Biography
Umphathi omkhulu, uMsunguli weqela lamaKomanisi waseTshayina u-Mao Zedong uqwalaselwa enye yethiyori yobuKomanisi yenkulungwane yama-20, ngakumbi, isebe lakhe laseMaosima.
I-ovembene yexesha elizayo yazalwa ekupheleni kwe-1893 kwiPhondo le-Ezantsi Hunan kwidolophu yaseShahoshan. Abazali benkwenkwe babengafundanga. Utata kaMao Shunshhen wayengumrhwebi omncinci, wabhengeza kwidolophu yerayisi, eyayiqokelelwa elalini. Umama wen pisimay wayengumntu okholwayo weBuddhist. Kuye, inkwenkwe yathatha ukunqwenela ubuddha, kodwa kwakamsinya nje emva kokuba wayeqhelene nemisebenzi yabantu abaphambili bezopolitiko abadlulileyo baba ngumntu ongakholelwa kubukho bukaThixo. Njengomntwana, watyelela isikolo, apho wafunda iziseko zolwimi lwaseTshayina, kunye nengqeqesho.
Xa ndandineminyaka eli-13 ubudala, inkwenkwe yaphosa isikolo sayo, yabuyela endlwini kaBawo. Kodwa ukuhlala kwakhe abazali akugqibanga ixesha elide. Emva kweminyaka emithathu, ngokunxulumene nokungavisisani noTata kumtshato ongafunekiyo, umfana uyashiya indlu. Intshukumo yotshintsho ka-1911, apho apho yayibhukuqwa ngu-Qing Denaesty, yenza uhlengahlengiso kubomi babo kubomi bomfana. Uchithe iinyanga ezintandathu emkhosini kwinkonzo njengonxibelelwano.
Emva kokusekwa kwehlabathi, uMao Zedong waqhubeka noqeqesho lokuqala kwisikolo sabucala, emva koko kwisikolo se-pedogogical. Kule minyaka, ufunda imisebenzi yentanda-bulumko yaseYurophu kunye nezopolitiko ezinkulu. Ulwazi olutsha lwaluchaphazela kakhulu utshintsho lwehlabathi elibonakalayo le ndoda. Wenza uluntu lokuhlaziya ubomi babantu, esekwe kuyo kwiimvakalelo ze-Disquucianism kunye neCancianism.
Ngo-1918, kwisimemo sikatitshala wakhe, umfana oselula onetalente uhamba eBeijing ukuba asebenze kwithala leencwadi leMetropolitan kwaye aqhubeke nemfundo yawo. Apho wadibana noMsunguli weqela lamaKomanisi waseTshayina uDaczhao kwaye uba ngumlandeli weembono zobuKomanisi kunye neMarxism. Ukongeza kumsebenzi we-dessic kwimbonakalo yabantu, lo mfana ukwadibana nemisebenzi ye-p. A. Kropotkin, apho isiseko se-anarchism sityhilwa.
Utshintsho kubomi bakhe buqu luyaqhubeka: I-Mao esencinci idibana nentombazana egama linguJan Kayhui, eyathi kamva iba liqabane lakhe lokuqala.
Umzabalazo wokuguqula
Iminyaka embalwa ezayo mao ihamba kwilizwe lonke. Yonke indawo ajongene nayo ingekho sikweni, kodwa ekugqibeleni yamkelwe kwiimbono zobuKomanisi kuphela ekupheleni kuka-1920. Mao besiza kwisigqibo sokuba ukutshintsha imeko kweli lizwe kuya kufuna utshintsho kuhlobo lwesiRussia.
Emva koloyiso lwe-bolshevings eRussia, uMao uba ngumlandeli weembono ze-leninism. Ikha iiseli zokuxhathisa kwizixeko ezininzi zase China kwaye iba ngunobhala weqela lamaTshayina. Ngeli xesha, amaKomanisi asondelelene neqela leGominda, elijongana ne-propaganda yesizwe. Kodwa emva kweminyaka embalwa kamva, i-CCP kunye ne-khofonovs iyintshaba ezinokuziphatha.
