Biography
UPeter Illich Tchaikovsky wazalelwa nge-7 kaMeyi, i-1840 kwilali yaseVotkinsk, kwindawo ye-UDMMOTOr yanamhlanje. Utata wakhe waba ngu-Inta Petrovich Tchaikovsky, injineli, eyayivela kwiCossack Choj, eyaziwa eUkraine. Umama wexesha elizayo umqambi odumileyo waba ngu-Alexander Andreevna, oqeqeshwa esikolweni seenkedaba zabafazi ngaphambi kwexesha lokufa kukayise. UAlexandra Andreevna waqeqeshwa kuncwadi, iJografi, i-Arithmetic, i-Rhetoric neilwimi zasemzini.
Kwi-Urals, usapho lwalulindelwe kukuba i-Ilya Petrovich yanikwa isikhundla sentloko ye-KAMSKO-VOTKINSKY STHINE Tael, elona xesha yayilishishini elikhulu kakhulu. E votkinsk, Tchaikovsky-sr. Ndifumene indlu enkulu ngesicaka kunye nomkhosi wakhe, obethetha ikhulu le-cossacks. Kule ndlu, izidwangube zazihlala zijonga kule ndlu, ulutsha oluvela kwikomkhulu, iinjineli zesiNgesi nezinye ubuntu.
Kwintsapho yakhe, uPetros waba ngumntwana wesibini. Wayenomntakwabo Mkhulu uNicholas, umntakwabo omncinci kaHippolikela ne-dadewethu uAlexander. Kwindlu enkulu ye-tchaikovsky, kungekuphela nje ukuba isibini sosapho kuphela abantwana babo baphila, kodwa sasininzi nezihlobo zika-Ilya Petros. Ukuqeqesha abantwana kwi-St. Petersburg, iRongari-iRongani-Frennernaster farbach yabangelwa yiDurbach yeDurbach, ethi kamva ibe lilungu lentsapho ye-tchaikovsky.
Umculo wayesoloko endwendwela kwindlu yomzali ye-Peter Illich. Utata wakhe wayeyazi indlela yokudlala i-flute, umama-kwipiyano nohadi, kwaye wenza ngobuchule ngobuchule. Ibandla lemfundo lomculo lalihluphekile, kodwa linomnqweno womculo. Kwindlu kaTchaikovsky bekukho i-orchestrion (ilungu lomatshini) kunye nepiyano. Imvumi eselula yathatha izifundo zomdlalo kwipiyano kwinqaba uMariya Falchikova, owayenolwazi lokufunda komculo.
Enye inkanuko ye-tchaikovsky, ngaphandle kokufunda iziseko zomdlalo kwipiyano, imibongo yaba. UPeter unemibongo esetyenzisiweyo kwimibongo yeFrentshi. Ngapha koko, wazama ukufunda yonke into enokwenzeka kuphela, kwi-biography yeLouis Xvii. Ukuhlonipha kwalo mntu ubengumntu owembali awayephethe ngobomi bakhe bonke.
Ngo-1848, i-Tchaikovsky ifudukele eMoscow, kuba ilya ye-Ilya Petrovich idla ngomhlala phantsi kwaye yakhangela ukufumana inkonzo yabucala. Iinyanga nje nje ezimbalwa, usapho lwahamba kwakhona, ngeli xesha - kwi-St. Petersburg. Apho, abantwana abadala bachongwa kwipenshini yokufumba.
ESt. Petersburg, uPeter Ilylych uqhubeke nokufunda umculo, kwaye waqhelana ne-ballet, opera kunye ne-symphony ye-symphony. Kwindawo enye, le ndoda yayinetyala, ngenxa yokuba emva koko emva koko waya kutsho emva koko.
Ngo-1849, uNikolai Tchaikovsky, uMzalwan 'uPeter, wayezimisele kwiZiko leNjinga leeNjineli, kwaye abanye abantwana kunye nabazali babo babuyela eUrapaevsk. Apho, intloko yentsapho yathatha isithuba sentloko yesityalo seendlalifa ze-Yakovlev. I-fanny durbach ngelo xesha ishiyekileyo kwi-Tchaikovsky yosapho, kunye nenye irhuluneli - uAnastasia Petrova wayeqeshiwe ukuba alungiselele ishumi elivisayo uPeter Ilylich ukuba afumane imfundo.
Kwakuloo nyaka, imvumi eselula yayinabantakwabo abancinci abaninzi: i-gemini ithobekile kwaye i-anatoly.
