Biography
I-Rederland Dranland I-Renaissing, imbongi yesizwe, eyafumana ukwamkelwa komhlaba, uWilliam Shakespeare wavela kwidolophu yaseStradford, ngasentla kweLondon. Kwimbali, kuphela ulwazi malunga nobhaptizo lwakhe lulondolozwe ngoAprili 26, 1564.
Abazali benkwenkwe yayinguJohn Shakespeare noMariya Arden. Babephakathi kwababemi abazizityebi besixeko. Utata wenkwenkwe ukongeza kwezolimo yabandakanyeka ekwenzeni iigloves, kunye nohlobo oluncinci. Wanyulwa izihlandlo ezininzi kwibhunga lesixeko saloo mzi, wayebonakala esonyuka naye wanasodolophu.
Ngokutsho kwezinye iingxelo, uJohn wayengonqulo lwama Katolika, olo lwatshutshiswa ngalo lonke ixesha lokutshutshiswa, lwamnyanzela ukuba athengise onke onke amazwe. Ngexesha lobomi bakhe, wahlawula icawa enkulu yecawa yamaProtestanti ngenxa yenkonzo. Umama kaWilliam wayezalwa ngcwele, wayengakwizibonakaliso zakudala ezazihlonitshwayo. UMariya wazala abantwana abayi-8, eso sesithathu saba nguWilliam.
EStraford, uWilliam omncinci shakespeare wafumana imfundo elungileyo ngelo xesha. Njengomntwana, wangena kwisikolo segrama, apho wafunda khona isiTim kunye nesiGrike sakudala. Ngophuhliso olunzulu nolugcweleyo lweelwimi zakudala, abafundi babebandakanyeka kwimidlalo yesikolo edlalayo.
Ngokutsho kwedatha ethile, ukongeza kweli ziko lemfundo, uWilliam Shakespeare wayekho kwisikolo sasebukhosini, eyayikwidolophu yakhe yenkululeko. Apho wafumana ithuba lokwazisa ngemisebenzi yamaRoma yakudala yaseRoma.
Ubomi Buqu
Ngo-18, i-Woiam inoveli yayinenoveli enentombi eneminyaka engama-26 ubudala ka-Ann, eyayiza kutshata kungekudala. Isizathu soMtshato ongxamisekileyo sasikhulelwe yintombazana. Ngezo ntsuku, iziqu zaseNgilani zazigqalwa njengeqhelekileyo, umtshato uhlala udlule emva kokukhulelwa kwezibulo. Ekuphela kwemeko yoqhagamshelo yayingumtshato onyanzelekileyo ngaphambi kokuzalwa komntwana. Xa wayeneminyaka eyi-1583, esi sibini sitshatileyo sazalwa intombi kaSusan, uWilliam wonwabile. Ubomi bakhe bonke, wayenamathele kuye ngokukhethekileyo kuye, nasemva kokuzalwa kwiminyaka emibini amawele unyana kaHemita kunye nentombi yesibini uJudith.
Kwakungekho bantwana kusapho lwembongi, kunokubakho ngenxa yesibini sokuzalwa komntwana wakhe onzima womfazi wakhe. Ngo-1596, uSkt Shakespeasers uya kusinda kwintlekele yakho: Ngexesha lobhubhani yedini leDiesenteeli, kuya kufa kuphela indlalifa yazo. Emva kokuhamba kukaWilliam ukuya eLondon, usapho lwakhe lwahlala kwidolophu yakhe yenkobe. Ngokuqhelekileyo, kodwa rhoqo uWilliam watyelela izalamane zakhe.
Ngobomi bakhe obuqu eLondon Ababhali bakha iintsomi ezininzi. Kungenzeka ukuba i-playwwid yahlala yedwa. Abanye babaphandi bebhayiloji yembongi iphawu luthande, kubandakanya nemigangatho yamadoda. Kodwa olu lwazi lungapheli.
