Biography
I-Sergey Pavlovich Korolev nguMyili weSoviet obalaseleyo kunye nososayensi kwinkulungwane yama-20, uMda weZikolo zeCosmousics, uMdali weenkqubo kunye neyona ndlela inkulu kwicandelo leRocket kunye nendawo yokuhlala.
ISergey Korolev yazalwa nge-12 kaJanuwari, ngo-1907 (ngokohlobo lwakudala ngoDisemba 31, 1906) eThhyotomyr. Utata wakhe wayengutitshala, ekunikezelweni. Emva kokuwa kwentsapho yenkwenkwe kwathunyelwa eNezhin kubazali bakanina, apho kwakhuselwa khona kwintsapho yomrhwebi. Ukususela ngo-1917, uhlala eOdessa nonina uMaria Nikolaevna noSchupih Gregory Mikhanvich. Wafunda ikharityhulamu yesikolo ekhaya, ukusuka ngo-1922 ukuya ku-1924 wafunda kwisikolo sokwakha.
Izibakala ezinomdla kwi-biegraphy:
- Ngo-1921, udibana nabaqhubi beenqanawa ze-hydropouts kwaye bathatha inxaxheba kubomi benkcitho: Kwiminyaka eli-16 ufunda intetho kwinqwelo moya. Inguqu yokuqala, eyenziwe eneminyaka eli-17, ingumhloli wenqwelomoya yenqwelomoya ye-K-5 ecetyiswa ukuba kwakhiwe.
- Ngo-1924-1926 - izifundo kwiKiev Polytech.
- Ngo-1926 watshintshelwa eMoscow kwisikolo samabanga aphakamileyo ngobugcisa. Ukuthatha inxaxheba kwintlangano yesikolo sasepriner, iba ngumhlohli kunye nomdlali wenqwelomoya, ukugqiba isikolo kwabaqhubi, ukutyelela isangqa se-Aerodynamic kwaye siphuhlise iinqwelomoya kunye neenqwelomoya. Ukuqala ukusuka kunyaka wesine, isebenza kwi-kb.
- Ukusukela ngo-1927, kane amatyeli aphezulu kuthatha inxaxheba kwizikhuphisana--zohlangano-nxaxheba eKoktelbel.
- Ngo-1929, ifunyanwa nge-K
- NgoFebruwari 1930, phantsi kobunkokeli buka-A.N. I-TUPOLEV ikhusela iprojekthi yenqwelomoya. Kwangelo xesha, uKumkanikazi wenza i-glider ye-sk-3 "inkwenkwezi ebomvu", apho kwenziwa khona iilophu ze-Nesterov kwindiza yasimahla. Umyili akakwazanga ukubhabha ngokwayo, njengoko kugula ngengxaki yolwazi olungevayo kunye nememori. Wayenememori entle ngaphambi kokuba agule.
- Ngo-Matshi 1931, uqala ukusebenza kwiTsally nguNjineli oMkhulu kwiimvavanyo zenqwelomoya. Esona siganeko siphambili kweli xesha yintlanganiso ne-Znder, ebandakanyekayo kwi-injini okanye-1. Ukumkanikazi uguqukela emsebenzini. NgoSeptemba 1931, eli qela liye nguZander liqalisa uphuhliso kunye novavanyo lwe-RP-1 rocketoplane ngenjini yolwelo.
Amanyathelo okuqala okukhanya kwe-rocket
USergei Korolev wentloko kwiBhunga leSayensi neBhunga lezeNzululwazi yeMoscow Gird. Ingqwalaselo enkulu ihlawulelwa izixhobo zerocket eziyimfuneko ukomeleza amandla okukhusela ilizwe. U-Korolev wenza i-KB yokuqala ye-Kb, kumalungu e-CGR, equka kwimbali yezibane ze-rocket.
Apha izikhombisi ezininzi ze-rocket yelitye zaqala. Ukufezekiswa kweli xesha yayikukuqaliswa kwe-rocket ye-rocker-09, ukunyuka ukuya kwi-400 m. Iziphumo zomsebenzi wabo ze-korolev ichaza kwincwadi ethi "Indiza yeRocket kwi-Stratoslate" (1934). Ikwabandakanya amathuba angenzeka kwimijelo engeyiyo ye-semicircle emkhosini nakwiinjongo zezenzululwazi.
NgoSeptemba 1933, unyule ukumkanikazi oneminyaka engama-26 uSekela Mlawuli weZiko eliSebenzayo. Ithemba le-girdovtsy malunga notshintsho kwiiprojekthi ezinzulu azizange zincitshiswe, kwancitshiswa umxholo, kwaye ngo-1934 koRolev wakhululwa eofisini. Wahlala kwiziko yinjineli eqhelekileyo, egxile kuphuhliso lweemijelo ezinamaphiko.
Isixhobo se-rocket esilawulwayo
Ngo-1936, uKorolev wanyulwa umyili oyintloko wophuhliso lwe-rini, ukuphuhlisa inqwelo moya. I-Sergey inolwazi olumangalisayo, ulwazi lwe-encyclopedic kunye namava. Okwesihlandlo sokuqala, bagwetyelwe umxholo we-Inceple Shoptor, ukufikelela kwimizuzu embalwa yokuphakama okuphezulu, ukuhlasela inqwelo moya, isoyikisa into ekhuselweyo.
Ngexesha leemvavanyo ezazicwangcisa ukuba zenzekile, zenzekile, apho uMyili wafumana inxeba lentloko kwaye lalikwibhedi yesibhedlele. Emva kwesibhedlele, nge-27 kaJuni, 1938 wabanjwa njengombutho othatha inxaxheba kwi-trotskyist organary. Ukumkanikazi wagwetywa iminyaka elishumi kwaye wathunyelwa eKolyma.