Imfundo kunye neenkonzo zikarhulumente
Nangona uPeter Tchaikovsky engekabonakali inzala eyandileyo emculweni, wavuya yi-opera eyaziwayo kwaye wavuma ukuya kwi-ballet, abazali bakhe babengawuqwalaseli umculo konke konke njengonyana wakhe bonke. Ekuqaleni, wayefuna ukumthumela kwiziko lezixhobo zeenjineli zemigodi, kunye nonyana olizibulo, kodwa emva koko bakhetha kwisikolo somthetho wase-Impem, esasikwi-petersburg. UPeter Ilylich ungene nge-1850.
Esikolweni, imvumi efundile de kube ngu-1859. Iminyaka yokuqala yokufundisisa yayiyenzelwe i-tchaikovsky ngokwazo: Kwakukhula ukusinda kwizalamane ezingakwaziyo ukumhambela rhoqo. Kwaye ukugcinwa komhlobo wentsapho yefashoni iVakara yagutyungelwa yinyani yokuba i-Tchaikovsky yeminyaka elishumi yayingenisa i-triatili engacacanga endlwini yakhe, ngenxa yoko unyana omncinci wafikayo ngequbuliso.
Ngo-1852, xa i-Ilya Petrovich ishiye inkonzo, yonke intsapho yafudukela eSt. Petersburg. Ngeli xesha, uPely Ilylich uqhelane ne-Opera yaseRussia kunye ne-ballet, kwaye wenza nabahlobo nomntu ofunda naye, iPoet Alexei Apukhtin, enefuthe elikhulu kwizimvo neenkolelo zakhe.
Ngo-1854, umama kaTchaikovsky wasweleka emva kokulwa ixesha elide nekholera. U-Ilya Petrovich wasasaza abantwana abadala kumaziko emfundo yohlobo oluvaliweyo, kwaye namawele aneminyaka emine ubudala bahlala kumntakwabo.
Ngexesha ukusuka ngo-1855 ukuya kwi-1858, uPeter ilylich uthathe izifundo kwipiyano phakathi kwePianist Gudolf rudolf Kündanger. I-tchaikovsky yaseTchaikovsky yaqesha utata wakhe, kodwa ngentwasahlobo ye-1858 izifundo kufuneka ziyeke: ngenxa yesikram esingaphumelelanga, i-ilya ilahlekile yonke imali yakhe, kwaye kwakungekho nto yokuhlawula imvumi yangaphandle. Ngethamsanqa, kungekudala i-tchaikovsky-dalan yanikezelwa ukukhokela ubunkokeli beZiko leTekhnoloji kwaye wanika indlu enkulu apho wafundela abantwana khona.
Isikolo sakhe esikolweni somthetho, uPeter Ilylich wagqiba ngo-1859. Okubangela umdla kukuba, wayenandipha uvelwano olukhulu kubo bobabini ootitshala besikolo nakwabanye abafundi besikolo. Ngokungafaniyo nabanye amanani anetalente enetalente, eyahlukileyo ukungathandi intlangano engabathandiyo kwaye ibuthathaka kuluntu, uPeter Tchaikovsky waziva enolonwabo eluntwini kwaye ehambelana ngokugqibeleleyo nakweyiphi na inkampani.
Emva kokugqitywa kwesifundo, lo mfana wafumana umsebenzi kubulungisa. Apho wahlala phantsi, rhoqo, eqhuba imicimbi yangaphambi kwenqanaba lepali. Ngexesha lakhe elikhululekileyo, waqhubeka esiya kwi-opera yemidlalo yeqonga kwaye wabandakanyeka emculweni. Ngo-1861, uPeter i-Ilylich utyelele umda, utyelele iHamburg, uBerlin, Antwerp, eBrussels, iParis, i-Ondon. Ngeli xesha, wayenetyala ngokugqibeleleyo nesiFrentshi, kwaye ke wakwazi ukuhamba nenjineli yePisaresva v.v. (umhlobo kayise) njengomguquleli.
Indalo
Akunandaba noko, nkqu nakweli xesha lama-21, uIllich, owayefundile kwaye owayenenkonzo kawonke-wonke, engazange acinge ngomsebenzi womculo. Yena, njengabani abazali, akazange aqaphele nzulu. Kodwa, ngethamsanqa, uyise womqambi wexesha elizayo ilyo u-Ilya petrovich wayesaziva ukuba unyana wakhe wayekalwe ukuba abe yimvumi enkulu.
