, iNatalia Sdov, ngaphandle kwento yokuba wayephulukene noonyana, akazange awele emoyeni, abe nomyeni wakhe kude kube yimihla yakhe yokugqibela. Ngo-1937, wafudukela eMexico ngo-1937 ngo-1937 emva kokuba efile wayehlala apho iminyaka engama-20. Ngo-1960, wafudukela eParis, owayengu "dolophu ngonaphakade", apho wadibana khona noTrotsky. USedov wasweleka ngo-1962, wangcwatyelwa eMexico ecaleni kwendoda yakhe, eyahlulayele ikamva lakhe elinzima lokuguquka.
Ukubulala
Nge-21 ka-Agasti ka-1940 ngo-7:25 ndisweleke ingonyama. Wabulawa yi-NKVD ramonider kwiNdlu yoMhlazo kwiSixeko saseMexico saseKaiocacan. Ukubulawa kukaTrotsky kwaba sisiphumo somzabalazo wakhe nge-stalin, yona ngelo xesha yayiyintloko ye-USSR.
Ukusebenza ngokupheliswa kwe-trotsky kwaqala ngo-1938. Emva koko i-megader emsebenzini yesiseko seSoviet ikwazile ukuphumeza imeko yenguqu ye-paris eParis. Wabonakala kubomi bukaLeo Vadaovich njenge-jacques yaseBelgies yaseBelgies.
Ngaphandle kwento yokuba ikhaya lakhe laseMexico Trotsky lajika laba yinqaba yokwenene, u-Mergadera wakwazi ukungena kuye kwaye wenza i-stalinist ording. Kwiinyanga ezimbini, ngaphambi kokubulawa, uRamon wakwazile ukwenza ukuzithemba kwinguqulelo yabahlobo bakhe kunye nabahlobo bakhe, ababemvumela ukuba avele eKaoacan.
Kwiintsuku ezili-12 ngaphambi kokubulala, uMercider Feder kwindlu kaTrotsky waza wamzisa ngenqaku elibhaliweyo malunga ne-rogskyists yaseMelika. ULeviovich wamemela kwiofisi yakhe, apho baqala ukuhlala bodwa. Ngalo mhla, inguqu inyathela indlela yokuziphatha kweRamon nengubo yakhe yobushushu wabonakala kwi-ratscoat kunye nesigqoko, kwaye xa sifunda i-tertsky, eli nqaku laqala emva kwesitulo sakhe.
Nge-20 ka-Agasti ka-1940, i-meryoster yafika eTrotsky enenqaku, nto leyo, njengoko yaqaqamba, ivumela umhlala phantsi. Waphinda wanxiba i-raincoat kunye nomnqwazi, kodwa uvinovievich wammemela eofisini yakhe, ngaphandle kwamanyathelo okhuseleko.
Ukuzinza emva kwesihlalo se-rotsky, sifunda ngononophelo inqaku, uRamon wagqiba kwelokuba afezekise ukulandelelana kwabasemagunyeni eSoviet. Wakhupha i-ice cream epokothweni yakhe kwaye woyisa uloyiko oluqinileyo kwintloko yenguquko. ULeviovich upapasha isikhalo esikhulu, esisindileyo yonke ukhuseleko. I-megaded yabamba kwaye yaqala ukubetha, emva koko babeka ezandleni zeengcali zamapolisa.
UDOtsky wasiwa ngokukhawuleza esibhedlele, apho wawa khona iiyure ezimbini emntwini. Ukubetha entlokweni kwawomelela kangangokuba amaziko amaba ebaluleke kakhulu. Oogqirha balwa ukulwa ubomi bohlaziyo, kodwa wasweleka emva kweeyure ezingama-26.
Ukubulawa kuka-Trotsky Ramon Mercider kufike iminyaka engama-20 ejele, eyayingoloso isohlwayo esiphezulu semithetho yaseMexico. Ngo-1960, umbulali wenguqu wakhululwa waza wafudukela kwi-USSR, apho wanikwa khona iqhawe lesihloko leSoviet Union. Ngokutsho kwababhali-mbali, ukulungiselela kunye nokuphunyezwa kotyando lokubulawa kukaVesaorvich kuxabisa i-NKVD ye-5 yezigidi zeedola.