Biography
Zimbalwa iinkosi zanikwa imbali ye-Epithet "Intlane". UAlexander Nikolaevich Romanov ugcine eli ngozuko. Kwaye uAlexander II ibizwa ngokuba nguKumkani wokuhlaziya, kuba wayekwazi ukufuduka kwabafileyo, iingxaki ezininzi zikaRhulumente, ezisoyikiswa yimvukelo kunye nocrimes.Ubuntwana noLutsha
Umlawuli wexesha elizayo wazalwa ngo-Epreli 1818 eMoscow. Inkwenkwe yazalwa ngemini yemibhinqo, ngoLwesithathu wokukhanya kwiKremlin, kumabhishophu ommangaliso wemoyakazi. Apha, yonke ifani ye-imperiya, ukufika kwintlanganiso ye-Ista, yaqokelelwa kuloo ntsasa yeholide. Ukuhlonitshwa kukuzalwa kwenkwenkwe, ukuthula kwe-moscow kuqhingele i-cannon barute kwi-volley.
I-Archbishop Moscow Augustine ebhaptiziweyo i-Alexander Romanova nge-5 kaMeyi ecaweni yemoyakazi yeemonki. Abazali bakhe ngexesha lokuzalwa koNyana babezinkosana ezinkulu. Kodwa xa i-heir heir wayeneminyaka esi-7 ubudala, unina uAlexander Fedorovna notata Nikolai ndaba yi-chet yaseburhulumenteni.
Umlawuli wexesha elizayo uAlexander II wafumana imfundo ebalaseleyo yekhaya. Umcebisi wakhe ophambili, onoxanduva kungekuphela ngenxa yokufunda, kodwa nako ukhule, wayengu-vasily zhukovsky. Imbali engcwele kunye nomthetho kaThixo wafundisa u-Archpous Pairasim Pavsky. I-Collidia Collidian yafundisa inkwenkwe kubulumko be-Arithmetic, kwaye iKarl Merida yanikela iMicimbi yezamkhosini.
Akukho bafundisi-ntsapho baziwayo babekhona eAlexander Nikolayevich kwaye baphantsi komthetho, amanani, ezemali kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo wangaphandle. Inkwenkwe ikhule ngokukrelekrele kwaye ithathe ngokukhawuleza ootitshala besayensi. Kodwa kwangaxeshanye kubomi bobutsha, njengoontanga bakhe abaninzi, babethandana kwaye bethandana. Umzekelo, ngexesha lohambo oluya eLondon, wathandana noKumkanikazi owayengu-Bhriti waseBritine.
Okubangela umdla kukuba, kwiminyaka embalwa yeshumi elinesibini, uye waba ngumlawuli waseRussia uAlexander II oyena Mlawuli waseYurophu kakhulu.
Ibhodi kunye noReform Alexander II
Xa uAlexander Nikolaevich romanov wafika kwisininzi, utata wakhe wazisa kumaziko aphambili. Ngo-1834, iCesarevich ifake i-Senate, kunyaka olandelayo-ukwakhiwa kweSynod eNgcwele, kwaye ngo-1841 no-1842 iRomanov yaba lilungu leBhunga likaRhulumente kunye neKomiti yabaPhathiswa.
Embindini we-1830s, indlalifa yenza uhambo oluninzi lwelizwe kwaye watyelela amaphondo angama-29. Ngasekupheleni kwe-30s ityelele iYurophu. Kwaye wayenenkonzo eyayinempumelelo emkhosini kwaye ngo-1844 waba yinkonzo ngokubanzi. Wanikwa abalindi abanogada.
ICesearevich ikhokelwa ngamaziko emkhosini kunye noTsalelo kwiikomiti ezifihlakeleyo kwi-1846 ne-1848. Uhle kakhulu kwiingxaki zabalingane kwaye bayaqonda ukuba utshintsho notshintsho luye lwabizwa.
Imfazwe yemfazwe ebulewe ngo-1853-56 iba ngumva ocacileyo kwikamva loMongami ekuvuthlweni nasenkalipho yakhe. Emva kokubhengezwa kwiPhondo le-St. Petersburg imeko yomkhosi, uAlexander Nikolaevich ucinga ukuba yonke imikhosi yekomkhulu.
UAlexander II, wangena kwi-1855 kwitrone, wafumana ilifa elinzima. Utata wakhe kangangeminyaka engama-30 urhulumente akaphumelelanga ukusombulula nayiphi na imicimbi emininzi ebukhali nelide. Ukongeza, isikhundla esibi seli lizwe sasibanzi ngoloyiko kwimfazwe yolwaphulo-mthetho. Unondyebo abunanto.