Ngokunxulumene nokuvalelwa kukaMarshal Tukachevsky kunye nababhali bezixhobo ezitsha, uphuhliso luyekile. Uphando lweRocketoplane, owayebandakanyeke eKorolev, waqhubeka, kodwa ngaphandle kwenxaxheba yakhe yokwakha inqwelomoya ye-RIONT engazange ibekho.
Uloyiso kunye netroph
NgoSeptemba 1940, kwisikhalazo se-tupolev (nangona yena ebanjiwe ngo-1938) ukumkanikazi wabizwa eKolyma. Ngokukhawuleza waqalisa ukukhulisa ibhombu entsha. Emva kwendiza yokuqala ngoDisemba 1941, iqela le-tupolev lakhutshwa kwi-OMSK. Apha inqwelo-moya ye-tu-2 yasungulwa kwimveliso. Yayiyeyona bomber yelitha ngaphambili.
ISergey Korolev iqhubekile nokusebenza entolongweni kb Kazan, ifunda ukufaka ufakelo lwe-rocket. Ngokweziphumo zomsebenzi wakhe, wagwetywa umyalelo wophawu lweholo wakhululwa entolongweni. Ekupheleni kwemfazwe, wenza iiprojekthi ze-RDD D-1 kunye ne-D-2 ngeenjini eziqinileyo ze-ofisi. Kwavela ukuba eJamani, iiprojekthi ezinjalo sele zigqitywe, ngoko ithunyelwe kumashishini amaJamani. I-Korolev iza kwisigqibo sokuba unethuba lokwenza imipu, kodwa ngeempawu eziphuculweyo.
NgoMeyi 1946, ubunkokheli baseSoviet buthatha umthetho, owaqala ukuqala kokuphuhliswa kwe-rocket yokwakha. Kwingingqi ye-moscow kalilingrad (Korolev namhlanje), uMbuso we-ASTERALS izixhobo (Nii-88) udalwe. I-Korolev yonyulwe ngomnye wabaqulunqi bakhe abaphambili.
Okulandelayo, iziganeko ziyakhula ngokukhawuleza:
- Kwicala leStalin, ikopi yelitye laseJamani idalwe;
- Iimvavanyo ze-A-4sss eziqokelelekileyo eziqokelelwe kwii-node zetrone kwi-nordhausen kunye ne-NII-88;
- Imijuku ye-R-1 yokuqala iyavavanywa, iphinde ivelise i-A-4 kwizixhobo zabo kumaxwebhu asekhaya.
Umthetho
ISergey Korolev yajika ingabi yiyo kuphela umyili onetalente kuphela, kodwa kunye nomququzeleli okwazile ukulungelelanisa umsebenzi wayo yonke izahlulo.
Ukuphuhliswa kwezixhobo zesixhobo zomkhosi kwaqala ukwenza ipokethi kunye ne-300 km. Ngo-1948, iR-2 yeR-2 yenziwa ngoluhlu lwe-600 km, ekwazi ukufikelela kwezinye iziseko zaseMelika. Ngenxa yokuphuhliswa okuthe kratya, i-RDD R-5M ngoluhlu lwe-1,200 km kunye nenxalenye ye-nuclear ye-nuclear ivela. Iimvavanyo zesicwangciso-qhinga senziwe kwi-semipalatinill yomhlaba nge-2 kaFebruwari ngo-1956.
Eyona ndlela iphambili yokumkanikazi yayikukuphuhliswa kwemijelo yamazwe amaninzi. I-R-7 iRocket ye-R-7 i-rocket (i-ICBM) eyenziwe nguye yayinoluhlu lwamawaka ayi-8 amawaka km., Inguqulelo ye-IBC R-7A - i-km i-km. I-icbm ye-icb ilahlekile kwi-american fiel eqinileyo, ke, i-rocket yovavanyo ye-RT-1 yadalwa kwi-oyile eqinileyo. I-rocket mihla le ixhotyiswe ngamarokhethi aqinileyo amafutha, ngokusekwe kwi-ICBr rt-2, eyenziwe ngukumkanikazi.
Cosmonautions
Uphuhliso lomkhosi lwalungomhla wokumkanikazi wokuphuhliswa kwesithuba. Nge-4 ka-Okthobha 1957, isfarha yesatellite yasungulwa okokuqala kwimbali yezindlu zomhlaba. Inyanga, nge-3 kaNovemba, iSatellite yesibini yathunyelwa kwi-orbit, ebhodini eyayiyinja ebiyinto yenja. Nge-12 ka-Epreli, ngo-1961, uYuri Alekseevich Gagarin wangena endaweni.
Kwindlela yokuzibandakanya, iingcali zebhunga leenqanawa eziphambili ezenziwa kukumkanikazi zazibandakanyekile. Ngobomi bakhe, ezinye iindiza ezisixhenxe zeenqanawa zaphunyezwa ngempumelelo, iisanda, izikhululo zesayensi kunye neenkqubo zasungulwa.
Ubomi bomyili oyintloko baphuke kwangoko, kwenzeka ngoJanuwari 14, 1966. Unobangela wokufa yayikukusebenza kwetyala, apho intliziyo iyekayo. Emva konakekelo lwayo, isantya sophuhliso lweenkqubo zendawo sinciphile. Akukho nanye eRussia, okanye e-United States ivele ilingana nobungakanani obunye kunye netalente yomntu.
Ubomi Buqu
ISergey Korolev yayitshatile kabini. Ixesha lokuqala watshata naye nge-1931 kumfundi ofunda naye ksenia vivisitini, ngo-1935 wamnika intombi.
Ngo-1948, kwaqhambuka usapho.
Ndikunye nomfazi wesibini, uNina Ivanovna, owayengumguquleli kwiNII-88, wadibana emsebenzini.