Biography
I-Mohandas Kandchand Gandhi (Mahatma Gandhi) yayingumntu ongumntu owaziwayo waseIndiya waseIndiya, ipolitiki, i-Wrestler yenkululeko yaseIndiya. Waqulunqa amaqhinga omzabalazo ongenamzame-onogonyamelo - i-satyagrat. EIndiya, ubizwa ngokuba "nguyise wesizwe".
I-Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, yena noMahatma Gandhi, wazalelwa ePorbar nge-2 ka-Okthobha, 1869. Utata wayebandakanyekile kwezorhwebo, ekhokelele ekhokelele kwezopolitiko ezisebenzayo, kwaye kangangexesha elithile wayeyintloko yeGujarat, eyimali ikrakra eyi-porundar. Umama wenkwenkwe-isampulu yokulunga. Ngenxa yemizamo yakhe, iiposti zajonga ngokungqongqo, izithethe.
Intsapho yonke yatyelela etempileni, yafunda iincwadi zonqulo. Abazali babezityalo ezidliweyo, babekholelwa ukuba umntu akanalungelo lokubulala izilwanyana. I-Mohandas emva koko inamathele kwinkangeleko efanayo.
Izifundo
Inkwenkwe yemfundo yesibini eyafunyanwa kwisikolo sasePortar. Ootitshala bezopolitiko bexesha elizayo baqaphele ukuba lo mfo wafunda phakathi. Eyona nto inomdla ethile kwizifundo azibonisi. Izizathu zahamba ngcono xa wayeqhubeka nezifundo zakhe kwisikolo esiphakamileyo sikaRajkot. Apha utsale i-prourisppedence.
Emva kokubonisana nabazali, uMohandas uthatha isigqibo sokuqhubeka nemfundo e-UK. Ngo-1888, waba ngumfundi weKholeji yaseyunivesithi yaseLondon. Kwaye emva kweminyaka emithathu ufumana iDiploma yegqwetha kwaye ibuyela kwi-India yeMtived yakhe.
Imisebenzi yomsebenzi kunye nemisebenzi yentlalo
Ukuqonda indlela yokunceda abantu bakho, igqwetha elincinci lagqiba kwelokuba lihlole i-India. Kunyaka otyelele kwiindawo ezininzi (i-tulil, iSanta Thexar, Salem, ukutshitshiswa kunye nabanye), bahamba ngololiwe. Iinqwelo ezimdaka, ubuhlwempu, abakhweli abathweswe isithsaba ... Yonke le nto ibonakalisa imeko iyonke kweli lizwe kwaye ikhuphe ithemba laseMahatma.
Ukuziqhelanisa nomthetho ngandlela thile akubanga phantsi. Kwaye uGandhi uthatha isigqibo sokutshintsha ubomi babo bupholile. Ngenxa yamaqhina katata, ufumana isikhundla somcebisi ngezomthetho kummeli wentengiso yenye yeefemu ze-Indiya eMzantsi Afrika. Apho, igqwetha linxibelelana nentshukumo yoluntu ukukhusela amalungelo amaIndiya. Iingcamango ze-Irish M. Demete, i-american torro, yayinefuthe elibonakalayo kwinkokeli.
Ungazikhusela njani amalungelo abanye abantu kwaye ngaxeshanye uphephe amaxhoba nogonyamelo? Ungayifumana njani indlela kaThixo? Le mibuzo ikhathazekile eGandhi oselula. Wazifumana iimpendulo ngokungalindelekanga. Ngandlel 'ithile ezandleni zakhe sayifumana incwadi kaLeo Tolstoy "Ubukumkani bukaThixo obungena ngaphakathi kuwe, okanye ubuKristu abukho njengemfundiso engathethekiyo, kodwa bubomi obutsha," obutshintshe imbali yakhe. Wakhulisa umxholo omtsha wokuziphatha kwabanye abahlali - iSatiyagrat.