Iminyaka esixhenxe engaziwayo
UWilliam Shakespeare yenye yababhali abambalwa, apho ulwazi luhlanganisene khona ngokoqobo kwingqolowa. Bambalwa kakhulu ubungqina bokuba bubomi bakhe bufutshane. Ngokusisiseko, lonke ulwazi malunga noWilliam Shakespeare wakhutshwa kwimithombo yesibini, enjengeengxelo zabantu bexeshana okanye iirekhodi zolawulo. Ke ngoko, malunga neminyaka esixhenxe emva kokuzalwa kwamawele akhe nakumsebenzi wokuqala womsebenzi wakhe eLondon, abaphandi bakha i-riddles.
UShakespeare uxelwe kwinkonzo enomnini-mhlaba ongenambeko njengomfundisi-ntsapho, kwaye usebenze kwiindawo zeLondon ngeSufler, indawo yokusebenza kunye nomfuya wehashe. Kodwa ulwazi oluthembekileyo malunga neli xesha lobomi alikho imbongi.
ILondon IXESHA
Ngo-1592, amaphepha matshini avelayo kwi-coet yembongi yesiNgesi robert luhlaza malunga nomsebenzi omncinci uWilliam. Olu lukhankanya okokuqala kweShakespeare njengombhali. I-Aristoct kwincwadana yakhe izamile ukuhlekisa ngomdla oselula, njengoko wabona umntu okhuphisana naye, kodwa ongekahlukaniswa yimvelaphi yemvelaphi kunye nemfundo elungileyo. Kwangelo xesha, kukhankanywa malunga nemveliso yokuqala yomdlalo weShakespeare "Heinrich VI" kwiLondon Rosa Theatre.
Lo msebenzi wabhalwa ngoMoya wezo ntlobo zesiNgesi ezithandwayo zencwadi yeziKronike. Olu hlobo lwezimvo lusasazwe kwixesha lokubuyela umva eNgilani, wayenxibe uhlobo lwe-epic yebali, imifanekiso kunye nemizobo yayihlala ingahambelanina. I-Kronike yabizwa ukuba ityelele ubume beNgilane kwi-England kwi-Orgal Sugality yobuqhetseba kunye neemfazwe ezingenelwa ngaphakathi.
Kuyaziwa ukuba uWilliam ukusuka kwi-1594 engena kubahlali abaphambili abaphambili "abakhonzi beNkosi" kwaye baza kuba kungekudala. Imveliso yenze impumelelo enkulu, kwaye i-ruupe ngexesha nje elincinci sisityebi, esizivumela ukuba sakhe isakhiwo seqonga le-Globar esidumileyo kule minyaka mihlanu izayo. Kwaye ngo-1608, ama-Atiria wayezifumana kunye nezakhiwo ezivaliweyo, ezazibizwa ngokuba yi "mnyama".
Ngeendlela ezininzi, impumelelo yaququzelelwa ngolwandiwe ngabalawuli baseNgilani: uElizabhete mna no-Heir Yukov i, oneqela leqonga elifumana imvume yokutshintsha kwemeko. Ukusukela nge-1603, i-goupe yayibizwa ngokuba yi "King's Choctor". UShakespeare akabandakanyeki njengokudlala ngokubhala, wayenenxaxheba ebonakalayo ekuvelisweni kwemisebenzi yakhe. Ngokukodwa, ulwazi luyagcinwa loo nto ukuba uWilliam wadlala iindima eziphambili kuzo zonke izinto ezidlala kuzo.
Ilizwe
Ngokutsho kobungqina obunye, ngokukodwa, malunga nokuthengwa kwe-william william shakespeare, wafumana ezaneleyo kwaye waphumelela kwimicimbi yezemali. I-playfipt ithethwayo kukuzilolonga yinzalo.
Ngenxa yokonga kwi-1597, uWilliam wayenokufumana i-gonver yendawo ebanzi kwi-straford. Ukongeza, uShakesperes emva kokuba umntu wangcwatyelwa kwaoko kwisibingelelo seCawe yoThixo onguThixo wommiselo. Imbeko enjalo yayinikelwa kuye ukuba ingaba nembono ekhethekileyo, kodwa ngenxa yokuba wahlawula imali yokungcwatywa kwakhe yokungcwatywa kwakhe.
