Biography
Kutshanje, iintatheli zangaphandle zithelekisa lo Mphathiswa Wezemicimbi Yangaphandle yeRussia sergey Lavrov kunye no-Andrei Gromyko. Kwalolo Sergey Viktovich uXebise kwaye uphendule ukuba lo thelekiso luthandekayo, kuba umntu osebenza naye wayeyinto enkulu ye-soviet. " Isiqubulo sayo yonke imisebenzi yakhe kule ntsimi yayi:"Ngcono iminyaka eli-10 yothethathethwano kunosuku olunye emfazweni."Kwaye oogxa bamanye amazwe abizwa ngokuba ngu-Andrei Gromyko "Mnu." Now "" ngenxa yento engenasiphelo kunye nokungafuni ukukhetha izikhundla zabo kuthethwano lwazo. Lo mphathiswa wanetyhefu ukuba "yazi" kubalingane bamanye amazwe kwakufuneka beve rhoqo ngakumbi kunaye "hayi."
Ubuntwana noLutsha
UAndrei Andreevich Gromyko wazalelwa kwi-rod yaseBelarusian Ilali ngoJulayi 1909. Ngelo xesha, ilali yayingalo kwiPhondo leMogilev yoBukhosi baseRussia. Okubangela umdla kukuba, uninzi lwabahlali bendawo yokuhlala basebenzisa igama elifanayo, kodwa kwangaxeshanye usapho ngaxeshanye lwalusele negama lesidlaliso.
Intsapho ka-Andrei andreevich ebizwa ngokuba yiBurmakov. Benze amahlwempu, kodwa ukukhanya, nangona yena wazinyanzela kwimvelaphi yakhe yaseRussia. Kwaye kwi-biography esemthethweni, imvelaphi ye-peas yayisoloko iboniswa, nangona utata wakhe wasebenza kumzi-mveliso.
Abanye ababhali-mbali, bebhekisa kwizifundo ezizimeleyo, bexoxa ukuba utata ka-Andrei Gromyko kumaza kaStolypin uhlengahlengiso lwe-Canada. Emva kokonzakala, isandla sagoduka, kodwa sakwazi ukufunda isiNgesi, esinganyamezelekanga.
Ukusukela kwiminyaka eli-13 ubudala, unyana waqala ukusebenza. Utata wamthatha naye nge-alloy yehlathi. Wayedla ngokuxelela uAndrei malunga nokuhlala kwakhe ngaphandle kolwandle kunye nemfazwe yehlabathi yokuqala, eyakukhathalelwa. Ukongeza kwi-Andrei, abanye abazalwana abathathu bakhulele usapho. Ababini kubo bafa kwimigca yemfazwe yemfazwe enkulu, owesithathu wafa kumanxeba afunyenweyo ekhaya.
Ngo-1955, xa uGromyko njengoMphathiswa weMicimbi yezangaphandle athathe inxaxheba kwiingxoxo nge-chanllor yaseJamani ngokusebenzisa i-coinfereeer, wabonakalisa ubunzima obungazange bawotshiswanga kwaye engazange abekhohlisile. Emva koko kwasemva koNyana wakhe, wachaza imeko yakhe ngesibakala sokuba uziva ubukho babazalwana buye babulala emfazweni, owathi kuye:
"Musa ukuyeka, ayikokwakho, kodwa yethu."Ukuphumelela ukuphumelela kwi-7-pilot kwiintonga ezindala, uAndrei waya kufunda ngakumbi. Uphumelele kwisikolo somsebenzi waseGomel, emva koko isikolo sobugcisa bezobugcisa kwingingqi ye-MSK, apho isikhundla esisebenzayo kunye neempawu zobunkokeli zakhethwe nguNobhala wombutho weKomsomol Umbutho. Kwaye nge-22, ikhuliswe kunobhala weseli yeqela.
Ngo-1931, uAndreyi Gromyko waba ngumfundi weZiko lezoQoqsho le-MSK. Kodwa kuphela iikhosi ezi-2 kuphela ezifundwayo, kuba wathunyelwa kwilali ekufutshane neMinsk njengomphathi wesikolo. IZiko loMlawuli oselula liphumelele engekhoyo.