Kuyaphawuleka ukuba ngokwenza ithiyori yefilosofi, i-mohandas ayikwazanga ukufumana igama lakhe elifanelekileyo. Kwakufuneka ndibhengeze ukhuphiswano, ngokwemigqaliselo yombhali, owacebisa olona gama liphumeleleyo luya kufumana ibhaso lemali. Ophumeleleyo yayingumzala kaGandhi - Maganlal Gandhi. I-Satyagraha yindibaniselwano yamagama amabini-Sat (inyani) kunye ne-AGRAHA (ubunzima).
Imisebenzi ephumeleleyo e-Afrika iye yafakwe kwifilosofi ithemba lokuba unokuzuza kunye nelizwe lakhe. Iimbono zakhe zawa ngamaxesha amaninzi aseYurophu naseMelika. Kwilizwe laseGandhi, impumelelo ibingayi uqwalaselo. Ngesandla esilula somdlalo we-PLAATROOT R. I-Mathore Mhandas yaqala ukubiza iMahatma, okuthetha "umphefumlo omkhulu".
Ngo-1915, isithandi-sobulumko sibuyela eIndiya kwaye sibandakanyeka kumzabalazo wezopolitiko ukulungiselela ukuzimela kwilizwe lakhe. Ndiyabulela kuye utata, iingcango zivuleleke kakhulu kwiikhabhathi zamalungu eCongress yesizwe yaseIndiya. Kodwa, ayinguye wonke umntu ovumayo ukuxhasa umbono wakhe. Ngoba? Ithiyori yefilosofi entsha yayisekwe kwimigaqo:
- ukungavisisani kobundlobongela;
- Ukungathobeki kwabahlali.
Babenjani? Abalandeli bakaGandhi kufuneka bavume:
- Imbeko, izihloko ezazinikezele ubukumkani obumanyeneyo;
- sebenza kwinkonzo yaseburhulumenteni, amapolisa, umkhosi;
- Ukuthenga iimpahla zesiNgesi.
Ngaphandle kokupheliswa okunje, uninzi lwamagosa abambe umlilo umbono wokubuyisela inkululeko.
Ngo-1919, uGandhi waqala wabiza abanye abantu kwizenzo zoxolo: ukubetha kakhulu. Izigidi zamaIndiya ngomhla omisiweyo akazange aye emsebenzini. Behla ezantsi ezitratweni, bekhwaza iziqubulo ngenkululeko, inkululeko. Kodwa ngaxa lithile, imeko yaphuma iphantsi kolawulo. Isihlwele saba ngogonyamelo, saza saqala ukungqubana namapolisa. Hayi ngaphandle kwedini.
UGandhi wabanjwa njengomxhasi wagwetywa iminyaka emithandathu. Ukuhamba lonke ixesha, uMahatma wabuyela kubomi obuqhelekileyo. Abanquli bengazange banikele ingqalelo kwifilosofi. Babekholelwa ukuba umbanjwa waphulwe kwaye umsebenzi wakhe wezopolitiko wawugqibile. Ngokutsho kwe-Sage ngokwakhe, intolongo yamnika ixesha lokuphinda itshintshe ithiyori yakhe, ukufumana iindawo ezikrokrekayo.
Hayi, akazange abuyele kusapho. IMahatma yasungula uAshram (indawo yokuhlala kwabo basweleyo). Kodwa, akakhethanga umhlaba oyintlango ngale nto, kodwa eyona ndawo ijikelezileyo kwisixeko saseGrates ye-AHMADABAD. Ke ngoko, ukubonisa ukuba uzimisele ukuqhubeka nokukhusela abantu kwaye uqhubeke nomzabalazo wenkululeko kwilizwe lawo, ukushumayela uGandism.
Yonke imihla eAshram yaqokelela abantu abaninzi ukuba bamamele abalumkileyo. AmaNgqina aloo mihla axelelwa ukuba ifilosofi yayisisithethi esibi, izijekulo zakhe zazifudula, kwaye ilizwi lalithule. Yiva ukuba wayenokushumayela, kuphela imiqolo kuphela, kodwa i-charsma yakhe yanele konke.
