Biography
I-Leendar Batka Makhno yintsomi eqaqambileyo nengcwengiweyo kwimbali yasekhaya, i-aschist iqinisekile ukuba i-aschist kunye ne-wrestler ecekeceke.Ubuntwana kunye nokufikisa
I-Nestor Ivanovich Makhno yazalelwa kwilali yaseGulipol (ngoku - Ingingqi ye-Zaporizhia) ngoNovemba 7, 1888. Abazali benkwenkwe babengabantu abahlwempuzekileyo, utata uIvan Rodiolovich wasebenza eBarina Kucter, umama kaEveokia Matreevna wakhokelela endlini kwaye wayengoyena mncinci kubantwana abahlanu.
Ngokusweleka kukaBawo, usapho lwentsapho enkeyintamini, abantwana baphulukana nomntu owondlayo. Umncinci kubazalwana kwakufuneka aphumile. Ukufika kwakhe kwiminyaka esixhenxe ubudala, inkwenkwe yaqalisa ukuqesha umsebenzi ofanelekileyo: umlomo weenkomo, ukuba ujikeleze kubanini bomhlaba. Ngaphandle koku, uNestor ukwazile ukufundisisa iminyaka emine kwisikolo samaqhinga, apho wanikwa khona iminyaka esibhozo.
Intolongo kunye noAmorrius
Ukususela ngo-1903, le ndodana yayisebenza kwisityalo sentsimbi. Ngo-1906, uMakhno wabanjwa ngokuthwala izixhobo, kodwa wakhululwa ngomncinci. Ngeli xesha ukuba i-Ataman yekamva ihlangana nembono ye-anarchism, kwaye isiphiliso siba yimyuziyam.
Emva kokuba ungene "kwimanyano yasimahla ye-Anarchist-Herborobov" uNestor Makhno uthatha inxaxheba kwizenzo zobuqhophololo ezininzi ezinxulumene nokuchithwa kwepropathi kunye nabantu abazizityebi. Ngo-1910, amalungu eqela angcatshwa yinkundla. Inkundla yasemkhosini yesixeko saseKyeterinislav (ngoku i-Dnepropetrovsk) i-ofisi yoogrogrisi igwetyiwe kwixesha elifanelekileyo lezenkolo (ngenye idatha, kwisigwebo sentambo).
UNestor Makhno wagwetywa iminyaka engama-20 yamatyala. Kangangexesha elithile, uMakhno wayekule ntolongo ye-Ekterinislav, emva koko watshintshelwa kwi-moscow byyrkka. Apha wadibana ne-anarchist Arshinov, eyayinefuthe elininzi kwityala lenkobe.
E-Butyu, uNertor akazange aphulukane nexesha lesipho: Akazange afumane nje iziseko ze-coocy, akazange athembele kwiqabane likaqabane, anethemba lokufunda, funda iincwadi ezininzi kuqoqosho lwezopolitiko, funda iMathematics, igrama , Uncwadi lwaseRussia. Ijelo likaMakhino laphuma ne-Arshinov ngo-Matshi 1917, uxolelo luzukisa ngotshintsho lwenguqu ngoFebruwari. Ukongeza kulwazi kunye namava, ibanjwa lenza ukuthathelwa kwentloko kwisigqibo kunye nokufunyanwa kokoyikisayo - iKahotku, eyabulala emva kweminyaka emininzi.
Umsebenzi wezopolitiko nakwezoMkhosi: Qala
Kwibhayoloji ye-makhno kukho ukungachaneki. Ixesha elingaphezulu, izihlazo zakhe zaphazamiseka, kwaye ubungqina bayo misebenzi yabo e-Ukraine kukuphikisana. Nangona kunjalo, indima yakhe emfazweni, imfazwe yamakhaya, ayinakuthathelwa ingqalelo, nangona wayeza kumiliselisa iingcinga zakhe kwizidumbu.