Uninzi lwabantu abatsha abasebenzayo, phakathi kwabo uAndrei Gromyko, iKomiti ephakathi yeqela lamaKomanisi laseBelasus elithunyelwe ukuba lifunde kwisikolo se-BSRR. Apha balungiselele iprofayile ebanzi yezoqoqosho. Njengomnye wabafundi ababalaseleyo, ngo-1934, waguqulelwa eMoscow.
Kwakhuselwa yi-dissertata yomviwa kwi-US kwezolimo kwaye yayijolise kwiZiko loPhando lweSayensi yeZolimo lonke njengomphandi omkhulu. Ngeli xesha, uAndrei Andreevich Gromyko ufunde isiNgesi ukuya kwisiNgesi.
Ngo-1938, waba ngunobhala wesayensi weziko le-Economics yeSayensi yeSayensi ye-USSR. Inzululwazi nethembisa inzululwazi yayicelwe ukuba ithunyelwe kwisebe laseMpuma le-Academy.
Umsebenzi
Njengoko abantu ababephila ngexesha lika-Andrei Gromyko Khumbula, wayehlala ebandakanyeka kwimfundo. Ndifunde iMisebenzi kuqoqosho engeyiyo yezazinzulu zaseSoviet kuphela, kodwa neezeziselo zomphathiswa woqoqosho lweSergey, owenza umbono ongenantlonelo kuye.
Ngexesha lakhe elikhululekileyo, uGromyko wathatha inxaxheba ekudubeni kukhuphiswano kwaye wafumana "i-voroshilovky shoon" icon. Unomdla wokufunda kwiSayensi yasemkhosini kangangokuba wayecinga ukuba ngumqhubi wemikhosi. Kodwa ngeminyaka wayengasakwazi ukufaka isikolo senqwelo moya.
Emva kwexesha kwiimemo zakhe, uAndreyi Gromyko akazange akhankanye impindezelo yeminyaka yee-1930s. Kodwa yayikukucoca "kwicandelo lemicimbi yangabantu, bajika ikamva lenzululwazi elincinci babuyela umva bamkhokelela kwintsimi yozakuzo.
Ngo-1939, uAndrei Andreevich Gromyko wamemela iKhomishini yeKomiti ephakathi yeqela. USihlalo wakhe u-vhlovlav molotov noGeorgy Malenkov babonyulwa phakathi kwabancinci bamaKomanisi Umsebenzi weDiphellomatic umsebenzi. Eyona mfuno iphambili yimvelaphi yasesidima kwaye ubuncinci ulwazi oluthile lweelwimi zasemzini. Ukuhamba ukusuka eBelarus kuya kusondela kuzo zonke iikhrayitheriya. Ngelo xesha, wafunda ngokukhululekileyo uncwadi lwesiNgesi esithetha isiNgesi, kodwa kwangaxeshanye wayenxibe.
Idiplomat
Umsebenzi ka-Andrei's fizillomatic uphuhlisile ngokukhawuleza. Ngentwasahlobo yowe-1939, wakhwela liSebe lezamazwe laseMelika. Kodwa ekuweni kwakhe, wabizelwa kwi-IV. V. Stalin kwaye wanyula umcebisi kwi-Amesm ye-USSR. Umcebisi ongekho sesikweni owanyanzelekileyo ukuba atshintshe ulwazi olulahlekileyo kwi-riplomat encinci, uLiutenant Alexander Valinedev, kwiNtloko yoBudlelwane lwangaphandle iSebe labasebenzi ngokubanzi bemikhosi exhobileyo.
Ukususela ngo-1939 ukuya ku-1943, uAndreyi Gromyko wasebenza njengomcebisi kwi-ofisi ye-USSR ye-USSR ye-United States. Kwaye ekuqaleni kuka-1943 wathatha indawo ye-USSR Ansinova. Kule ndawo wasebenza kuye de kwangowe-1946. Ezona ziganeko zibalulekileyo zale minyaka yayilungiselela i-Tehran, Postsdam kunye neenkomfa zeYalta. Kwi-Yallisian edumileyo ngo-1945, uGromyko wathatha inxaxheba ngokobuqu.