Amaxesha obuyisi
Umdlali omuhle udale uNondyebo ongafiyo owondla inkcubeko yehlabathi ithuba elingaphezu kweenkulungwane ezintlanu ngokulandelelana. Iiplani zemidlalo yakhe yaba yinkcuzo engeyiyo amagcisa emidlalo yeqonga, kodwa nakwimicimbi emininzi, kunye nefilimu. Kubo bonke ubomi bakhe bokuyila, uShakespeare uphendule kaninzi uhlobo lokubhala imisebenzi yakhe.
Iindawo zokuqala kwisakhiwo sabo sihlala sikhuphela uhlobo oluqhelekileyo kunye nezicwangciso ezinjengeziKronike, iimbethe zeRenaissance ("ukungcungcutheka kwe-Shrew"). Ezi yayiyinto eninzi enenani elikhulu lamagorha kunye nokungaqhelekanga ukuze ibone isilabhasi. Kwiifom zeklasikhi zefom ye-Shakespeare ye-aza yoxube iDrama yokubhala.
Isiqingatha sesibini se-90s se-90 ye-xvi senkulungwane yaphawulwa ngenkangeleko yokutsalwa ngokubonakalayo kwifom kunye nomxholo wezincoko zethiyetha. Imbongi ifuna ifom entsha ngaphandle kokuhamba kwisakhelo esichaziweyo seRenaissance Homehlo kunye nentlekele. Igcwalisa iifom ezidlulileyo ezibalaseleyo ngomxholo omtsha. Ke ihlahla eliqaqambileyo le "Romeo noJuliet" livela ekukhanyeni, uBeydy 'ulala ngobusuku behlobo "," umthengisi waseVenetian ". Ukutsha kwevesi kwimibhalo emitsha yeShakespeare idityaniswa neyelenqe elingaqhelekanga nengalibalekiyo, elenza ukuba ezi zinto zidlala zithandwa luluntu.
Kwangelo xesha, uShakespeare wenza umjikelo weSonnenet, odume ngexesha lohlobo lwezinto zombozo zomboniso. Phantse kwiinkulungwane ezimbini, ezi zinto zingabakho ngqwano yeNkosi, kodwa ngokuvela kwezothando, zaphinda zafumana uzuko. Kwinkulungwane ye-Xix, ifashoni yavela ekucingeni kwimigca engafiyo ebhalwe kwisiphumo se-Renaissance Englius Geius.
Ngaba imibongo yemigca yothando yimiyalezo yothando kwindoda engaziwayo, kwaye kuphela iintsapho zokugqibela ezingama-26 ezivela kwi-154 kuphela kwi-154 kuphela kwinenekazi elimnyama. Abaphandi abaninzi babona kule migca yokuzenzekelayo, bethatha ukuqhelaniswa nokungafikeleli. Kodwa abanye ababhali-mbali banomdla wokucinga ukuba kwezi zonyokothi, uWilliam Shakespeare wayenomdla kumxhasi wakhe kunye nomhlobo wakhe u-Southampton osetyenziswayo kwifom ye-Southampton eselwandle.
Ekupheleni kweenkulungwane kwimisebenzi ye-William Shakespeare, imisebenzi eyenze igama lokuba ayifiyo kwimbali yoncwadi lwehlabathi kunye nemidlalo yeqonga ivele. Ibanjwe, iphumelele impumelelo kunye nezezimali zokudlala kunye nezezimali kudala inani lezintskisi ezazimzisela i-dume ayikho kuphela eNgilani. Le yimidlalo "yeHamlet", iMacbeth, "incwadi ethi" "Othello". Le misebenzi ikhulisa ukuthandwa kwethiyetha yeGlobus ukuya kwi-Veest yeyenye yezona ndawo zibalulekileyo zokuzonwabisa eLondon. Kwangelo xesha, imeko yabanini bayo, kubandakanya iShakespeare, inyuke ngokuphindaphindiweyo ngexesha elifutshane.
