Biography
UFeliks Dzerzhinsky "yi-Knight" ye-knicy "yenguquko, efake imbali yeSoviet njengendawo ebalaseleyo kunye nezopolitiko ezazilwela inkululeko yohlanga lwabasebenzi. Umsebenzi wokuguqula 'we-Iron Feliks "kuluntu lwangoku luqikelelwa ukuba ligorha kunye" nendudumo ye-bourgeoisie ", kwaye abanye bakhumbula ukuba nguMoya onamandla onke.
UDzerzhinsky uFelix u-Edmundevich wazalwa nge-11 kaSeptemba, impahla ye-Dzerzhino, ikwiphondo laseBholen (ngoku kwi-MSCK ye-Belarus). Abazali bakhe bafundile kwaye bakrelekrele - utata, u-Notalbleman-Shyling, wasebenza njengoMfundisi weGylokhy, umcebisi we-Gyloktiium kunye nonina yayiyintombazana yakhe.
Ikamva le-knight yovukelo lazalwa ngaphambi kwexesha laza lafumana igama elithi uFeliks ukuba uguqulelo luthi "wonwabile." Waba ngunyana wokuphela kwabazali bakhe - kwindlu kaDzerzhinsky kwabantwana abayi-9 kuphela ngonyaka ka-1882 kwaba ngumhla wokufa kwentloko ye-TuberColo.
Ekhohlo yedwa nabantwana ezandleni zakhe, umama oneminyaka engama-32 ubudala wazama ukukhulisa abantwana bakhe abafanelekileyo nabafundileyo. Ke, eneminyaka esixhenxe, uFeliks wanika i-imperim Gymnasium, apho engakhange abonise iziphumo eziphezulu. Ngokuqinisekileyo engaliti ulwimi lwaseRussia, iDzerzhinsky ithembisa iminyaka emibini kwibakala lokuqala nasekupheleni kwebakala lesibhozo elikhutshwe ngobungqina apho i-reatimemory iphume kuphela ngumthetho kaThixo kuphela.
Unobangela wophononongo lwakhe olubi yayingekuko ukuqonda okubuthathaka, kodwa ukungcungcutheka rhoqo nootitshala. Kwangelo xesha, wayethandabuza ukuba angaphezulu kweyona minyaka incinci (iPolish Katolika Katolika), ngenxa yoko akazange azame ukwenziwa kwesayensi yesayensi.
Ngo-1895, kwindawo yokuzivocavoca uFeliks Dzerzhinsky wajoyina isangqa sedemokhrasi yedemokhrasi, kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo eziqalayo ukukhokela i-proltiganda esebenzayo. Ngenxa yemisebenzi yabo ngo-1897, usentolongweni, emva koko wathunyelwa eNolink. Ikhonkco sele njengotshintsho lobugcisa uFeliks uFelipzvich uyaqhubeka nokukhankasela, awagxothwayo nangaphezulu kwilali yaseKai. Ngekhonkco lakhe elinde Dzerzhinsky labalekela kwiLithuania, emva koko waya ePoland.
Imisebenzi yoguquko
Ngo-1899, emva kokubaleka kwikhonkco, uFeliks Dzerzhinsky eWarsaw wenza ipati yedemokhrasi yaseRussia, ethi ibanjiwe iSiberia. Kodwa kwakhona uqalise ukubaleka. Ngeli xesha, ukubaleka kuvukelo kwaphela ukuya kwelinye ilizwe, apho wadibana nephephandaba iVladimir Lenin ", umxholo womeleze kuphela isikhundla sakhe sokuguqula.
Ngo-1906, uDzerzhinsky wagwetywa ukuba ahlangane noLenin eStockholm, ukusukela ngoko waba yimfundiso engaguqukiyo "yenkokeli yehlabathi." Wathatyathwa kwiindawo zeRDLP njengommeli wePoland naseLithuania. Ukusuka kweli nqanaba ku-1917, uFeliksdddOvich weza entolongweni, apho amakhonkco amaCotticis kunye ne-Corticiens ahlala elandela, kodwa ngalo lonke ixesha akwazile ukubuyela kwityala lakhe.