Ngo-1927, kwintsimi yeChacha Mao, Mao iququzelela isiko lokuqala kwaye lidala iRiphabhlikhi yaseKomanisi. Inkokeli yentsimi yokuqala yasimahla isekwe ikakhulu kwi-peasantry. Uqhuba utshintsho lwepropathi, ukutshabalalisa ngasese, kwaye unika abasetyhini ilungelo lokuvota kunye nomsebenzi. UMao Zedong uba ligunya elikhulu phakathi kwamaKomanisi kwaye, esebenzisa isikhundla sakhe, elungiselela ukucoceka okokuqala kwiminyaka emithathu.
Iimpikiswano zinxibelwa ngabahlobo bakhe abanxulumana nabo ngokuzibandakanya ekugxekeni imisebenzi yeqela, kunye neBhodi yeNkokeli yeSoviet Stalin. Kwakuyifumana imeko yombutho ophantsi komhlaba kwaye uninzi lwabathathi-nxaxheba badutyulwe. Emva koko, uMao Zeedong iba yintloko yeRiphabhlikhi yokuqala yaseSoviet. Injongo ye-dabitor ngoku ibiyindawo yokuseka i-oviet oda kwi-China.
Inguqu enkulu
Imfazwe yamakhaya yokwenene yagqitywa kwilizwe lonke kwaye yathatha iminyaka engaphezu kwe-10 ngaphambi koloyiso olupheleleyo lwamaKomanisi. Abachasi kuloo nto babenzela abaxhasi bobuchwephesha, obanjiweyo bakwaGomintandan bakhokelwa yi-Chan Changei, kunye nabalandeli bobuKomanisi, bexhomekeke kwimiqolo enkulu ye-Peasantry.
Ukungqubana okuninzi kwenzeka phakathi kweMikhosi yoMkhosi yeqela elichasene ne-jingan. Kodwa ngo-1934, emva koloyiko lukaMao Zedun, kwakuyimfuneko ukushiya le ndawo kunye nekhulu lokwahlulahlula amaKomanisi.
Benze utshintsho olungazange lwenziwe lwangazange lwenziwe lwangazange lwenziwe lwangaphezulu kwe-10 lamawaka eekhilomitha. Ngexesha lohambo ngeentaba, ngaphezulu kwe-90% yenani lonke le-tayile esweleke. Ukuyeka kwiphondo laseShanki, uMao ngeSebe elitsha le-CCP ahlala kumaqabane ophilayo.
Ukuqulunqwa kwe-PRC
Ukusinda kwiphulo lomkhosi waseJapan ngokuchasene nomkhosi ochasene neChina, kumlo ochasene noko iMkhosi ye-CCP kunye neHomintang kwakufuneka badibane neenzame zabo, baphinda baqhubeka nemfazwe phakathi kwabo. Ixesha elingaphezulu, ukulungisa umkhosi wamaKomanisi waphumelela iqela le-change yeka-Chanha kwaye wabatyhalela kumhlaba waseTaiwan.
Kwenzekile ekupheleni kwamanqatha, kwaye sele kuchaziwe ngo-1949, iRiphabliki yaseTshayina yaseTshayina yavakaliswa kwi-China, entlokweni kaMaoz. Ngeli xesha, kukho ukuhlangana kweenkokheli ezimbini zobuKomanisi: UMokwa Madong noJoseph Stalin. Intloko ye-USSR ibonelela yonke inkxaso kumaqabane ayo amaTshayina, ukuthumela ezona njineli ezilungileyo, abakhi kwi-PRC, kunye nezixhobo zomkhosi.
I-Mao Reforms
Ixesha lolawulo lwakhe lukaMao Zedong baqala ngombono we-theoretical yembono ye-maresism, umsikisi awayenjalo. Kwimibhalo yakhe, inkokeli kaRhulumente ichaza imodeli yesiTshayina yobuKomanisi njengenkqubo exhomekeke ikakhulu kubalingane kunye nembono yobuchwephesha bendawo ababusiko.Kwiminyaka yokuqala ye-PRC, ezona ziqubulo zidumileyo yayiyiminyaka emithathu yokusebenza kunye namawaka alishumi bokuchuma "," kwiminyaka elishumi elinesihlanu ukubamba i-England. " Eli xesha labizwa ngokuba "ngumhlambi wemibala".
