Biography
U-Anton Pavlovich Chenkov uncwadi oludala lwehlabathi, umbhali, idlala, ugqirha ngemfundo, iSixa-studimian of Ampeli Academy yeSayensi.
UAnton Cheokhov wazalelwa eTaganrog ngoJanuwari 1860. Utata wakhe wayeyinto encinci yokutya eyayigcina ibhentshi yeempahla zobukoloniyali. UAnton wayenabantakwabo abane noodade ababini, omnye wabo wasweleka esemncinci. Umama Cheokhov wayeyintombi yomthengisi, umfazi ozolileyo owayehlala kwizilangazelelo zosapho.
U-Anton Cheokhov ufundele kwi-taganrog gymnasium, xa utata wakhe esinda kubabolekisi eMoscow. Umbhali wexesha elizayo wayehlala kwidolophu yakhe ukuze aphumelele. Wayehlala kunye nabanini bamakhaya amakhaya akhe, behlawula indawo yakhe kuyo ngokufundisa.
UChenokv wafaka umbono wawo wehlabathi, waphuhlisa uthando lweencwadi kunye nethiyetha, ngelixa wayeyinto yokuzivocavoca. Kule minyaka, u-Antovavich wabhala amabali okhuhle. Ukususela kwiminyaka eli-13 wavuma iqonga kwaye wathatha inxaxheba ekuqulunqweni kwemidlalo yasekhaya ye-gymnusium.
Indalo
Umsebenzi wokuqala oprintiweyo wase-Anton Pavlovich wavela nge-1880 kwijenali "idygonfly". Ukususela ngelo xesha, uChenokv uhlala esebenzisana namaphephabhuku "iwotshi", "umbukeli", "hirekoy", "ukukhanya nezithunzi". Kwixesha lokufunda "iziqwenga" zaprintwa kuqala ngamabali amaninzi ahlekisayo. Ngo-1883, kule phephancwadi ingentla, umsebenzi "wamafutha kunye" wapapashwa, ngo-1884 - "chameleon", kwaye "kwi-Pererap".
Ngo-1886, ibali leKrisimesi "i-Vanka" yapapashwa kwiProjekthi yeProjekthi yePESEMBALI ". Umbhali usayine imisebenzi yakhe yokuqala nge-pseundesm "Antosha Chenoknte".
Ngo-1886, u-Anton Pavlovich wafumana ileta evela kwi-St. Petersburg ngesicelo somsebenzi. Wamenyelwa kwiphephandaba "ixesha elitsha". Ngeli xesha, umbhali odale 'ingqokelela "amabali eentyhule" kunye "neentetho ezimsulwa". Imisebenzi yakhe yayidume, kwaye uCzech waqalisa ukusayina kwigama elikhoyo.
Inkulumbuso yemidlalo yokuqala ye-Anton Pavlovich "ivanov" yabanjwa ngo-1887 eMoscow. Isincoko se-novice samiselwa kwithiyetha yaseKora. Indlela esisabela ngayo uluntu yayihluka, kodwa ingxelo yaphumelela. Kwixa elizayo, umdlalo wabekwa kwi-St. Petersburg, ngendlela egqityiweyo. Ngo-1888, u-Anton Pavlovich wanikwa ibhaso le-pushkin ye-pushkin yokuqokelelwa kwamabali "eDusk".
Ihlobo 1888 kunye ne-1889 Chenkov echithwe kwiPhondo laseKharkvic kufutshane neSingu. Ukufa komnye wabazalwana kwanyanzelisa umbhali ukuba asinde kwiindawo awayehlala kuzo nezalamane. U-Antovich wayesiya eYurophu, kodwa ikamva lamphosa eOdessa, apho iqonga lethiyetha elincinci lalikhuliswa. Umbhali waba nomdla kwimbambano enye, kodwa uvelwano lukhutshwa ngokukhawuleza. Ukuziva uhlaselo lokungakhathali, uChenokv waya eYalta.