Inkohlakalo yeBritane, ukungasebenzi kwabanini bendawo kunyanzele abantu ngononophelo kwiintetho zomdala. Kwaye ngenxa yoko, igunya leMahatma yanda ngokungathandabuzekiyo. Iingxoxo zakhe eziqinisekileyo zanyanzeleka ukuba zicinge ngamazwi ezopolitiko.
Ngo-1947, eli lizwe lafumana inkululeko, lahlulahlulwa laba liIndiya nePakistan. Kwakukho imbambano exhobileyo phakathi kwamaSilamsi nabantu abathi baxhasa ubuHindu. Ukuyekisa ukungqubana, umdala wavakalisa ukubamba indlala. Umlinganiso onjalo wenzekile kwaye ungqubano lwezopolitiko.
Ubomi Buqu
Oopolitiko bexesha elizayo babetshatile beneminyaka eyi-13 kwiKastasterruba, ngubani, de kube sekupheleni kwemihla yakhe, yayiyintombi yakhe ethembekileyo kunye nenkxaso. Oonyana abane bazalelwa kwesi sibini:
- IHarlilal (1888-1949);
- Rddas (1897-1969);
- I-Manilal (1892-1956);
- I-DAVRDAS (1900-1957).
Kuba uMatma wayesoloko ebandakanyeka kwimicimbi yezopolitiko, imisebenzi yentlalo, wayengenalo ixesha ubomi bakhe kunye nosapho. Kunye nokukhulisa abantwana umfazi kaKastastrobe. Ukuthatyathwa kwenxaxheba ngokucacileyo akuzange kuswele ukuba bakhule oonyana. Mhlawumbi ngoko uHarlilal kwaye waqalisa ukukhokela indlela yokuphila engcolileyo.
UGandhi wazama ukwenza unyana, kodwa ukugxekwa kwakungekho kuphumelela. Idesika yabantwana bonke iyachuma. Batshata, bazala abantwana.
Imizamo kunye neMahatma yokufa
UMahatma wasinda kwimizamo emibini yobomi, nelesithathu laba linqabile. Omnye wabahambi ngokushunyayelwa wasondela kutitshala kwaye wamdubula kathathu. UGandhi wathunyelwa ngoko nangoko esibhedlele, kodwa ogqirha babengenakuwugcina umdala oneminyaka engama-78 ubudala. Enye yeebhulethi kukukhanya.
Ngokwezinto zokuzibonela, ipolitiki ngaphambi kokuba ifa izama ukugqiba zonke izinto. Phantse wongeza umgaqo-siseko wokuqala we-India ozimeleyo. Emva kokuba efile, zimbalwa kuphela ii-isthits zazisekwa kuyo.
Iinyani ezinomdla
Iinyani ezininzi ezinomdla zixhunyiwe ngegama likaGandhi:
- Njengaye ebomini, kwaye emva kokusweleka kukaGandhi, ngenxa yemisebenzi yayo ebhaliweyo kuyaqhubeka ukuphembelela kwezopolitiko zangoku. UVladimir Spin akazange aqatshelwe ukuba iinkokeli zangoku zamazwe zifuna ukusombulula yonke into kwaye uxolo kuba phakathi kukaMahatma Gandhi.
- Ngendlela, abanye abantu baqinisekile ukuba i-Indira Gandhi isalamane 'sikatata wesizwe'. Kodwa oku akunjalo, bangabamba nje.
- Kwilinge lakhe lokwenza umzobo othembekileyo wembali yeGandhi, iingcali zihlalutya kunye nokubhala kwakhe izandla. Ngokweziphumo, i-Sage yayithembekile, ivuliwe ngohlobo. Wayelumkile, ethatha isigqibo.
- Iifilimu ezininzi zidutyulwe ngobomi bomHindu omkhulu. Iingcaphuno ezincwadini zakhe, amazwi asebenzisa ipolitiki eyaziwayo kwiintetho zabo, amanani oluntu.
- UMahatma wayedume ngesimo sakhe sokujonga izilwanyana.