Kumgaqo-nkqubo wakhe, uMao unamathele kwimali epheleleyo yepropathi yabucala. Wabiza ukuba alungelelanise amatheko apho yonke into ibiyinto eqhelekileyo, isuka eziphelweni, iphela ngokutya. Kusasaza ukuqhubela phambili kwezomzi-mveliso, e-China, yenza iibhloko zasekhaya zokunyibilika kwensimbi. Kodwa imisebenzi enjalo iguqukile iphumelele: Uqoqosho lwezolimo lwaqala ukunyamezela ilahleko, ekhokelela kwindlala ngokupheleleyo kweli lizwe. Intsimbi esemgangathweni esemgangathweni, eye yenziwa kwizindlu ezenziwe ekhaya, ihlala ibangela ukuba ziqhekezwe. Ijika ijikeleze ukufa kwenani elikhulu labantu.
Kodwa imeko yokwenene yemicimbi eli lizwe ifihliwe kwinkokeli yaseTshayina.
Imfazwe ebandayo
Urhulumente uqala kwezona zixhobo ziphezulu zamandla, ezikhuliswa kukufa kukaJoseph Stalin kunye nokupholisa kubudlelwane phakathi kwe-China yeSoviet Union. UMao Zedong uthetha ngokugxekwa okukhawulezileyo kwimisebenzi kaRhulumente waseNikita Khrushchev, etyhola owona mboniso wezinto zokuhamba suuvinis kunye nokubuya kwikhosi yamaKomanisi. Kwaye inkokeli yaseSoviet, nayo, ikhumbula zonke iifreyimu zesayensi ezivela e-China kwaye ziyiphelisa inkxaso yemali ye-CCP.
Kwiminyaka efanayo, i-China ibandakanyeka kwimbambano yaseKorea ukuze ixhase iNkokeli yeKarhulumente yaseNyakatho Korea Bomanisi iNgoma, ngoko ke zivuselela isithukuthezi sakhe.
"Ukutsiba okukhulu"
Emva kokugqitywa kwenkqubo "Iintyatyambo zengca", ezikhokelela ekuweni kwendlala abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-20, i-Mao Zedong iqala ukucoca okukhulu kwamanqanaba opolitiko kunye nezenkcubeko. Kwi-50s, enye iqhekeza loyilo liqengqelwe eTshayina. Inqanaba lesibini lokuhlengahlengiswa kombuso waqala, owabizwa ngokuba "ngumxwaba omkhulu". Kwakukunyusa isivuno ngazo zonke iintlobo zendlela.Abantu bafuna ukutshabalalisa iintonga, izinambuzane kunye neentaka ezincinci ezinamafutha anempembelelo kulondolozo lwezityalo ezinkozo. Kodwa ukutshatyalaliswa okukhulu kongqabana kukhokelela kwiziphumo ezichaseneyo: Isityalo esilandelayo sangeniswa kwiinkuni zeenkomo, ezikhokelela kwilahleko enkulu yokutya.
I-Nulear Superpower
Ngo-1959, phantsi kwempembelelo yeMisa eyoyikisayo, i-Mao Zedong iphantsi ukuya kwindawo yakhe yeNkokeli yeLizwe uLiu shaii, ngelixa ishiye intloko ye-CCP. Ilizwe laqala ukubuyiswa kwipropathi yabucala, ukutshabalalisa izinto zeNkokeli yeNkokheli yangaphambili. I-Mao inyamezele yonke le nto ngaphandle kokuphazamisa kwinkqubo. Wayethandwa ngabantu abaqhelekileyo belizwe.
Ngexesha lemfazwe ebandayo, impikiswano phakathi kweChina kunye ne-USSR yonyuka, ngaphandle kobukho bomchasi oqhelekileyo - iUnited States. Ngo-1964, i-PRC ibhengeza ilizwe malunga nebhombu yeatom. Kwaye iiyunithi ezininzi zaseTshayina, zenza imida ukusuka e-USSR, kubangela i-alarm enkulu kwiSoviet Union.
Kwanasemva kokuba i-USSR ibonise iRiphabhlikhi yaseTshayina ye-Port Arthur kunye nelinye inani lemimandla, ekupheleni kwe-60s mao litsho iphulo lomkhosi kwisiqithi saseDansky. Uxinzelelo emdeni wenyuka ukusuka kumacala omabini, ekhokelele kwiimfazwe kungekuphela kwimpuma engasesempuma, kodwa kumda wengingqi yeSemipalatinsk.
