Biography
Mendeleev nguDmitry Ivanovich yi sisazinzulu Russian, ekhemesti brilliant, physics, umphandi entsimini kwimetroloji, hydrodynamics, yokuma, ishishini Connoisseur nzulu, isixhobo kwezigqibo, yezoqoqosho, aeronaut, utitshala, umzobo yoluntu kunye nzulu ngezinto yokuqala.Ubuntwana noLutsha
Inzululwazi enkulu yazalwa ngonyaka ka-1834, ngoFebruwari 8, eTobollk. Utata u-Ivan Pavlovich wayenguMlawuli weZikolo zeSithili kunye ne-Tobolsk Gysk Gysnasium, yenzeka kuhlobo lombingeleli uPavel Maklovich uSokolov Sothy, Russian ngohlanga.
Usapho uIvan utshintshile ebuntwaneni, ukuba ngabafundi besemina ye-Tver. Ngokufanelekileyo, kwenziwe ngenjongo yothixo wakhe, umnini-mhlaba waseMendeleev. Emva kwexesha, umbuzo wokudibana kukaZwelonke wentsapho yabafundi wachaphazeleka rhoqo. Ngokutsho kolunye ulwazi, wangqina kwiingcambu zamaYuda, kwabanye malunga nesiJamani. I-Dmittra Mendeleev ngokwakhe wathetha ngento yokuba utitshala wakhe kwisemina wabizwa ngokuba nguIvan. Lo mfana watshintsha ngempumelelo kwaye imixholo yaziwa ngabantu eklasini. Ngokwamagama mabini, "Yenza imenyu" - i-Ivan Pavlovich yangeniswa kwingxelo yemfundo.
Umama maria Dmirievna (kwi-Korniliev enkulu) wayenomdla ekukhuliseni abantwana nekhaya, wayedume njengomfazi okrelekrele nobukrelekrele. I-DMMMMY yayiselusapho oyena mncinci, okokugqibela kwabantwana abalishumi elinesine (ngolunye ulwazi - owokugqibela wabantwana abalishumi elinesixhenxe). Kwiminyaka ye-10, inkwenkwe yaphulukana noyise owayeza kuvuswa.
Ngexesha lezifundo zakhe kwindawo yokuzivocavoca, iDmitry ayizibonakalisa, kunzima kuye kwakukuseka. Uthando loMama wesayensi olwalumiliselwa nguMama, naye wathatha inxaxheba ekumiselweni komlinganiswa wakhe. UMaria Dmitevna wamthabatha unyana ukuba afundele eSt. Petersburg.
Ngo-1850, eSt. Petersburg, umfana oselula ufake iZiko eliyiNtloko le-Pedari yeSebe leSayensi yeNdalo yeFizmat. Ootitshala bakhe yayinguNjingalwazi e. h. Lenz, A. Voskresensky kunye no-N. V. Oretogradsky.
Ngelixa ufunda kwiZiko (1850-1855), uMelekeleeV ubonakalisa ubuchule obungaqhelekanga. Njengomfundi, upapasha inqaku elithi "kwi-isomorphism" kunye nenani lokuhlalutywa kwekhemikhali.
Isayensi
Kwi-fumiry ye-1855th ifumana idiploma ngembasa yegolide kunye nolwalathiso kwi-sferopol. Apha isebenza njengomfundisi-ntsapho ophelileyo weGymnasium. Ngokuqala kwemfazwe yolwaphulo-mthetho, iMendeleev ifudukele eOdessa kwaye ifumana isikhundla sikatitshala kwi-lyceum.
Ngo-1856 ukuphinda aqhubeke eSt. Petersburg. Ufunda eyunivesithi, ukhusela i-dissertation, ufundisa chemistry. Ekuseni, ukhusela enye i-dissertation kwaye uthunyulwe nguMbutho weYunivesithi.