Utshintsho lowe-feofe ngoFebruwari ka-1917 lwaba yinto eqhekezayo kwikhondo lotshintsho lwe-Dzerzhinsky. Ibandakanya ikomiti ye-MOSCOW yeBolsheviks, kwiindawo awayeqala kuzo ukujolisa kwitheko lonke leBolshevik libe yimvukelo exhobileyo. Inzondelelo yakhe yayixatyiswa nguLenin - kwintlanganiso yekomiti ephakathi yeqela uFelips, ngenxa yokuba ungomnye wabaququzeleli bomvumi we-Okthobha, ethetha ngenkxaso ye-Trotsky kwaye umncede ekudaleni umkhosi obomvu.
Intloko ye-HFC
NgoDisemba 1917, kwiBhunga leKhomishini yaBantu, i-RSFRR yagqiba kwelokuba yenze ikhomishini yexesha likaSussia ukuze ilwe ibhunga. I-PEC yaba 'yi-celestos yepromatini "ngumlo ochasene nabachasi bakarhulumente omtsha. Umbutho ufakwe i-23 "Chekist", ekhokelwa nguFelikis Dzerzhisky, owakhusela amandla amatsha abasebenzi nabacacala kwizenzo zohlaziyo oluchasene nolwakhiwo.
Entloko "yezaphethi zoqeqesho", iDzerzhinsky yayingengomso kuphela nge "Ukoyikiswa emhlophe", kodwa no "uMsindisi" weRiphabhlikhi. Ngenxa yemisebenzi yakhe yokufumana i-onhloud, ngaphezulu kweebhlorho ezingama-2000 zabuyiselwa, phantse i-2,5 lamawaka amawaka kunye neekhilomitha ezili-10 zoololiwe.
Kananjalo, iDzerzhinsky yaya eSiberia, elona xesha le-1919 yayiyeyona nto iphambili yesonka, kwaye yayilawula i-40 yemithombo yemveliso, eyalenza ukuba ikwazi ukuhambisa iitoni ezizigidi ezingama-40 zelizwe kunye ne-3.5 izigidi zeetoni zenyama.
Ukongeza, uFelix Dzerzhinsky wanceda ngoogqirha ukuba bagcine ilizwe kwi-tiphoid, belungiselela ukuhanjiswa okungaphazanyiswa kwamayeza. Intloko ye-NGC ikwathabatha usindiso lwesizukulwana esitsha saseRashiya - wakhwela umsebenzi wabantwana, esanceda ekusekeni iindawo zabahlali kunye neenkedanu kwiinkundla zelizwe ezikhethiweyo.
Ngo-1922, eshiye intloko yentloko yeKomiti yeNkqutyana yeSizwe, uFeliks Dzerzhinsky yayikhokelwa yi-ofisi yezopolitiko eyi-NKVD. Wayebandakanyeke ngqo kuphuhliso lomgaqo-nkqubo omtsha wezoqoqosho weSoviet. Elinyathelo "i-chekist" elizweni, uluntu oludibeneyo noluntu lwasekhaya lwalucwangciswe, kuphuhliso lotyalo-mali lwangaphandle lunomdla.
Ngo-1924, uFeliks Dzerzhinsky waba yintloko yoqoqosho lweSizwe lweSizwe kwi-USSR. Kule thuba, uguquko olunokuzinikela ngokuzinikela ngokupheleleyo luqale ukulwela ukwenziwa komhlaba welizwe. Waxhasa ukuphuculwa korhwebo lwabucala, ofuna ukudala iimeko ezifanelekileyo. Kwakhona, "i-iron" uFeliks wayezibandakanya kakhulu kuphuhliso lomzi mveliso wensimbi elizweni.
Kwangelo xesha, walwa nenkcaso yasekhohlo, kuba wayesongela umanyano lweqela kwaye ephethe umgaqo-nkqubo omtsha woqoqosho. I-Dzerzhinsky yenzelwe utshintsho olugqibeleleyo lwenkqubo yolawulo lwelizwe, yoyike into yokuba u-datator uza kuza entlokweni ye-USSR, ethi "Ukungcwaba" zonke iziphumo zenguquko.