Ekutshoneni kwelanga lomsebenzi wakhe, uShakespeare wenza imisebenzi emininzi engafiyo eyamangalisa abantu ababephila ngexesha elifanelekileyo. Kubo, intlekele idityaniswa noMdlalo oMihleni, kwaye iiplani ezihle ziyinkcazo ye-canvas yeemeko ezivela kubomi bemihla ngemihla. Okokuqala, ezi ziimpawu ze-fantasy "" isaqhwithi "," i-Busika Fairy "kunye nemidlalo yamabali amandulo -" ICorthony kunye neCoopatra ". Kule misebenzi, uShakespeare wenza njengomthetho omkhulu weqonga ledrama, eqokelela ngokulula kunye neempawu zentlekele, iintsomi ezintsonkothileyo kunye nokuqonda intetho eqondakalayo.
Ngokwahlukeneyo, uninzi lwemisebenzi enkulu kaShakespeare yapapashwa ebomini bakhe. Kodwa ingqokelela yemisebenzi, apho wonke umntu odlalwa yi-canonical yomdlali odlala khona, wabonakala ngo-1623. Ingqokelela yayishicilelwe kwinyathelo labahlobo bakaShakespeare uNiliam Hohn Heng kunye noHenry Kondee, ababesebenza kwi-Globos Truupe. Incwadi, equka ukudlala amadlala ama-36 angumbhali wesiNgesi, wabona ukukhanya kubizwa ngokuba "yi-folio yokuqala".
Ngexesha lenkulungwane ye-Xvisi, zapapashwa ezinye ezintathu, ezaphuma kunye neenguqu ezithile kunye nokudityaniswa kweedyokhwe ezingafunekiyo.
Ukufa
Ukususela kwiminyaka yokugqibela yobomi bakho, uWilliam Shakesperesperpesper wamkeza, ubungqina bakhe bokubhala kwakhe izandla, eminye imidlalo yokugqibela awayidalayo yenye yokudlala, igama lakhe yayinguYohane Fletcher.
Emva kwe-1613, uShakespeare ushiya iLondon, kodwa akayeki kwimicimbi. Usenalo nexesha lokuthatha inxaxheba kwityala lomhlobo wakhe njengengqina lokukhusela, kwaye ifumana enye indlu kwiParish yangaphambili yeBlackFRic. Kangangexesha elithile, uWilliam Shakespeare uhlala kwilifa lonyana wakhe uJohn John Hander.
Kwiminyaka emithathu ngaphambi kokusweleka kukaWilliam Shakespeare ubhala eyakhe, onke amagqabi epropathi kwintombazana yakhe enkulu. Ababhali besiNgesi basweleka ekupheleni kuka-Epreli 1616 kwikhaya lakhe. Umfazi wakhe uAn wasinda kwindoda yakhe iminyaka esi-7.
Kusapho lwentombi enkulu ye-Susan, ngalo mzuzu umzukulwana uEyabhetha ukuba uElizabhete sele ezelwe, kodwa wasweleka engenamntwana. Kusapho lomncinci waseShakespeare uJudespeare uJudith, owayetshata kakhulu kwiinyanga ezimbini emva kokusweleka kukaTomas quini, kukho amakhwenkwe amathathu, kodwa bonke bafa ebutsheni bakhe. Ke ngoko, inzala ethe tye evela eShakespeare ishiye ngasekhohlo.
Iinyani ezinomdla
- Akukho mntu waziyo owona mhla wokubonakala kukaWilliam Shakespeare. Kwi-Arsenal Arsenal, ikho kuphela irekhodi lecawa malunga nobhaptizo lomntwana, elalifumaneka nge-26 ka-1564. Abaphandi bacebisa ukuba i-rite yenziwa ngomhla wesithathu emva kokuzalwa. Ngokuhambelana, indlela emangalisayo yomhla wokuzalwa nokufa komdlalo wawa kwinani elinye - ngo-Epreli 23.