Kwakuyimfuneko ukwenza ngokungazi kakuhle nangokukhawuleza. Umgaqo-nkqubo wezangaphandle waseAlexander II yayikukunceda ngoncedo lwe-cuplomacy yokwaphula umsesane oxineneyo webhloko, evaliwe ngeenxa zonke eRussia. Inyathelo lokuqala yayikukupheliswa kwelizwe laseParis ngentwasahlobo ye-1856. Iimeko ezimkelwe yiRussia azinakubizwa ngokuba yingenelo kakhulu, kodwa imeko ebuthathaka ayikwazanga ukuchaza ukuthanda kwakhe. Eyona nto iphambili, ikwazile ukumisa iNgilani, eyayifuna ukuqhubeka yimfazwe ukuze ikhuliswe ngokupheleleyo iRussia.
UAlexander II utyelele iBerlin kwintwasahlobo efanayo kwaye wadibana ne-rincrich wilrich wilihelm iv. I-Friedrich yayikufanele ukuba uyibambe umalume wakhe ungumama wakhe. Ngaye lakwazi ukuqukumbela i-Internation yemfihlo " Ngomgaqo-nkqubo welinye ilizwe ukubala iRussia, igqityiwe.
Umgaqo-nkqubo wangaphakathi weAlexander II yayingenzi mpumelelo. Kubomi belizwe, kwakufika kwakudala "Thaw". Ekupheleni kwehlobo lowe-1856, ngomsitho womdaniso, uKumkani waqatshelwa nge-edrobrusts, iPetrashevtsev, abathathi-nxaxheba kwi-Poling. Kwaye enye iminyaka emi-3, wakhwelisa ii-recermatses kunye nokuphelisa indawo yomkhosi.
Kukho ixesha lesigqibo kunye nesigqibo sombuzo othandekayo. I-Emperor Alexander II ithathe isigqibo sokurhoxisa iSerfdom, le imbi kude, eyayimi kwindlela yenkqubela phambili. UMlawuli wakhetha "iOsssee" yenkululeko engenabanini yabalingane. Ngo-1858, ukumkani wavuma inkqubo yotshintsho ephuhliswe ngenkululeko kunye nemizobo yoluntu. Ngokutsho kotshintsho, abantu abalingane bafumana ilungelo lokukhulula umhlaba wabonwa kuwo.
Uhlengahlengiso olukhulu luka-Alexander II lwaluguquka ngokwenene ngelo xesha. Uxhase i-1864 zemestvo kunye nenqanaba lesixeko elingu-1870. Itshata yezobulungisa ngo-1864 zasetyenziswa ngokuphumelela kunye nokuhlaziywa komkhosi we-1860-70s. Utshintsho kwimfundo ye-FLK yenzekile. Ekugqibeleni, ukohlwaywa ngokudibeneyo kwilizwe elihlangeneyo.
I-Alexander II iqhubeka ngokuzithemba komgca wemveli wezopolitiko wase-Imperial. Kwiminyaka yokuqala yolawulo, waphumelela imfazwe yeCaucasian. Phipd Addring eCentral Asia, encamathisela uninzi lwe-turkestan ukuya kwintsimi yombuso. Ngo-1877-78, ukumkani wagqiba kwelokuba emfazwe neTurkey. Kwaye ukwazile ukugcwalisa ubuncwane, ukuba bakhuthaze ingeniso ye-1867 nge-3%. Oku kwenziwe ngokuthengisa iAlaska ukuya eUnited States.
Kodwa kwiminyaka yokugqibela yolawulo luka-Alexander II u-II ka-Alexander II u "ZaBaxsov". Ukuqhubeka kwabo kwakukhalimela kwaye kungahambelani. Bonke abahlaziyi abaninzi abahlaziyiweyo abayekileyo. Ekupheleni kweBhodi, ukumkani wazisa i-ofisi yoluntu e-Russia eRussia phantsi kweBhunga likaRhulumente.
Abanye ababhali-mbali bakholelwa ukuba iBhodi yeAlexander II, neyona nto imangalisayo, yayinomgaqo omkhulu: Ukumkani waqhubela phambili umgaqo-nkqubo "weGermanophone", ongakhange afezekise iimfuno zikaRhulumente. I-Monarch ityhilwe phambi koKumkani wase-Prussia - umalume, kwaye ngandlela zonke ikhuthaza ukudalwa kweJamani yobutsha.
I-Tsar Remorary Tsar, uSihlalo weKomiti yaBaphathiswa uPeter, kwizidaya zakhe zabhala malunga nengxaki yovalo yobukumkani bakhe kwiminyaka yokugqibela yobomi bakhe. URomanov wayesekupheleni koqhawulo-mtshato, wayenembonakalo ediniweyo necaphukisayo. "Iphethwe ephethwe ngu" - i-on-pawy epithet, lo mlawuli we-odrad, wachaza ngokuchanekileyo imeko yakhe.