Ukususela ngo-1946, ekuhambeni kweminyaka emibini, i-ripplomat yayiphethe isikhundla sommeli osisigxina we-USSR phantsi kwe-UN. Kuyaphawuleka ukuba u-Andrei Gromyko ufike ekubeni nguSoviet Diplomat wokuqala, ophathiswe le post. Ukongeza, ukusukela ngo-1946 ukuya ku-1949, uAndreyi andreevich wayephethe isikhundla sokuba uSekela-Mphathiswa weMicimbi ye-USSR. Kwinqaku elithi "ixesha lephephancwadi", enye yeengcali yaphawula ukuba "ubuchule obuphefumlayo 'bukaGromyoko.
Kodwa kwesi sithuba, igosa lenze impazamo ecaphukisayo: Ngaphandle kwesigqibo seKremlin phantsi koxinzelelo lobunkokeli kunye ne-Gina yezeMali, wabeka i-visa yakhe kwisivumelwano se-ruble kunye ne-yuan .
Kule, uStalin, obela amaqhina oqoqosho nge-DPRK ngokobuqu, wasusa u-Andrei Gromyko ukusuka kwisithuba soSekela-Mphathiswa Wezokuqala kwaye wamthumela i-absoor ukuya eLondon. Apha, u-Dipplomas wasebenza ekufeni kukaJoseph Vissisriavich. Emva kokufa kukaStalin, i-Ambassador yabuyiselwa e-USSR kwaye yachonga isikhundla soSekela-Mphathiswa Wez Allictat yeSoviet Union.
Ngobusika bowe-1957, uAndreyi Gromyko waba ngumfundisi wezangaphandle ze-USSR. Kule posi, wanyulwa nikita khrushchev emva kokubonisana ne-DMMMGY SHISPILOV, okhokele kwesi sithuba ngaphambi kokuba adluliselwe kwikomiti yeCPU. Isimo esinikezwe iGromyoko, i-khrushchechev:
Le yi-bulldog, Mxelele, akatshayi umhlathi wakhe, ade azalise yonke imihla ngexesha nangokuchanekileyo. "Isikhundla soMphathiswa Wezangaphandle seSoviet Union, uAndrei Gromyko wakhonzanga ukuba bangevanga ixesha elide - iminyaka engama-28. Iziphumo zayo ezingakhange zihlonelwe kule nkonzo zibandakanya olona thethwano lubaluleke kakhulu nolwenziweyo kulawulo lwangaphakathi lwezixhobo eziqhelekileyo nezinyukliya. Kwingxelo yakhe, i-caribbean yeCaribbean kunye nothetha-thethwano olunzima noMongameli waseMelika uJohn Kennedy.
Ngo-1970, umphathiswa wase-USSR wase-USS wenza igalelo elikhulu kuphuhliso lwesicatshulwa kunye nokulungiswa kwesivumelwano se-Moscow phakathi kweSoviet Union kunye neRiphabliki ye-Forksi "kwimfazwe yaseYurophu.
UAndrei Andreevich wakhokelela ekukhokeleni kothethathethwano olunzima eUnited States kunye no-UN, apho waphinda wabhabha phezu kolwandle. Kwaye kwafuneka alungiselele utyelelo lokuqala lukaMongameli wase-US Richard Nixon eUSSR, eyokuqala kwimbali yeSoviet-American Ubudlelwane.
Ukutyelelwa kokuqala e-Itali kwafakwa iGromyoko. Uye wamisela ubudlelwane bexesha leli lizwe - elinye lamazwe aphambili athabatha inxaxheba kwi-Hitler's Coalition.
Kwaye uMphathiswa wezangaphandle waba nguSoviet wokuqala waseSoviet owadibana noPopu Roma. Incoko yabo yokuqala yenzekile eNew York, kwintlanganiso ye-UN ngo-1965. Emva koko uPaul Vi wenza izihlandlo ezi-4 kwiVatican.
