Biography
UAlexander Isavich Solzhenjitsyn ngumbhali waseRussia obalaseleyo kunye nomlinganiso woluntu, olwamkelwa kwi-Soviet Union njengezisithobe, kwaye wayeyingozi yenkqubo yamaKomanisi, kwaye owayehamba iminyaka emininzi eqongeni. Iincwadi ze-Alexander Solzhenitsyn "," Matrenin Derion "," Ngenye imini ye-Ivan Denisovich "," Ukuqhekeza "kunye nabanye abaninzi baziwa ngokubanzi. Waba ngumgcini webhaso ngo-Nobel kwincwadi, kwaye eli bhaso lalinikezelwa emva kweminyaka esibhozo ukusukela kwimpapasho yokuqala, ethathwa njengengxelo erekhodiweyo.
Umbhali wexesha elizayo wazalwa ekupheleni kuka-1918 kwisixeko saseKislovdsk. Uyise uIsake uIsake, uIsakenoving wadlula yonke imfazwe yehlabathi yokuqala, kodwa wada wasweleka ngaphambi kokuzalwa konyana wakhe ngokuzingela. Omnye umama, uTaiya Zakharovna, wabandakanyeka kwimfundo engaphezulu kwenkwenkwe. Ngenxa yeziphumo ze-Okthobha, usapho lwawonakaliswa ngokupheleleyo kwaye lwahlala kwintlupheko enkulu, nangona wayefudukela ezitalini zeRostov-on-don. Iingxaki ngamandla amatsha aqala eSolzityn kwiiklasi ezincinci, njengoko wayekhuselwa kwizithethe zenkcubeko, enxiba umnqamlezo wangazange avume ukubakho koovulindlela.
Kodwa kamva, phantsi kwempembelelo yeemvakalelo zesikolo, uAlexander watshintsha inqaku lokujonga kwaye waba yiKomsomol. Kwiiklasi zesikolo samabanga aphakamileyo, uncwadi lwaluthathwa: Le ndoda ifunda imisebenzi yaseRussia kwaye ibeka izicwangciso zokubhala inoveli yabo yoguquko. Kodwa xa kufihle ukukhetha okhethekileyo, Solzhenitsyn ngenxa yesizathu esithile siyeza kwi-proiths ye-rostov yeYunivesithi yaseRostov. Ngokutsho kwakhe, wayeqinisekile ukuba kuphela obona bantu bakrelekrele bakufundile kumathesi, kwaye babefuna ukuba phakathi kwabo. Umfundi waseyunivesithi uphumelele ngediploma ebomvu, kunye negama lika-Alexander Solzhenitsyn kwathiwa mabaphumelele abo baphumelele unyaka.
Emva komfundi, lo mfana wayenomdla kwiholo yethiyetha, de wazama ukufaka isikolo seqonga, kodwa angaphumelelanga. Kodwa waqhubeka esenza imfundo yakhe kwi-subsolty eyunivesithi yaseMoscow, nangona kunjalo, wayengenalo ixesha lokuphumelela ngenxa yemfazwe enkulu ephukileyo. Kodwa ukufundisisa kwi-alexander ka-Alexander Solzenjinityn engazange iphele: Wayengakwazi ukumbiza njengeziingxaki zempilo, kodwa i-Solzhenitsyn-Patriot yawa kwi-arutenant yawa kwi-artillery iarhente. Kwimifuno emfazweni, abaziintloko zexesha elizayo banikwa i-odolo yenkanyezi ebomvu kunye nokulandelelana kwemfazwe yentlupheko.
Ukubanjwa kunye nesiphelo
Sele enesikhundla sikaKapteni Solzhenitsyn oqhubeka ekhonza ngokupheleleyo ilizwe lakhe, kodwa edanile ngakumbi kwiNkokeli yakhe - uJoseph Stalin. Ngeenjongo ezinjalo, wabelana ngeeleta eziya kumhlobo uNikolay Vitkevich. Kwaye kube kanye uphononongo olubhaliweyo nge-stalin, kwaye, ngenxa yoko, ngokutsho kweekhonsepthi zeSoviet - kunye nenkqubo yamaKomanisi xa iyonke, eya entlokweni yokubeletha kwezomkhosi. UAlexander Isavich Assauld, ahlutha izihloko kwaye uthumele eMoscow, eLubyanka. Emva kokuncipha kwenyanga ezininzi kunye nokumangalelwa kwegorha langaphambili lemfazwe, bagwetywa iminyaka esixhenxe yeenkampu zoluleko kunye nekhonkco elingapheliyo ekupheleni kwesivakalisi.