Ngenxa yoko, "i-torchle ne" felikis uFelikinsky zangena njengomsebenzi ongapheliyo. Wayethoza kakhulu kwaye engacacanga, akazange anxile kwaye akaguquki. Ukongeza, intloko ye-HCHK iphumelele igama elingenakuphikiswa njengomntu ongenakonakala, ongagungqiyo oguqukayo afikelele kwiinjongo zawo zobomi "obungalunganga".
Ubomi Buqu
Ubomi bobuqu uFeliks Dzerzhinsky babesoloko besisicwangciso sesibini sentloko "Chekist". Nangona kunjalo, wayengengomntu ungamzilingeni kunye nothando, awayeqhuba naye ngokuhla kwereda kunye nemfazwe yamakhaya.
UMargarita Nikolaev waba luthando lokuqala lukaFelikix Dzerzhinsky, awayedibana naye ngexesha lakhe lokuqala eNolinsk. Wamtsalela umnxeba nge-vertings yakhe.
Kodwa olu thando aluzange lube ne-finseale eyonwabileyo - emva kokubaleka kwi-prosallity yeqela eliqela, ndibhangqile ngentanda, njengoko wayenomdla kwinye imbalelwano, enguJulia Goldman. Kodwa olu lwalamano lwalusenziwa ngokufutshane-iGoldman yayisisifo sephepha esigula kwaye wasweleka ngo-1904 kwi-sanatorium yeSwitzerland.
Ngo-1910, uSofia Mushkat, owayesebenza nohlaziyo olusebenzayo, wabamba i-iron defeix. Kwiinyanga ezimbalwa emva kokuba ndiqhelane, intanda itshatile, kodwa ulonwabo lwabo lwahlala ixesha elide - umfazi wokuqala kunye nomfazi we-Dzerzhinszy ababanjiwe, waza walwa entolongweni, wazala unyana kaYana.
Emva kokubeleka kwiSofia Mushkat igwetywe ikhonkco elingapheliyo eSiberia kwaye lahluthwa onke amalungelo kaRhulumente. Kude kube ngo-1912, wayehlala kwilali yokufowuna, ukusuka apho basindileyo abasindileyo kumaxwebhu ophesheya.
I-Dzerzhinsky amaqabane, emva kokwahlukana okude, ukudibana kwiminyaka emi-6 kuphela. Ngo-1918, xa uFeliksDddDovich waba yintloko esifubeni, uSofia Sigismsundovna wafumana ithuba lokubuyela kwilizwe lakhe. Emva koko, le ntsapho yahlala eKremlin, apho amaqabane ahlala khona de kuphele imihla yabo.
Ukufa
UFeliks Dzerzhinsky wasweleka nge-20 kaJulayi, ngo-1926 kwikomiti yekomiti ephakathi. Unobangela wokusweleka kohlaziyo lwalusihlaselo lwentliziyo, okwenzeka kuye ngexesha leemvakalelo ezimbini zeemvakalelo ezinikezelwe kwimeko yoqoqosho lwe-USSR.
Kuyaziwa ukuba iingxaki ngentliziyo yentloko ye-PEC zafunyanwa ngo-1922. Emva koko oogqirha balumkisa ingcali malunga nemfuneko yokuthintela usuku lokusebenza, kuba umthwalo ogqithisileyo uza kuyibulala. Ngaphandle koku, uDzerzhinsky oneminyaka engama-48 ubudala waqhubeka enikwa ngokupheleleyo, ngenxa yoko kuye kwamisa intliziyo yakhe.
UFeliks Felix Dzerzhinsky wenzeka nge-22 kaJulayi ngo-1926. I-proollelar yangcwatyelwa kudonga lweKremlin kwisikwere esibomvu se-moscow.
Igama likaFelips Dzerzhinsky alifiki kwizixeko ezininzi nakwiilali kwi-Soviet. Igama lakhe liphantse libe li-1.5 lamawaka amatrato, izikwere kunye nee-alleys zeRussia.