Ukubuya emva kokuqukumbela eGuliaipol, uNertor wayengoyena mkhulu weminyhadala yotshintsho. Kwakhe, "ixhoba lento elungileyo," abahlali bakhetha intloko yemanyano yabanye kunye nebhunga elinamathele endawo. Ngokuthatha inxaxheba kwe-makhno kwi-1917, abameli boRhulumente weSiseko aqhutywa ukusuka kwi-Alexandrovskaya Volost kwaye esekwe amandla eSoviet. Ngo-1918, njengommeli we-Gulipol Redkoma, wathabatha inxaxheba kwinkomfa yeSizwe yeCosmons kunye neSoviet.
Ukusekwa kukarhulumente omtsha okuthintele ukuhlaselwa koMnxibelelanisi: Ngehlobo le-1918, imikhosi yase-Austro-yaseJamani yahlala i-Ukraine. Eli xesha linokuthathwa njengesiqalo somkhosi wasemkhosini ye-makhino, kuba kwakungekho ke ukuba abavukeli bamanyene kuqala ekuhlaleni kobunkokeli bakhe phantsi kobunkokeli bakhe. Iqela leqela lalilwa kunye namaJamani, kunye nokuchasene neinkundla zaseUkraine. Njengempindezelo, abasemagunyeni bajongisiswa nomninawa omdala waseNertor kwaye watshisa indlu awayehlala kuyo umama wakhe.
Kwangelo xesha, ngoMeyi we-1918, uNestor Makhno wafika eMoscow, apho wadibana khona neVladimir Lenin kunye ne-sverdov, kunye neenkokeli zeqela le-Anachist. Iintlanganiso kunye nobunkokeli bamandla eSoviet azizange zizise nantoni na, kodwa kwiNkomfa yeNkomfa yaseMoscow ayizange inxibelelane nabahlali eUkraine yaphuhliswa. Ukubetha amaxwebhu e-fake, uMakhno waya ekhaya ukuze alungiselele umkhosi we-wale.
"I-batka engafezekanga"
Bonke ubomi baseBatika Makhno yayingumzabalazo ongapheliyo. Ukuqonda ukuchaneka kwee-bolsheviks ngokuchanekileyo, akazange amkele umnqweno wabo 'wokuzibophelela ngokupheleleyo inkohliso kunye nemfaneleko. " Kwangelo xesha, waphinda wagqiba kwelokuba apheshelwe i-truce yethutyana kunye nabaphathi beSoviet, balwa nabalindi abamhlophe kunye nolunye uhlobo.
UNestor Makhno waba yinto ebonakalayo ilungele i-anarirchists kwihlabathi liphela. Ukwazile ukwenza imeko yakhe kuRhulumente, ukulungiselela ukucacisa ezixekweni ngokuxhomekeke kuyo, ukumisela imveliso, izikolo ezivulekileyo, imibutho yabasebenzi, ukuyenza ukutyeshela imigaqo-siseko ye-anarchny .
Umkhosi wakhe yayingumkhosi onzima kwimephu yezopolitiko yobukumkani baseRussia iminyaka eliqela, kodwa amaYuda aseUkraine ayilungele, kuba abaphangi bakwinqanaba lemikhosi yevukelo, ekunene kude kube selubulaweni.