Kwi-1859 Mendeleev kwi-hambo leshishini eJamani. Isebenza kwiDyunivesithi yaseHeidelberg, ibeka ilabhoratri, ihlola i-cabillary fluids. Apha babebhale amanqaku "kwiqondo lokushisa eligqibeleleyo" kunye "nokwanda kotywala", iqondo lobushushu "lobushushu" lavulwa.
Ngo-1861, iNzululwazi ibuyela kwiSt. Petersburg. Yenza incwadi yencwadi "ye-orgastic chemistry", kuba ibhaso le-Demidov lizukisiwe. Ngo-1864, sele engunjingalwazi, kwaye kwiminyaka emibini emva koko iintloko iSebe, ifundisa kwaye usebenze kwi "Bases yeChemistry."
Ngo-1869, imela inkqubo yemaxesha, ukuphuculwa kwabo bonke ubomi bakhe. Itafile yeMendeleeV yazisa ubunzima be-atomic ye-atomic ye-atom yezinto ezisithoba, kamva zongeze iqela leegesi ezingenanto kwi-arch kwaye ishiye indawo yezinto ebezisekufuneka ivule. Kwi-90s, i-Dmimry Mendeleev yenze igalelo lakhe ekuvulekeni kwento ye-radiound. Umthetho we-testic waquka ubungqina bobudlelwane bezinto zezinto kunye nevolumu yazo yeatom. Ngoku kukho ifoto yangaphandle kwitafile nganye yezinto zemichiza.
Ngo-1865-1887, ithiyori ye-hydrate yezisombululo iyaphuhliswa. Ngo-1872, iqala ukufundisisa i-geses, kwiminyaka emibini kamva ibonisa i-equation yegesi egqibeleleyo. Phakathi kwempumelelo ye-Mendeleev eli xesha kukuyilwa kwesikimu solawulo lwe-petroleum, ukusetyenziswa kweetanki kunye nemibhobho. Ngoncedo lwe-ivanovich, ukutshiswa kwegolide emnyama kwiziko lesiqitha kuphelile ngokupheleleyo. Ibinzana lenzululwazi "tshisa ioyile ifana nokutshisa isitovu kunye nesabelo" kuye kwaye kwabukhuni.
Elinye inqanaba lomsebenzi wenzululwazi luye lwaba luphando lwendawo. Ngo-1875, i-Dmimry Ivanovich ityelele i-Parsical yeHlabathi yeHlabathi yeHlabathi, apho wafaka khona ukuyifaka kwinkundla yamatyala - i-barometer-alrometer-chameleter. Ngo-1887, isayensi sithathe inxaxheba kuhambo kwibhaluni ukuya kwi-sundeers ephezulu yokuqaphela ilanga elipheleleyo lelanga.
Ngo-1890, ixande elinesikhundla esiphakamileyo yayingunobangela wokumka kukaMendeleev kwiYunivesithi. Nge-1892T, umchiza ogcina indlela yokufumana umgubo ongatshayiyo. Kwangelo xesha, kumiselwa ngumgcini wedepho yamanyathelo amfanekisileyo kunye nesikali. Apha iqala ukuqhuba iiprototypes zepawundi kunye ne-Arhri, ebambelele ngokubala ngokuthelekisa imigangatho yaseRussia neyemilinganiselo yesiNgesi yamanyathelo.
Kwinyathelo leMendeleeV ngo-1899, inkqubo yemetri yemetri yenziwa ngokukhethekileyo. Ngo-1905, ngo-1906 nowe-1907, inzululwazi yonyula umgqatswa webhaso likaNobel. Ngo-1906, iKomiti yeNobel yeBhaso inikwa iMendeleev, kodwa iRoyal Avemy yeSayensi yeSweden ingaqinisekisi sesi sigqibo.
I-Mendeleeev, engumbhali ongaphezulu kwesiqingatha samawaka imisebenzi, yayinegunya elikhulu lesayensi kwihlabathi. Ngeemfaneleko zawo, iSayensi yanikwa izihloko ezininzi zesayensi, amabhaso eRussia nelilungu lelinye ilizwe, yayililungu elinokuhlonela i-projeents yesayensi kwilizwe layo nasekulawuleni.
