Biography
UIsaac Newton wazalwa nge-4 kaJanuwari, 1643 kwilali encinci yaseBritery e-Woltorp, ekwintsini yeLincolnshire County. Esona sikhubelayo, owayeshiya i-lono kanina, weza kweli lizwe ngapha kwemfazwe yamakhaya yaseNgesi, kwakamsinya nje emva kokubhiyozela iKrisimesi.
Umntwana wayebuthathaka kangangokuba ixesha elide akazange abhaptiziwe. Kodwa kuse-Isaac omncinci uIsaac Newton, ogama lingutata wakhe, abasinda kwaye waphila ubomi obude kakhulu kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesixhenxe ukuya kwiminyaka engama-84.
Utata wenzululwazi yesazi kwixesha elizayo yayingumlimi omncinci, kodwa iphumelele kwaye isisityebi. Emva kokusweleka kukaNewton, usapho lwakhe lwafumana amawaka aliqela lehemi kunye nendawo yehlathi ngomhlaba ochumileyo kunye nesixa esimangalisayo sama-500 eepawundi.
Umama kaIsake, uAnna Ejscu, kungekudala watshata kwakhona kwaye wazala iqabane lakhe elitsha labantwana abathathu. U-Anna wanikela ingqalelo ngakumbi kwinzala encinci, umakhuluzala uIsake wenza kuqala ngokukhuliswa kobuzibulo bakhe, kwaye emva koko uCaliam Eisk.
Njengomntwana, uNewton wayekuthanda ukupeyinta, imibongo, ukuzinikela okwenziwa ngamanzi amanzi, i-moya, i-masters yamalungu ephepha. Kwangelo xesha, kwakusebuhlungu kakhulu, kwaye kungabikho nto ingekhoyo: imidlalo yovuyo kunye noontanga abakhetha izinto ozithandayo.
Xa umntwana ethunyelwe esikolweni, ubuthathaka bakhe bokwenyama kunye nezakhono ezimbi zokunxibelelana ukhe wabangela ukuba inkwenkwe ibethe i-boode imeko yabantu. Ayinakuthotywa nguNewton. Kodwa, kunjalo, ubusuku, wayengakwazi ukuthenga ifomu yomzimba, ke inkwenkwana yagqiba kwelokuba ifundise ukuzithemba kwakhe ngenye indlela.
Ukuba ngaphambi kweli tyala wafunda kakubi kwaye ngokucacileyo engabi nguMfundisi-ntsapho wasePet, emva kokuba eqalise ukuma ngokuthe gabalala kwintsebenzo yezifundo phakathi kwabalingane nabo. Ngokuthe ngcembe, waba ngoyena mfundi ubalaseleyo, kunye nangakumbi kunangaphambili, waqala ukuba nomdla kwitekhnoloji, imathematics kunye nemangalisayo yendalo.
Xa uIsake waqala iminyaka eli-16 ubudala, umama wakhe wambuyisela kwaye azame ukubeka inxenye yeenkxalabo zoNyana olikhulayo (umyeni wesibini uAna Essa ngelo xesha. Nangona kunjalo, lo mfo wayezibandakanye kwinto yokuba iindlela zobuchule zenziwe, "ukuginya iincwadi kwaye zabhala imibongo.
Utitshala wesikolo womfana oselula, uMnumzana Witkes, kunye nomalume wakhe uWilliam Ejscuscu kunye nelungu leKholemu yeCambridge, apho isayensi edumileyo yeli lizwe, apho isazinzulu senzululwazi edumileyo sityelele isikolo, utshilo uAna Esyco ukuvumela unyana onesiphiwo ukuba aqhubeke nezifundo zabo. Ngenxa yenkcitho yokuhlanganisana ngo-1661, uIsake wagqiba izifundo esikolweni, emva koko wayezimisa ngempumelelo iimviwo zokungenela kwiDyunivesithi yaseCambridge.
Ukuqala komsebenzi wezenzululwazi
Njengomfundi uNewton wayenobume be "wizar". Oku kuthetha ukuba akazange ahlawulele imfundo yakhe, kodwa yayifanele ukwenza umsebenzi ohlukeneyo eyunivesithi, okanye unike iinkonzo kubatyebi. Ngenkalipho uIsaac wayenyamezele olu vavanyo, nangona kwakungathandwa kakhulu kukuziva ukubacinezelwa, kwabonakala kwaye kwakungazi ukuba zenze abahlobo.
Ngeli xesha, ifilosofi neyenzululwazi yendalo kwi-World Cambridge yafundiswa nguAristotle, nangona umhlaba waseGaliji, imisebenzi ye-atomic ye-copendendi, i-celly kunye nezinye izazinzulu ezibalaseleyo . UIsaac Newton onesifo sokufumana ulwazi olunokubakho kwiMathematics, i-Astronomy, optinics, iifoneti kunye nethiyori yomculo, enokufumana ithiyori yomculo. Kwangelo xesha, wayedla ngokulibala ngokutya nokulala.
Umphandi ozimeleyo wesayensi oqale ngo-1664, udwelisa uluhlu lweengxaki ezingama-45 kubomi bomntu kunye nendalo, eyayingekasonjululwa. Ke ikamva lomfundi onesifo seMathematics Isaac Barrow, owaqalisa ukusebenza kwiSebe leMathematics. Emva koko, uFarrow waba ngutitshala wakhe, kunye nomnye wabahlobo abambalwa.
Eyona nto inomdla ngakumbi kwiMathematics enkosi kutitshala onesiphiwo, uNewton wazalisekisa ukungalungisi ngebhayisikile yesalathisi esingabalulekanga, nto leyo eyafunyanwa yi-pictions yayo yokuqala kwingingqi yemathematics. Kwakuloo nyaka, uIsake wafumana inqanaba le-bachelor.