Tchaikovsky-sr. Ndide ndaya eRudolf Kündanger ukufumanisa uluvo lwetalente yonyana wakhe. I-Pianist Pianistly yatsho ukuba akukho buchule bukhethekileyo bomculo kunye ne-tchaikovsky-umncinci, kwaye neminyaka engama-21 ubudala - hayi iminyaka yokuqalisa umsebenzi wokudala. Kwaye uPetros i-ilylickeich ngokwakhe inika isindululo sikatata sokudibanisa umsebenzi ngemfundo yomculo ekuqaleni iqondwe njengesiqhulo.
Kodwa xa wafumanisa ukuba umphetha otsha wavulwa eSt. Petersburg, oya kukhokelela kwi-Anton Rubinstein edumileyo, yonke itshintshile. I-Tchaikovsky igqitywe ngayo yonke indlela ukuya kwi-St. Petersburg, awayenzayo, ukuba ngomnye wabafundi bokuqala besiziko lemfundo kwiklasi yokwenziwa. Kwaye emva koko emva koko, waphosa intlangano, ethatha isigqibo, ngaphandle kweengxaki ngemali, azinikele ngokupheleleyo kumculo.
NjengeDiploman yeDeproloman, uPeter illych wabhala i-cantatoo "ukuze wonwabe." Yadalelwa kwinguqulelo yokuguqulelwa kwesiRashiya ye-ODI Rimerich Schiller ngesihloko esifanayo. Iimvumi zeSt. Petersburg yenze ingcinga embi. I-Caesar Casar Kui yayivezwe kabukhali ngokukodwa, isithi wayenobuthathaka kakhulu i-tchaikovsky, kunye nokummangalela ukuba alungiselele. Kwaye oku ngaphandle kwesibakala sokuba umculo kaPeter iLiich wakukukhululeka, kwaye izithixo zakhe yayinguBorodin, i-Mussingegsky, i-balakirev - abaqulunqi abangazange bavume abaphathi kunye nemithetho.
Kodwa impendulo enjalo ayizange ihluphi nomkhwa osemncinci kwaphela. Emva kokuba efumene imbasa yakhe yeSilivere malunga nokugqitywa ngempumelelo kwe-St. Petersburg, owayengumhlambi ophezulu, wayeseyinzondelelo enkulu kunye ne-Azart emsebenzini. Ngo-1866, umqambi wafudukela eMoscow kwisimemo somntakwabo weMetor. UNikolay Rubiintein wamnika umsebenzi kaNjingalwazi kwi-Moschow.
Ukuchuma umsebenzi
Kwi-moskow yogcino, i-tchaikovsky izibonakaliswa njengomfundisi ogqwesileyo. Ukongeza, wafaka isicelo senzame eninzi yombutho ofanelekileyo wenkqubo yemfundo. Kuba iincwadi zezifundo ezifanelekileyo kubafundi bakhe ngelo xesha zazibandakanyekile, umqambi wawubandakanyeka kwiinguqulelo zoncwadi lwangaphandle kunye nokudalwa kwezinto zayo zendlela.
Nangona kunjalo, ngo-1878 Peter ilylich, ndidiniwe kukwaphuka phakathi kokufundisa kunye nobuchule bakhe, bashiya isikhundla sakhe. Indawo yakhe yathatyathwa ngeSergey Taney Tanenev, eyaba ngumfundi owuthandayo waseTchaikovsky. Yenza kuphela iziphelo ze-tchaikovsky incede i-vctronaged ithemba von mecc. Ukukhuseleka ngumhlolokazi, wawugcina umqambi kwaye ngonyaka wamnika inkxaso-mali kwinani le-ruble eyi-6000.
Kwakusemva kokufudukela eMoscow ophumyo wokwenene kwikhondo lomsebenzi wokudala kukaPeter Illich Tchaikovsky waqala eMoscow kwaye kwabakho ukwanda okukhulu kuye njengomqambi. Ngeli xesha, wadibana nabantu abathatha inxaxheba kwindalo eMfudlelayo "Isandla esinamandla". Ngokweengcebiso ze-milakirev, intloko ye-Commonwealth, i-Tchaikovsky ngo-1869 yenze i-fantasy engasekelwanga ngokusekwe kumsebenzi weShakespeare "ye-romeo noJuliet".
Ngo-1873, uPeter i-Ilylich wabhala omnye umsebenzi wakhe odumileyo - incophoni yesoloki "ye-stoshu", umbono ", umbono", umbono awathi wacebisa ngayo ngegunya le-vladimir stasov ngaloo mihla. Malunga nexesha elifanayo, i-Tchaikovsky yaqalisa ukuhamba, ifumana inkuthazo phesheya kwaye isebenzisa imifanekiso ebambekwe kwimemori yokwenza isiseko sendalo yabo elandelayo.