Ubomi Buqu
Ebutsheni bakhe kunye ne-DMIYRITY, Kwakukho imeko engathandekiyo. Ukukhathalela intombazana uSyya, awayeqhelene nayo evela ebuntwaneni, yaphela ngokuzibandakanya. Kodwa ubuhle obusoyiweyo besiya kwisithsaba asiyi. Ngomtshato, xa ulungiselelo lwalusele lutshiwe ngokupheleleyo, uSonechka watshata ukutshata. Intombazana ibalelwa ukuba ayinangqondo yokutshintsha into ukuba ubomi bulungile.
I-DMMMYY yayinentlungu ixhalabile ngomsantsa noMtshakazi, kodwa ubomi baya kuye! Ukusuka kwingcwaba lokungcwaba, waphazanyiswa luhambo phesheya, intetho yokufunda kunye nabahlobo abathembekileyo. Ukuqhubeka nobudlelwane ne-feozway ye-feozway viki, awayeqhelene ngayo ngaphambili, yaqala ukudibana nayo. Le ntombazana yayiyi-DIMGY ye-DIMGY iminyaka emi-6, kodwa yayibonakala incinci, ke umahluko weminyaka ungabonakali.
Ngo-1862, baba yindoda nomfazi wakhe. Intombi yokuqala yazalwa ngo-1863, kodwa yahlala inyanga nje ezimbalwa. Ngo-1865, unyana kaVolodya wazalwa, kwiminyaka emithathu - intombi kaOlya. IVaivanovich ibotshelelwe ebantwaneni, kodwa walisebenzisa ixesha elincinci, kuba ubomi babunikela kwimisebenzi yesayensi. Emtshatweni, waqukumbela ngokwemigaqo yokuba 'akhutshele, eqinisekile, wayengonwabanga.
Ngo-1877, i-DMMMIRY PROVS Anna Ivanovna Popova, eyaba yindoda kuye, ekwazi ukuxhasa iLizwi elinobulumko kuye. Intombazana yaza yaba yindoda enesidima: wafunda kumdlalo we-piano, kamva kwi-Academy yobugcisa.
I-DMMMMMIRY IVanovich ulutsha "ngolwesiHlanu", apho wadibana khona no-Anna. "NgoLwesihlanu" waguqulwa waba kwimeko yoncwadi kunye nobugcisa ", abalawuli ababenemidlalo enetalente nabaprofeti. Phakathi kwazo yayingu-Ilya Ten, uIvan Kramskaya, iArchka quinji, ivan shishkin, nikolai wagner, nikolay becetov kunye nabanye.
Umtshato weDmitry no-Anna senzeka ngo-1881. Kungekudala babenentombi kaLixaba, unyana kaIvan wavela ngo-1883, amawele kaVasily noMaria - ngo-1886. Kumtshato wesibini, ubomi bobuqu bolwenzululwazi buphumelele ngovuyo. Emva kwexesha, unyana weDmitry Ivanovich yayingumboeli Alexander Blok, ukutshata intombi yesayensi yothando.
Ukufa
Ebutsheni be-1907, i-DMIMGERY METHELEEV kunye noMphathiswa oMtsha weFilosofi yaseShishino yayiqhutywa kwigumbi lamanyathelo kunye nobunzima. Emva kokukhwela igumbi, inzululwazi yagula ngumkhuhlane, obangela ukuvuvukala kwemiphunga. Kodwa nditsho nokuba ndigula kakhulu, i-DMIMY iqhubeke nokusebenza kwimibhalo ebhaliweyo "kulwazi lwaseRussia", amagama okugqibela abhalwe nguye:
"Ukuqukumbela, ndikuthathela ingqalelo ukuba kuyimfuneko, nakwezinye iimpawu eziqhelekileyo, chaza ...".