Ngo-1665-1666, xa isibetho, umlilo omkhulu waseLondon kwaye into ebaluleke kakhulu eHolland, iNewton, iqengqeleka isibetho, iNewton eHertoni. Ngeli xesha, wathumela umsebenzi wakhe ophambili ukuba uvule iimfihlo ze-Optical. Ukuzama ukufumana ukuba ungayigcina njani i-lenzopes ye-tessopes ye-chromatic, inzululwazi yeza kufunda ngokusasazwa. Inqaku lovavanyo olwabelwe nguIsake ukuba uIsake wayezama ukwazi ngokomzimba wehlabathi, kwaye uninzi lwazo lusenziwa kumaziko emfundo.
Ngenxa yoko, uNewton weza kwimodeli ye-corpuscular yokukhanya, esenza isigqibo sokuba inokuthathwa njengendlela yokuhamba kwamasuntswana kwaye ithathe intshukumo ethe tye ukuya kumqobo osondeleyo. Imodeli enjalo nangona ingakwazi ukwenza ibango lezinto ezinqabileyo, kodwa yaba sesinye seziseko ze-classic Physics, ngaphandle kwento engaphezulu yale mihla ivele yomzimba.
Malunga nexesha elifanayo, uIsake waba nguMbhali, mhlawumbi ukufumanisa kubalaseleyo: umthetho wehlabathi loluntu. Nangona kunjalo, ezi zifundo zapapashwa amashumi eminyaka kamva, kuba isazinzulu asifuni kufefu.
Phakathi kwabathandi ukuqokelela iinyani ezinomdla kudala kuyinto ephosakeleyo ukuba lo mthetho ubalulekileyo woomatshini woomatshini ovulekileyo emva kokuba i-Apple yawa entlokweni yakhe. Ngapha koko, uIsake wabanonongwa ekufumaneni kwakhe, nto leyo iyaqondakala kwiirekhodi zakhe ezininzi. Intsomi malunga ne-Apple yaqaqambisa isithandi sobulumko esigunyazisiweyo voltaire ngezo ntsuku.
Imozulu yesayensi
Ngasekupheleni kweminyaka eli-1660, uIsaac Newton ubuyile eCambridge, apho wafumana imeko ye-Master, igumbi lakhe lobomi kunye neqela labafundi abancinci ababenolwazi baba ngumfundisi-ntsapho. Nangona kunjalo, iMfundiso yayingeyo "skite" yomphandi onesiphiwo, kunye nokuzimasa iintetho zakhe ezibonakalayo ze-chrome. Kwangelo xesha, inzululwazi yaqala umvavanyi wetelescope, owamzukisa kwaye wavumela i-Newton ukuba ijoyine iLondon Royal Society. Ngalo mbono, izinto ezininzi ezifundwayo zenziwa.
Ngo-1687, uNewton wapapashwa, mhlawumbi, owona msebenzi ubalulekileyo ngumsebenzi onomxholo othi "Imathematics iqala ifilosofi yendalo". Umphandi nangaphambi kokuba apapashe imisebenzi yakhe, kodwa le yayibaluleke kakhulu: yaba yeyona ndlela iphambili yemathematics kunye nesayensi yeMathematics. Yayililizwe elisaziwa kwihlabathi liphela, imithetho emithathu eyaziwayo yoomatshini, ngaphandle kwefizikhi yeklasikisi engathandekiyo, kwaziswa iingqikelelo eziphambili ngokomsebenzi, akukho maqela anemigangatho yenkqubo ye-Cheorpenicus.
Ngokwenqanaba lemathematics kunye nomzimba, "I-Intertical Iqale ifilosofi yendalo" yayingumyalelo wobukhulu obuphezulu ngakumbi kunophando lwazo zonke izazinzulu ezisebenzele kule ngxaki uIsaac Newton. Kwakungekho metaphysics engaqondakaliyo enezizathu ezibanzi, imithetho engafunekiyo kunye namagama acacileyo, owonayo yi-Aristotlet kunye neDescortes.
Ngo-1699, xa uNewton wasebenza kwizikhundla zolawulo, kwiDyunivesithi yaseCambridge, waqala ukufundisa inkqubo yehlabathi lakhe.
Ubomi Buqu
Abafazi okanye ukutyhubela iminyaka engazange babonakalise uvelwano olukhethekileyo eNewton, nasebomini bakhe bonke, akazange atshate.
Ukusweleka kwenzululwazi enkulu yeza ngo-1727, kwaye phantse yonke iLondon yaqokelelana nomngcwabo wakhe.
Imithetho yeNewton
- Umthetho wokuqala woomatshini: Yonke imizimba yokuphumla okanye ihlala kwimo yentshukumo yenguqulelo ye-iyunifomu, de le meko ilungiswe kukusetyenziswa kwamandla angaphandle.
- Umthetho wesibini woomatshini: Utshintsho kwimpembelelo luhambelana namandla asetyenzisiweyo kwaye lwenziwa kwicala lempembelelo yalo.
- Umthetho wesithathu woomatshini: Amachaphaza empahla nezinto ezisebenzisana nomgca othe tye, ahlanganisa, olingana ne-modloolo elinganayo kunye ne-ledy ngendlela.
- Umthetho weHlabathi leHlabathi: Amandla omtsalane we-gravise phakathi kwezi ndawo zimbini zihambelana nemveliso yabantu, ephindaphindiweyo ngumlinganiso, kwaye ulingana nesikwere kumgama phakathi kwala manqaku.