Ingxabano idiniwe ngokukhawuleza, ithintelwe ngamakhulu amaninzi amaxhoba kumacala omabini. Kodwa le meko yemeko iye yaba sisizathu sokudala iiyunithi zomkhosi onqatyisiweyo kwi-USSR yonke imida neChina. Ukongeza, i-USSR ibonelela zonke iintlobo zenkxaso eVietnam, enoncedo lweSoviet Union emfazweni ne-United States kwaye ngoku eyayiphikisana iChina ukusuka emazantsi.
Uhlaziyo lwenkcubeko
Ngokuthe ngcembe, iinguqu zenkululeko zikhokelela ekuzinziweni kwemeko yezoqoqosho kweli lizwe, kodwa uMao akabelani ngeminqweno yabachasi babo. Igunya lakhe lisephezulu phakathi kwenani labantu, kwaye emva kweminyaka engama-60, ukhathalela umjikelo omtsha we-propaganda yamaKomanisi, ebizwa ngokuba "ngovukelo lwenkcubeko".
Isakhono sokulwa sabantu abahlwini sakhe sisekwinqanaba eliphezulu, mao ibuyela eBeijing. Inkokeli yeqela lamaKomanisi yenza ukubheja ekufumaneni abantu abancinci abatsha kunye nee-les zentshukumo entsha. Kumlo wokulwa neemvakalelo ze-bourgeois zenxalenye yoluntu kwicala leMao, umfazi wakhe wesithathu uJaiang qng. Uthatha intlangano yeHongwaybin.
Kwiminyaka engapheliyo 'yenkqubo yenkcubeko ", izigidi ezininzi zabantu zatshabalwa, zavela kubasebenzi abalula kunye nabalingane, bephela ngepati kunye nenkcubeko eli lizwe. I-taxirs yeRigurs encinci yaphosa yonke into, ubomi kwizixeko ziqandule. Ukupeyinta okutshisayo, iincwadi, imisebenzi yobugcisa, ifenitshala.
Kungekudala, uMao waqonda imiphumo yemisebenzi yayo, kodwa ekhawulelwe ukuba anyanzelise ukuba uxanduva lwenzeka kumfazi wakhe, ngaloo ndlela uthintele inkolo yakhe yobuntu bakhe. UMAO ZEDOng, ngokukodwa, uhlaziya ubuyeyona yangaphambili yeqela lepati uDan xiaopin kwaye usenza isandla sakhe sasekunene. Kwixa elizayo, emva kokusweleka kuka-dator, le politiki iya kudlala indima enkulu kuphuhliso lukaRhulumente.
Kuqala, uMao Zedong, ngelixa esuka kwi-USSR, esondelelene eUnited States, kwaye sele ephethe intlanganiso yokuqala noMongameli waseMelika R. Nixon.
Ubomi Buqu
I-biegraphy yenkokeli yaseTshayina i-Pepitis intabalala yothando lothando kunye nemitshato yaseburhulumenteni. UMao Zedong wakhokelela ekukhuthazeni uthando lwasimahla kwaye wala iinjongo zosapho lwendabuko. Kodwa oku akuzange kumthintele ukuba angamtshati kane amaxesha amane kwaye enze inani elikhulu labantwana, uninzi lwabo basweleka ebuntwaneni.
Umfazi wokuqala we-Mao oselula yayingudade wabo wesibini waloo Lou, okwiminyaka yakhe wayemdala kunendoda eneminyaka emi-4. Uchasile ukukhetha kwabazali bakhe kwaye wabaleka endlwini ngobomi bokuqala ubusuku bonke, ngaloo ndlela abahlazisa umtshakazi wakhe.
Ndikunye nomfazi wesibini, uMao wahlangabezana kwiminyaka eli-10 ngexesha lezifundo zakhe eBeijing. Umfana othandekayo waba yintombi katitshala wakhe uYana jiji yang kaihui. Uphendule ngokuqeqeshwa, kwaye kungekudala emva kokungena kwakhe kwizikhundla ze-CCP, batshata. Abantu abasebenza nabo baseMao emthendeleli bathathe lo mtshato i-Union Union Union Union, njengoko abantu abancinci babechasene nentando yabazali babo, nto leyo eyayisaqwalaselwa.