Ngeminyaka yee-1870, umqambi wabhala imisebenzi enjengeBallet "Swan Lake", i-Opera "ye-piano ye-orchestra, i-pianoy" i-sychestra ye-rimi ", i-Opera" i-Eugene " Umjikelo wepiyano "iminyaka iminyaka" nabanye abaninzi. Kwiminyaka yee-188090s, i-Teter Tchaikovsky nangaphezulu kunangaphambili, yaya kwelinye ilizwe, kwaye kwisininzi samatyala-njengenxalenye yekomiti yekonisathi.
Ebudeni bohambo, umculi wadibana kwaye wenza ubuhlobo kunye neemvumi ezininzi ezivela kwiNtshona Yurophu: UGustav Maller, u-Artur Nikishe, uEnton Grie, no-Antonin Noborik nabanye. Umqambi wadlalwa njengomqhubi ngexesha lezonkalo. Ekuqaleni kwe-1890s, i-Tchaikovsky ikwakwazile ukutyelela iUnited States. Kwakukho impumelelo eyaphukileyo ngexesha lekhonsathi, apho uPetros wawuqhuba imisebenzi yakhe. Ibhalwe ngexesha lokuvuthwa okuyilayo, ayinawo amanye amathandabuzo kwitalente yomqambi.
Kwiminyaka ephelileyo, ngaphambi kokuba afe, tchaikovsky ogcinwe kwindawo ekufutshane nedolophu yase-Wedge kufutshane neMoscow. Kwindawo enye, wavuma ukuvula isikolo, angamkholisi ubuhle bobomi babahlali, kwaye bancama imali ngomxholo wakhe. Ngo-1885, wanceda imitshato yokulwa umlilo, ngenxa yezindlu ezilishumi zayitshiswa esixekweni.
Ngeli xesha lobomi bakhe, umqambi wabhala i-ballet "i-netcracker", i-Opera "i-Peak '," i-hammat "iperal, i-firm. Kwangelo xesha, ukwamkelwa kwelizwe liphela letalente ye-Peter Illich kwaqinisekiswa: ngo-1892 wanyuswa ilungu elihambelana ne-Academy yoBugcisa obuhle eParis, kwaye ngo-1893 - iYunivesithi yaseDur.
I-Tchaikovsky iswelekile nge-6 kaNovemba, 1893 evela kwikholera. Wayelandelwa kwiCaputa yeKazan, wangcwatyelwa kwi-necropolis yeenkosi ze-ART.
Ubomi Buqu
Imifanekiso emininzi ihleli, apho uPetros Tchaikovsky ubanjiwe ngaphezulu, kunye nabahlobo bamadoda akhe. Ukuqhelaniswa komqambi ebomini bakhe kwaba ngumxholo wobuthi: abanye batyhola imvumi kangangokuba umfanasini. Kwacinga ukuba amadoda akhe afumana amadoda akhe (amadoda awayewafumana kuyo uJosephic Kick, Vladimir Davydov kunye nabazalwana uAlexey noMikhail Wafronov.
Kunzima ukugweba ukuba kukho ubungqina ongezelelweyo ukuba abantu ababathandayo. Ulwalamano lwakhe nalowo ubuqu olukhankanywe apha ngasentla lunokuba nobuhlobo ngokulula. Nokuba kunjalo, abantu basetyhini abakwintlekele kaTchaikovsky nabo babekhona, nangona abanye abaphandi abaxoxayo ukuba umqambi wazama ukufihla ukuba wayesisithambiso.
Ke, i-primaudonna i-primaudonna inqwenela ukuba ngumfazi kaPetros uPelich, owakhetha i-Spaliard yaseMarian Padilla. Kwaye ngo-1877, umfazi wakhe wasemthethweni waba nguAnzon Milyukova, owayengasemva komlingane osandul 'ukwenziwa iminyaka esibhozo. Nangona kunjalo, lo mtshato wagqiba iiveki nje ezimbalwa, nangona uAntonina wase-Antonina noPeter akazange aqhawule umtshato.
Kufanelekile ukukhumbula unxibelelwano lwayo ngethemba lemvelaphi ye-MECCA, eyayithobele italente yomqambi kwaye iminyaka emininzi yamxhasa ngezinto eziphathekayo.