USolzhenitsyn uqale umsebenzi kwindawo yokwakha kwaye, ngendlela, ethathe inxaxheba ekudaleni izindlu kwindawo ye-moscow yesikwere yangoku iGagarin. Emva koko urhulumente wagqiba kwelokuba asebenzise imfundo yemathematics yebanjwa aze ayingenise kwinkqubo yeentolongo ezongezelelekileyo, ingeniswe kwi-ofisi yoyilo evaliweyo. Kodwa ngenxa yokuqina kwabasemagunyeni eAlexander Isavich, batshintshelwa kwiimeko ezinzima zenkampu ngokubanzi eKazakhstan. Apho wachitha ngaphezulu kwesithathu sokuqukumbela kwakhe. Emva kwenkululeko ye-Solzhenitsyn, kunqatshelwe ukuya kwikomkhulu. Unikwa umsebenzi kumazantsi eKazakhstan, apho ufundisa iMathematics esikolweni.
I-Shoredesis Solzhenitsyn
Ngo-1956, ityala likaSolzhenityn lahlaziywa laza lazisa ukuba alibanga lulwaphulo-mthetho. Ngoku umntu unokubuyela eRussia. Waqala ukuya kutitshala eRyazan, kwaye emva kweempapasho zokuqala zamabali agxile ekubhaleni. Uyilo Solzhenitsyn luxhase uNobhala Jikelele weNikita Khrushchev, kuba iinjongo zika-Anti-Stalin zazisesandleni. Kodwa kamva umbhali uphulukene nendawo yentloko karhulumente, nokufika kukaLeonid Brezhnev, kwaye kwathabathela phantsi komsebenzi.
Ukuthandwa okungathethekiyo kweencwadi zika-Alexander Solzenjitsyn, owayepapashwa eUnited States naseFrance ngaphandle kwemvume yakhe. Abasemagunyeni babone isisongelo esibonakalayo kwimisebenzi yoluntu yombhali. Wafunyanwa ukufuduka, kwaye kuba uAlexander UIaevich waliwe, i-KGB yakwenza oko: i-KGB yenza ukuba intiyo ye-Sollzhenits, kodwa umbhali wasinda, nangona wayesele eninzi emva koko. Ngenxa yoko, ngo-1974 watyholwa ngokungcatsha ilizwe lakhe, aphelise ubumi baseSoviet kwaye bathumele kwi-USSR.
UAlexander Isavich wayehlala eJamani, eSwitzerland, eUnited States. Kwimirhumo kancwadi, wamisa iNgxowa-mali yoLuntu "yaseRussia ukuba incedise ukulandela kunye neentsapho zawo," wathetha eNtshona Europe noMantla Merika enezifundo zobuKomanisi, ke yena waqalisa uku gxeka idemokhrasi. Xa uMikhail Gorbachev waqala ukwenziwa ngokutsha, isimo sengqondo ngomsebenzi we-Solzhenitsyn sitshintshe kwi-USSR. Kwaye sele uMongameli Borin Yeltssin waphembelela umbhali ukuba abuyele kwilizwe lakhe kwaye anikezwe ebomini bendawo ye-cottional yendawo ye-cottage "Sosnovka-2" ngoTelity-Lykov.
Uyilo Solzhenitsyn
Iincwadi uAlexander Solzhenitsyn - iinoveli, amabali, amabali, imibongo-inokwahlulwa ibe yimbali kunye nokuzenzekelayo. Ukususela kwasekuqaleni kwemisebenzi yoncwadi, wayenomdla kwimbali yohlobo lwe-Okthobha kunye nemfazwe yehlabathi yokuqala. Esi sihloko sanikezelwa kwisifundo "Iminyaka engamakhulu amabini kunye", i-essay "Eqingqiweyo ngoHlatho lwe-Februwari", i-Roman-Epopea "ivili elibomvu"
Imibongo "ye-rust" ibhekisa kwimisebenzi ye-autobiographical, apho ubomi bakhe bemfazwe buyatyumzwa, ibali likaZangar-Kalita malunga nokuhamba ngebhayisekile, umRoma malunga nesibhedlele "Corp" Corp ". Imfazwe iboniswa nguSolzhenitsyna kwibali elingafakwanga "Thanda Inguquko", ibali "leSikhululo saseKochetovka". Kodwa ugxininiso kuluntu lwalusonjululwe kumsebenzi we-Gulag Alexander Solzitsyn kunye neminye imisebenzi kwi-USSR - "kumjikelo wokuqala" kunye "nosuku olunye lwe-Ivan Denisovich".
Uyilo SolzhenaItsyn lubonakaliswa yimiboniso enkulu ye-Epic. Udla ngokwazisa umfundi onamagama ahlukeneyo okujonga kwingxaki enye, enkosi ekuzithobeni ukuba uzenzele izigqibo ezivela kwizinto ezibonisa ukuba uAlexander uIeevich unika. Kwiincwadi ezininzi, uAlexander Solzhenitsyn, abantu abaphilayo abaphilayo bakhoyo, inyaniso ihlala ifihliwe phantsi kwamagama anentsingiselo. Olunye uphawu lwemisebenzi yombhali kukuphindeka kwayo kwi-Ecwer eseBhayibhileni okanye umsebenzi we-goethe kunye noDante.