Imisebenzi ka-Batki Makhno eUkraine ngexesha lemfazwe yamakhaya inokuchaza ngokufutshane ezi zinto zilandelayo:
- Ngo-1918, wangena elunxwemeni nomkhosi obomvu walwa nemikhosi eyayiphantsi komyalelo kaPelyra;
- Ngo-1919, i-Batka yaphinda yadityaniswa kunye ne-bolsheviks kwaye yalwa sele inomkhosi weDenikin;
- Nge-29 kaMeyi, ngo-1919, waphula isivumelwano ngeBolsheviks, obhengeze ukupheliswa kwe "makhnovchina";
- NgoJulayi-Disemba 1919, imfazwe yentsalelo ngokuchasene nomkhosi waseDenikini waseDenikini waxhaswa, emva koko waxhaswa "ngaphambili, waphinda wathatha i-gulyaipol, eBeryansk, e-Nikopol kunye ne-ekaterlav;
- Ngo-1920, uMakhno waphinda wangena kwimbambano kunye ne-bolsheviks, kodwa elaliwe ngesithembiso sikaTarameli ngokudala umanyano;
- NgoSeptemba 1920, uxolelwaniso olulandelayo lwe-batiki ngo "bomvu" lwalandelwa, ngokuthatha inxaxheba kwiphulo lolwaphulo-mthetho;
- Emva koloyiso ngaphezulu kogada olumhlophe eCrimea, uMakhno akazange ajoyine umkhosi obomvu, apho ii-bolsheviks zitshabalalisa yonke imikhosi yakhe;
- Ekupheleni kuka-1920, iBatta iqokelele ishumi elinesihlanu lamawaka kwaye lakhokelela kwimfazwe ye-guerrilla e-Ukraine, kodwa imikhosi yayingalingani, yaye ngo-Agasti ka-1921, uMakhno kunye nabahlobo abasondeleyo bawela umda ngeRomania.
Ukufuduka kunye nobomi bomntu
Abasemagunyeni baseSoviet baseRomania abangamnikiyo, kodwa uMakhno, kunye nenkosikazi yakhe kunye namaqabane akhe babekwa kwinkampu yoxinaniso. Ukusuka apho, uMakhnovtsy wabalekela ePoland, emva koko eDanzig naseFransi. Kuphela kwiParis ekwaziyo ukuphilisa ubomi obunoxolo. Abantu base-achirchists balapha kunye nabanye abantu abanothando benkululeko bathathe inxaxheba kwisiphelo sentsomi yaseAtaman, esimnika noncedo lonke.
Ihamba ngokukhethekileyo kunye ne-Nestor Askist Alexander Bexander Bekorman, ngubani ekugqibeleni wafumana imali yomngcwabo wentsali ezukileyo. Ukufa kukaMakhno kwaba sisiphumo sesifo sengqondo selanga esasityhala impilo yakhe ukusuka kwi-Korga. Unobangela wokufa yi-char. UNestor Ivanovich wasweleka kwisibhedlele saseParis ngoJulayi 6, 1934. Ingcwaba likaMahno likhona emangcwabeni eLashez ngeLashez.
Malunga nobomi bobuqu bakwaNertor Makhino, iintsomi zihambelana: Alithandabuzeki elokuba, iAxaman yamawakawaka empi yomkhosi inokufumana ulonwabo. Ngezobungqina bobuxoki, ngokobungqina bemifanekiso yexeshana (nangona ifoto ijongeka ngathi ngumntu oqaqambileyo), ukukhula okuphantsi, umfundisi ongumntu ongumfazi wakhe ethandwa. Bayithanda kwaye besoyika ngenxa yabo, njengamajoni akhe, bakhokelela kwi-batiki, ababandayo, ukubala, ukubala.
Ngomfazi wokuqala, i-Nasya Visetskaya, apho uNontor atshatileyo, ephuma entolongweni, umtshato wawungasebenzi. Babenonyana, kodwa kungekudala bafa, saza isibini saqhekeka. Kodwa umfazi wesibini uMakhno, uGalina Kuzmennko exhonywa naye yonke imfazwe, ukufuduka kunye nenkampu. Bazitsho ukuba yena ngokwakhe wathabatha inxaxheba kwii-pogroms kunye nokubulawa, ukufumana ulonwabo olukhethekileyo kulowo uphiliso. EParis, bazalwa yintombi e-Elena, kodwa uGalina, ngaphandle kokulungiselela isikhundla, wayithatha intombazana, wayishiya umyeni wakhe.
Ngo-2009, kwavulwa ityeni kaMakhino eGuyaipora, malunga neefilimu zeshumi elinesihlanu zadutyulwa ngaye, iinoveli ezininzi, iimemo, iimemo zabhalwa ngokwakhe-umbhali weqela leempendulo zencwadi. Okokugqibela kwizikrini zasekhaya beza uthotho "Inkululeko ye-Idilesi ye-Makhno Makhno" nePavel Derevko kwindima ekhokelayo.