- Imbongi enkulu yesiNgesi yayinenkumbulo enkulu, ulwazi lwakhe lunokuthelekiswa ne-encyclopedic. Ukongeza kubunini beelwimi ezimbini zakudala, wayesazi ukuba i-diallis yanamhlanje yaseFrance, i-Itali neSpain, nangona yena engazange ashiye imida yelizwe lesiNgesi. I-Shakespeare ihlanganisene kwimicimbi efumileyo yembali nakwimeko yezopolitiko yangoku. Ulwazi awayenalo lwachukunyiswa ngumculo nokupeyinta, wafunda ngokupheleleyo i-botatans yonke.
- Ababhali-mbali abaninzi bathanda ukucinga malunga nolunye uhlobo lwembongi, bebhekisa kwinyaniso yosapho olude oluvela kusapho, kunye nobuhlobo bakhe obude noGuampton, ababenomkhwa wokunxiba abasetyhini kwaye basebenzise i-A isixa esikhulu sepeyinti ebusweni bakhe. Kodwa akukho bungqina bungqinisisiweyo kule nto.
- Inkolo yamaProtestanti kaShakespeare kunye nosapho bayo bahlala bethandabuza. Akukho bungqina ngokungathangameli malunga nokuba nguYise kwihlelo lamaKatolika. Kodwa ngexesha lolawulo luka-Elizabeth bendingavunyelwa ukuba ndibengumKatolika, ngokunjalo nabalandeli bale sebe ndigubungela abahlaziyi kwaye batyelele inkonzo yokunqula i-Katotolic.
- Ekuphela kombhali we-Autograph ofikayo kule mihla yangoku. Kuyo, udwelisa yonke impahla yakhe kwiinkcukacha ezincinci, kodwa ungaze ukhankanya ingxelo yakhe.
- Ubomi, ngokcinga ngengqondo, uShakespeare utshintshe malunga ne-10 yamathombo. Wayengunogada kwizitampu zethiyetha, i-Actor, i-CO-wanger yethiyetha kunye noMlawuli wezandla. Ngokuhambelana nemisebenzi ebambeleyo, uWilliam wakhokelela kwimicimbi yeSimo seSimo, kwaye ekupheleni kobomi bakhe wayenenxaxheba ekwakheni kwaye wanikezela ngezindlu.
- Ababhali-mbali banamhlanje baxhasa uhlobo lombhali ongaziwayo, owenza uShakespeare kunye nobuso bakhe. Nditsho ne-Encyclopedia yase-Encyclopedia ayivumiyo inguqulelo ukuba uShakespeare unokwenza amadlala phantsi kwePseudugueny, ukubaleka uEdward De ver. Okungakumbi kwinani lokuqagela kunokuba yiNkosi eFrancis Bacon, Queen Elizabeth i kunye neqela labantu abavela kwimvelaphi ye-Aristous.
- Isilabhasi yeholo yeShakespeare yayinempembelelo enkulu kuphuhliso lwesiNgesi, lwenzela isiseko segrama yanamhlanje, kunye nokuthetha intetho yoncwadi yeBritane ngamabinzana aseburhulumenteni asetyenziswayo. UShakespeare washiya kwilifa lemveli ukuya kuthi ga kwiLifa elingaphezulu kwe-1,700 amagama amatsha.
Iingcaphuno ezidumileyo Shakespeare
Amabinzana adumileyo eklasini ahlala eneengcinga zentanda-bulumko evezwa ngokuchanekileyo nangokufutshane. Inani elikhulu lokuqaphela lizinikele kwicandelo lothando. Nazi ezinye zazo:
"Izono zabanye ziyakugweba ngenkuthalo - qalisa ngokwakho kwaye ungafumani kwabanye." Nam? URosa utshabangela, kwanomnxeba, nangona kungekho ";" Uthando lubaleka kwabo bamgxotha, kodwa ababalekayo, baphose entanyeni. "