UJan KaIchway akazange alwenze kuphela ubuKomanisi boonyana abathathu uAni Neun, uAnqing noAnluna. Wayengumncedisi wakhe kwimicimbi yeqela, nangexesha lokungqubana kwe-PDAs kunye ne-HDAY ngo-1930 labonisa isibindi kunye nokunyaniseka kwindoda yakhe. Nabantwana bakhe, wafakwa kukuchasa abachasi kwaye emva kokubandezeleka, ngaphandle kokushiya iqabane lakhe, wabulawa phambi koonyana bakhe.
Mhlawumbi iintlungu kunye nokufa kwalo mfazi zazililize, kuba ngaphezulu komtshato wayo wesiphango kunye ne-Honesion eNtsha, owayeneminyaka eli-17 waza wakhonza kumkhosi weyunithi yobuko . Umfazi onesibindi woyisa intliziyo yomoya ovuthuzayo uZidong, kwaza emva kokufa komkakhe, wamxelela iqabane elitsha.
Kwiminyaka eliqela yokuhlala kunye, eyenzeka kwiimeko ezinzima, wazala uMao abantwana abahlanu. Amaqabane anyanzelwa ukuba anike abantwana ababini kubantu bomnye umntu ngexesha lemfazwe eyoyikisayo yamandla. Ubomi obunzima kunye nokuvuthwa komyeni wakhe wajongela phantsi impilo yabasetyhini, kwaye ngo-1937 intloko yesiTshayina ye-CCP yalithumela kunyango kwi-USSR. Apho yabanjwa kwikliniki yengqondo iminyaka eliqela. Emva koko, lo mfazi wahlala eSoviet Union waze wenza umsebenzi olungileyo, emva koko wafudukela eShanghai.
Umculi we-shanghai nge-shang changes ye-lan yePIN yaba ngumntu wokugqibela wabafazi bakaMao. Ukongeza kwimitshato emininzi kwiminyaka yabo engama-24, wayenenombolo engenakubalwanana phakathi kwabalawuli kunye nabadlali. Ubuhle obuncinci boyisa i-mao, bethetha kwi-opera yaseTshayina, apho wadlala khona enye yeendima eziphakamileyo. Emva koko, iNkokeli yeqela lamaKomanisi yayibizwa ngeentetho zakhe, apho wazibonakalisa khona kwinkokeli enkulu. Kungekudala baqala ukuhlala kunye kwaye umongo kwakufuneka angatshintsheli igama le-lan kwi-jiiang qing xing, kodwa nendima yakhe ubuhle obubulalayo kumfazi othumileyo wendlu ethe tye.
Ngo-1940, umfazi oselula wazala inkokeli yentombazana yePDA. Wamthanda ngokunyaniseka umyeni wakhe ngokunyaniseka, wabathabatha abantwana bakhe bobabini kumtshato wakhe wangaphambili kwintsapho yakhe kwaye wayengazange aphile.
Ukufa
Ii-70s zagutyungelwa "sisifo esikhulu se-quamchego". Intliziyo yakhe yaqalisa ukulwa. Ekugqibeleni, ukuhlaselwa kwentliziyo ezimbini kube sisizathu sokufa kukaZdoong, olwalujongela phantsi impilo yakhe.
Ubuthathaka beNtloko yeNtloko yomKomanisi ayisamnike ithuba lokulawula iziganeko ezenzeka ngamandla. Ngelungelo lokuma eHelm, amaqela amabini opolitiko aseTshayina asungule. I-radicals ilawula oko kubizwa ngokuba "yiqela lesine", apho umfazi kaMao wabandakanywa khona. Inkokeli yenkampu eyahlukileyo yayinguDan Xiaopin.
Emva kokusweleka kukaMao Zaden, okwenzekileyo ekuqaleni kokuwa kuka-1976, umbutho wezopolitiko nxamnye nomfazi kaMao kunye nenzayo e-China. Bagwetywa ngesigwebo sentambo, kodwa kuba uJiang qing qng wenza ukuphumla, ebeka esibhedlele. Apho, emva kweminyaka embalwa kamva, wazibulala.