Abantu ababephila ngexesha elibizwa ngokuba ngu-Andrei Gromyko olona tshintsho lunamava. Indlela yakhe yothethathethwano yabangela ukuba ndiqiniseke ukuba lizwe kwaye licaphukisiwe kwelinye icala. I-Diplomat yaxoxa ngokungqongqo kakhulu kwaye yayingakwazi kakhulu ukulunga. Wayelungiselela kakhulu intlanganiso, efunda umchasi wayo kuwo onke amacala. Ukongeza ukuze wazi ezona nkcukacha zincinci zengxaki phantsi kwengxoxo.
Oku kwamvumela ukuba alawule umnxibelelanisi onamava. UGromyko wakhokela ngokuthe ngcembe, iingxoxo zinokulibaziseka iiyure ezininzi. Iidiplomats ezininzi azinyamezele iiyure ezininzi zencoko ekhathazayo kwaye zine-nerves. Kuphela kuxa uAndrei Andreevich watsala amaxilongo akhe aphambili.
Emva kokusweleka kukaLeonid Brezhnev, ukuba ngunobhala jikelele, uYuri Andropov ochonge uSekela-Sihlalo weBhunga leBhunga le-USSR. Okwesi sithuba, uAndrei Gromyko wahlala ukusuka ngoMatshi 1933 ukuya kuJulayi 1985. Kwaye ngoJanuwari 1988, emva kokubulawa kukaKonstantin Chernenko, oogxa bamaqabane be-ROORBue bammemela ukuba athathe iKomiti yoNobhala yeCPU.
Kodwa uAndrei Andreevich wala ukukholisa i-mikhail gorbaacheva, enika isimilo esihle kwintlanganiso ye-Properburo. Ngokutsho kolunye ulwazi, kamva kwindawo engekho sesikweni, wazisola ngesigqibo sakhe.
Emva konyulo lwe-mikhail gorbacheva, uNobhala Jikelele weKomiti ephambili yeCPU, isikhundla soMphathiswa wezangaphandle seSoviet Union sathatha i-Eduardonhla. U-Andrei Gromyko wanika indawo yokupheka kosihlalo weSihlalo yeBhunga eliPhakamileyo. Kodwa ngo-Okthobha 1988, wakhululwa ngokunxulumene nemeko yempilo.
Ubomi Buqu
Ndikunye nenkosikazi yakhe uLidiya Grinevich, ikamva labo "Ikamva lezamva" idibene ngo-1931, xa wangena kwiZiko lezoQoqsho le-MSK. ULidiya, njengaye, wayengumfundi wale yunivesithi.
Ubomi buka-Andrei Gromyko noLydia Grinevich bonwabile bonwabile. Yayiyiseli eyimizekelo yeSoviet yoMbutho, apho kufanelekileyo ukuqonda ngokupheleleyo. Xa umyeni ethunyelwa nguMlawuli kwiSikolo sasemaphandleni, umfazi wangena emva kwakhe. Babengoonyaka emva koko, babenonyana ka-Anatoy. Kwaye ngo-1937, intombi kaElia yavela.
Umfazi akakaze anikezele nje iqabane elinokuthenjwa "elingo", kodwa linyeliswe kuye. Ufunde isiNgesi kwaye wayedla ngokukhokelela kwiimpikiswano ezimenyiweyo ze-cepplomats zasentshona.
Abaxhasi basinde abazukulwana - Alexey naseGor. Umnqweno othandwayo we-Andrei Andreevich wayezingela. Kwaye wayeqokelela amampunge.
Ukufa
UAndrei Gromyko wasweleka ngoJulayi 1989. Ukufa kwavela kwiingxaki emva kokophula i-Aneurysm ye-aorta ye-aordo. Kwaye nangona umsebenzi we-prostthetics we-prosthetics wenziwa ngexesha, kodwa intliziyo nentliziyo enxibileyo ayizange isuse umthwalo.
"Usolusapho uDiploricy" wayefuna ukungcwaba udonga lukaKremlin, kodwa ngokwakhe wangcwabela amangcwaba amaNvoddevichy.
Emva kwegosa leli gosa, umbuzo womngcwabo kwisikwere obomvu yayingaseyisiyo kwakhona kwaye kwi-kremlin necroposlis akukho mntu wangcwatywayo.