Ukufa kweza ngentsimbi yesihlanu kusasa nge-2 kaFebruwari ngenxa yokukhubazeka kwentliziyo. Ingcwaba likaDommery Mendeleev libekwe kwingcuka yengcuka yengcuka yaseSt. Petersburg.
Imemori ka-DMMMICHIRY MEMEEGEEV ayifakwanga liqela lezikhumbuzo, amaxwebhu, incwadi "i-DIMMMY METHELEEV. Umbhali womthetho omkhulu.
Iinyani ezinomdla
- Ngegama le-DMIMMERY MEMENELEEV, iinyani ezininzi ezinomdla zebhayiloji zixhunyiwe. Ukongeza kwimisebenzi yenzululwazi, i-Dmitry Ivanovich yabandakanyeka kubukrelekrele bemizi-mveliso. Kwi-70s, ukuhamba kwemveliso yeoyile kwaqala eUnited States, itekhnoloji echithile ukuveliswa kweemveliso zepetroleum. Abavelisi baseRussia baqala ukunyamezela ilahleko kwimakethi yamanye amazwe ngenxa yokungakwazi ukukhuphisana ngexabiso.
- Ngo-1876, kwisicelo seCandelo loMphathiswa wezeziMali saseRussia kunye "nelizwe" laseRussia ", elisebenzisana neSebe lezomkhosi, eMendeleev yahamba ngaphaya kolwandle. Endaweni, umchiza wafunda imigaqo-siseko emnandi yokwenziwa kwe-kerosene kunye nezinye iimveliso zepetroleum. Kwaye ngokweengxelo ezi-odoliweyo zeenkonzo zikaloliwe, i-Dmimry Ivanovich izamile ukuthambisa indlela yokwenza umgubo ongavukiyo awenzayo, aphumelele.
- I-Mendeleev yayinomdlalo ozonwabisayo-ukwenza i-ratsis. Inzululwazi ye-toud.
- Ukuqulunqwa kweVodka no-Moonhine kuchazwe kwinzululwazi. Kodwa enyanisweni, i-Dmitry Ivanovich kwisihloko se-Disserral Dissertation "Ukuqiqa malunga nokunxibelelana kotywala ngamanzi" afunde umbandela wokunciphisa ivolumu yeencindi ezixubeneyo. Kumsebenzi woxamlo kwakungekho mazwi malunga ne-vodka. Kwaye umgangatho oneminyaka engama-40 ° wasungulwa eTsarrist Russia nge-1843.
- Igumbi lokuzalwa elisulelekileyo labakhweli nabaqhubi beenqwelomoya.
- Kukho inqaku elivulekileyo lenkqubo ye-tendeleev inkqubo yenzekile ephupheni, kodwa le yintsomi edalwe ngusosayensi ngokwakhe.
- Nguye ngokwakhe icuba ejijekileyo esebenzisa icuba elibizayo. Watsho ukuba ngekhe ayeke ukutshaya.
Izinto ezifunyenwe
- Yenza i-aerostat elawulwa, eyaba ngumnikelo obalulekileyo kuncedo.
- Iphuhlise itafile yendlela yemichiza, eyaboniswa ngumzobo womthetho omiselwe yiMendeleev ngexesha lomsebenzi "weziseko zekhemistry".
- Yenza i-picnometer-isixhobo esinakho ukumisela ubuninzi bolwelo.
- Yavula indawo ebilayo yokubila.
- Yenza i-equation yemeko yegesi efanelekileyo, ethi isungula ubudlelwane phakathi kobushushu obugqibeleleyo begesi egqibeleleyo, uxinzelelo kunye nevolumu ye-molar.
- Wavula igumbi eliphambili lamanyathelo kunye nesikali-ukumiselwa kwecandelo leCandelo lezeziMali, entlokweni yenxalenye yoBukhosi baseRussia, ingeniswe kwisebe lezorhwebo.