Imisebenzi ye-Solzhenitsyn enjalo igcisa le-fale yentsomi ye-chukovsky kunye ne-valeer valer valentin ye-rasputin yavavanywa. I-Poetess Anna Akhimatova yabelwe ibali le-Matrenin Darry, kunye noMlawuli no-Andrei Tarpovsky "u-Alexander Solzhenjitsyn kwaye wamvumela uNikita Khrushchevchev. Kwaye uMongameli waseRussia Vladimir Spin, amatyeli aliqela anxibelelana noAlexander Amaxesha amaninzi, ngentlonelo waphawula ukuba uSolzhenitsyn akazange aphathe kwaye akazange agxeke urhulumente okwangoku, urhulumente uhlala engaphelelanga kuye.
Ubomi Buqu
UAlexander Solzhenitsyna ngumfazi wokuqala kaNatalia yayinguNatalia Radettovskaya, awayedibana naye ngo-1936 ngelixa efunda eyunivesithi. Bangena emtshatweni osemthethweni ngentwasahlobo ye-1940, kodwa ndawonye bahlala ixesha elide: Ekuqaleni iMfazwe, emva koko ukubanjwa kombhali akazange anike amaqabane okonwaba. Ngo-1948, emva kweenkolelo ezininzi zemizimba ye-NKVD, i-natalia ye-natalia ye-nataliatovski yaqhawula umtshato umtshato. Nangona kunjalo, xa kwalungiswa izifudumeleyo, baqala ukuhlala kunye eRyazen baphinda basayine.
Ngo-Agasti ka-1968, uSolzhenitsyn wadibana noNatalia Svetlova, umqeshwa welebhu yelebhu yezibalo, kwaye babenenoveli. Xa umfazi wokuqala uSolzenetotsyn ofundwa malunga noku, wazama ukubuxhasa ubomi bokuzibulala, kodwa i-ambulensi ikwazile ukumsindisa. Kwiminyaka embalwa kamva, uAlexander UIaevich wayekwazile ukufezekisa uqhawulo-mtshato olusemthethweni, kwaye iRutovskaya emva koko itshatile izihlandlo ezininzi kwaye yabhala iinkumbulo zencwadi zangaphambili zomyeni wangaphambili.
Kodwa uNatalia Svetlova waba kungekuphela inkosikazi yakhe uAlexander Solzetyn, kodwa nomhlobo wakhe osenyongweni kunye nomncedisi othembekileyo kwimicimbi kawonke-wonke. Ngokudibeneyo bafunda yonke imithwalo yokufuduka, ndawonye bekhulisa oonyana abathathu - uYermolaya, i-Idignat kunye nencasa. Kwakhona kwintsapho yaseSos Dilmry Turin, unyana kaNatalia kumtshato wokuqala. Ngendlela, uNyana ophakathi waseSolzitsyn, uInit, waba ngumntu owaziwayo kakhulu. UnguGayanisi obalaseleyo, umqhubi oyintloko we-Philadelphia Chechestra kunye namanqaku aphambili amenyiweyo kwi-Moscow Synokstra orkstra.
Ukufa
Iminyaka yokugqibela yobomi bukaSolzhenitsy echithwe kwi-duchess kufutshane ne-MOSCOW inikwe iBoris yaltsin. Wayegula kakhulu - imiphumo yeenkampu zentolongo kunye netyhefu yetyhefu kwimbonakalo. Ukongeza, uAlexander Iaevich wehlela ingxaki enkulu ye-hyperterstlegest kunye nentshukumo enzima. Ngenxa yoko, wahlala esandleni esinye kuphela.
UAlexander Solzhenitsyn wasweleka ngenxa yokusilela kwentliziyo ye-3, 2008, ngaphandle kokusinda kwiinyanga ezininzi ngaphambi kweminyaka engama-90. Ndingcwatyelwe lo mntu owenzileyo ongaqhelekanga, kodwa onzima kakhulu, kwi-don cemarys eMoscow - elona xesha likhulu ledolophu enkulu.
Iincwadi uAlexander SolzhenaItsyn
- I-gilag ye-oripelago
- Ngenye imini ivan denisovich
- I-Matrynin Divry
- Umhlaza
- Kwisangqa sokuqala
- Ivili elibomvu.
- Zakhar-Kalisita
- Ityala kwisikhululo saseKowtovka
- Crocoty
- Iminyaka engamakhulu amabini kunye