Ngaphandle kwento yokuba umfanekiso kaMao wamiselwa kukukoyika, igama likaMao Zedong lahlala likhanyisela inkumbulo yabantu. Bangaphezu kwesigidi ngabemi be-CNR ababezinyaswe ngumngcwabo wakhe, kwaye nomzimba 'wokutyisa' wayephantsi kwesifililo. Kunyaka emva kokuba efile, kwavulwa iMambolohum, eyaba yindawo yokugqibela yeMao Zedun. Ngaphezulu kweminyaka engama-20 yobukho bengcwaba laseMao Zedong, malunga ne-200 yezigidi zee-CNR kunye nabakhenkethi batyelele.
Ukusuka kwinzala eqhubekayo, inkokeli ye-PDA ihlala umntwana kumlingane wakhe ngamnye: Mao Anqing, nokuba yeyam kwaye nokuba kunjalo. UZdodong wagcina abantwana bakhe begcwele kwaye bengazange bavumele ifani eyaziwayo. Abazukulwana bakhe abahlali bakarhulumente abakhulu, kodwa omnye wabo, uMao Blue, waba selona ntlangano lincinci lomkhosi waseTshayina.
Umzukulwana ka-Kun Dongmay wangenisa uluhlu lwamabhinqa aseTshayina, kodwa kwenzekile, ngenxa yendoda esisityebi, umtshato wawugqibile ngo-2011.
Iinyani ezinomdla
Equlathwe ziiHiiroglyphs ezimbini, igama likaYeener Dong laguqulelwa ngokuthi "ingca ukuya empuma". Ebhalwe ngegama lonyana wakhe, abazali bamnqwenelela eyona nto ibalaseleyo. Babenethemba lokuba inzala yabo iyafuneka kwilizwe. Oku ekugqibeleni kwaphunyezwa.
Uvavanyo lwemisebenzi ye-mao zeedong yabantu baseTshayina banomdla. Kwelinye icala, ngepesenti yobuchule baseTshayina onobuchule, kwaba bukhulu ngakumbi kunekuqaleni kwenkulungwane. Eli nani lenyuke ukusuka kwi-20% ukuya kwi-93%. Kodwa ukuziphindezela okuninzi, ukutshatyalaliswa kwexabiso lenkcubeko kunye nezenkcubeko, kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo othembekileyo wokungahlambuluki kwe-50s wabeka ukuthandabuza kukaMao.
Ngenxa ye "nkcubeko yenkcubeko", inkolo yobuntu bukaMao Zedong. Ummi ngamnye we-PRC unokuyibona incwadi encinci yomzobo kunye nekowuteshini yeNkokeli yabantu. Kwigumbi ngalinye eludongeni, umzobo kaMao Zedong wayexhonywe. Ababhali-mbali bahlala benxibelelanisa ihlelo le-chactit yamaTshayina kunye neNkululeko yeNkokeli yeSoviet Stalin.
Umlo ochasene ne-sparrows, wathunyelwa ngasekupheleni kwe-50s, ekhohlo kwimbali amava alusizi ukuba umntu oqiqayo lomntu ngaphezu kwendalo. Iintaka ezincinci ngoncedo lwezixhobo ezizodwa zazingavumelekanga ukuba zihlale emhlabeni, zinyanzela ukuba zibhabhe ngaphezulu kwemizuzu engama-20. Emva koko badiniwe. Kunyaka emva kokutshatyalaliswa kwabo bonke oongqatyana, inani elikhulu labantu bafa yindlala. Zonke izityalo zitshabalalise izinambuzane eziphilisiweyo eziye zakhutshelwa kuzo ngaphambili. Kwakufuneka ndibanyamezele ukuba baphesheya ukuba babuyisele ibhalansi kwindalo.
I-Mao Zeedong ayizange icocwe amazinyo akhe. Indlela yayo yokugcina i-hygiene cavity yomlomo yayikukuhlanjwa komlomo ngeti eluhlaza kwaye ukutya emva kwayo yonke i-caulips. Indlela yale yakhokelela kwinto yokuba onke amazinyo e-dastor agutyungelwe luhlaselo oluhlaza, kodwa akazange amthintele ekutshameni kuzo zonke iifoto ezivaliweyo.