"Ngexesha, apho amandla afunekayo kuyo," wabhala ipolitiki yangoku, "wabhala ipolitiki," wabhala ipolitiki yangoku, "wabhala ipolitiki yangoku," wabhala ipolitiki, "wabhala ipolitiki yangoku," wabhala ipolitiki, "wabhala ipolitiki yangoku," wabhala ipolitiki, "wabhala ipolitiki yangoku," watsho ukuba ilungu lezopolitiko lalingenakwenzeka ukuba lithembele kuyo. "Nangona kunjalo, kwiminyaka yokuqala yolawulo, uAlexander II ukwazile ukwenza lukhulu kurhulumente. Kwaye i-epithets "Intlane" kunye "neRenter" "Ufanelekile ngokwenene.
Ubomi Buqu
Umlawuli wayeyindoda eqinisa. Ngenxa yakhe iinoveli ezininzi. Kwasebutsheni bakhe, wayenobutshaba noFrelinzina, ababhinqileyo abazali abatshatayo. Ke enye inoveli, kwaye iphinde i-Frellan maria Trubetkoy. Kunye noFrellan Olga Kalinovsky, unxibelelwano lwalunamandla kangangokuba iCesarevich ide ithathe isigqibo ngenxa yomtshato naye ukuba alahle itrone. Kodwa abazali banyanzelisa umsantsa lolwalamano kunye nomtshato eMaximilian Hessian.
Nangona kunjalo, ukutshata noMaria uAlexandrovna, Kwinkosazana yePrincess Alexilian-Wilhelmina-Tophia-Sochia hessen - wayonwabile. 8 Bazalelwa abantwana kuyo, bengoonyana kuye.
U-Emperor Alexander II ngenxa yesifo sephepha sakhe sokugula, umfazi wayo wabeka indawo yokuhlala yasentakwalweni yaseRussia - iLivia, ethengisa impahla kunye nezidiliya ezikwi-leo pototsky.
UMaria Alexandrovna wasweleka nge-1880. Ushiye inqaku apho kukho amazwi ombulelo kwiqabane lobomi obunenkohliso.
Kodwa inkosi yayingengomyeni othembekileyo. Ubomi buka-Alexander II yayisisizathu sokulungisa kweyadi rhoqo. Ezinye izintandokazi zaza zazala zoMongami wabantwana abangapheliyo.
I-fralilina eneminyaka eli-18 ubudala uEkalina DoldorukoorukoUlukie wakwazi ukuqina ngokuqinileyo ukubamba iintliziyo zoMlawuli. UMemper utshatile ude othandekayo kwangaloo nyaka ukubhubha iqabane. Yayingumtshato wemithambo, oko kukuthi, ibanjwa elinobuso bemvelaphi yasebukhosini. Ke bona abantwana abaphuma kulo, babeneminobo, babengenakuba ziindlalifa zetrone. Kuyaphawuleka ukuba bonke abantwana bazalwe ngexesha laxa uAlexander II wayetshatile kwiqabane lokuqala.
Emva kokuba inkosi itshatele ithuba elide, abantwana bafumana imeko esemthethweni kunye nesihloko senkosana.
Ukufa
Ngexesha lolawulo luka-Alexander II, baya ngamaxesha amaninzi. Inzame yokuqala yenzeka emva kokucinezelwa kwe-Poiption nge-1866. Yazibhokoxe eRussia Dmitty Karakozov. Okwesibini-kunyaka olandelayo. Eli xesha kwiParis. I-Polish Anton Betrezovsky yayizama ukumbulala ukumkani.
Iqela elitsha lazama lenzelwa ekuqaleni kuka-Epreli 1879 eSt. Petersburg. Ngo-Agasti wonyaka omnye, iKomiti eLawulayo yabantu abaya kuthi bagwetywe uAlexander II ekufeni. Emva koko, abantu babefuna ukuvuthela uloliwe oqeqeshiweyo, kodwa ngempazamo bajongile enye ukwakhiwa.
Inzame entsha yayinegazi elingakumbi: Abantu abaliqela bafa ngebhotwe lasebusika emva kokuqhushumba. Ngethamsanqa ngokungathandabuzekiyo, umphathi wangena kwigumbi kamva.
Ukukhusela uMongami, iKomishini ePhakamileyo yadalwa. Kodwa akazange asindise ubomi baseRomanov. Ngo-Matshi 1881 phantsi kwemilenze yaseAlexander II, ibhombu iphoswe yi-Ignatiy Grinevitsky. Kumanxeba afunyanwa, kukumkani wafa.
Kuyaphawuleka ukuba inzame eyenzekayo ngomhla wokuthi umlawuli ugqibe kwelokuba anike isandla kwiprojekthi yomgaqo-siseko weProbalter M. T. Loris-Melikova, emva kweRussia eyayimele ihambe ngendlela yomgaqo-siseko.