Ngo-1889, umbhali wabhalelwa ibali "idrama kwindawo yokuzingela", "steppe", "izibane" kunye "nembali". Umxholo wale misebenzi yeCzechs eqokelelwe kwiihambo. Inzala yokutyelelwa kwizihlalo ezahlukeneyo ivele ngumbhali ngokufika kade, xa wayeka ukusebenzisana neejenarali ezihlekisayo.
Umnqweno wokuhamba ushukunyiswa i-chenokv ukuya eSakhalin ngo-1890. Indlela eya esiqithini yayilele eSiberia, apho umbhali unezinto zesitokhwe zesokhwe kwiiprojekthi zayo zoncwadi zayo. Ukujonga imeko yempilo yesigulana esikwiCachotochny, uhambo lwalungamlula kuye. Ukusuka kuhambo lwe-Chenokv luzisa ingqokelela yezincoko "eSiberia" nencwadi ethi "Sakhalin Island".
Abalandeli abaninzi bobuchule bukaCzech kwimisebenzi yonke yakhe bakhunjulwa ngokukhululwa libali "igumbi eli-6". Okwesihlandlo sokuqala, wapapashwa kwimagazini "ingcinga yaseRussia" ngo-1892. Igama lebali lelona lintsingiselo, balila into engaqhelekanga okanye ephambeneyo. Amagqabantshintshi amaninzi akweli ncwadi aya ekoteni.
Ngo-1892, umbhali wawenza iphupha lakhe elide kwaye wathenga ipropathi eMelikov. Apho wathutha abazali nodadewabo uMaria, owaba ngumgcini womzalwana wakhe othembekileyo. Emva kokufunyanwa kwepropathi, i-Chenokv yatshintshwa. Uye wafumana ithuba lokwenza iyeza lokwenza ezonyango, emva kwayo yonke loo nto, ukongeza kuncwadi, ukongeza kuncwadi, u-Anton Pavlovich wayenomnye umnqweno-utyando.
Kwixesha le-MEliKhovsky ye-Chenokv esetyenzisiweyo njenge-ZUNKY gqirha, yakha izikolo ezininzi, indawo yomlilo wabangasekele, intsimbi yentsimbi. Umbhali wakhathalela indlela ebeka umthwalo kunye nenkangeleko yesikhululo sikaloliwe seposi. Ukongeza, iCzechs igwebe amahlathi e-Wells, oak, i-brichs kwaye wafika ngaphezulu kwenkulungwane yemithi yeCheriry. Ngeli xesha, u-Anton Pavlovich waphinda wavula ilayibrari yoluntu eTaganrog.
Imisebenzi emininzi eyaziwayo kaChenkov yabhalwa kwilifa. Iziqwenga "chaika" kunye "Malume Vanya" zazivela kwiMelikovo. Ukucaphukisa isifo sephepha kunyanzelekile umbhali ngokufuthi ukuba ashiye ipropathi, eshiya emazantsi. Kwibusika ye-1898, uMdlali wempangelo ochithwa kakuhle, kwaye emva kokubuya eFransi, ndathenga umhlaba eYalta. Ngehlobo le-1899, i-chenokv ithengise ipropathi kwaye ekugqibeleni yaya kwi-crista.
Ngeli xesha lobomi bakhe, u-Anton Pavlovich wadibana nenkosikazi ezayo. Julayi 1900 Incwadi yeBhukula e-Olga echithwe kwi-cotokhov, eyamlungisa ngakumbi ikhondo lolwalamano lwazo. Ngo-1900, umdlali odlala wathi "Oodade abathathu" badlala kulo mlingane wakhe wadlala ngobuqaqawuli. Impumelelo ye-Olga Knipper njengendima yendima yabasetyhini e-Chenokhov yaphindaphindwa kwaye ngexesha lokuveliswa komsebenzi "wegadi yeCherry" ngo-1903.
Ngo-1904, kwafa intsebenzo. Iqhekeza elithi "igadi yeCherry" iye yangumsebenzi wokugqibela weClassic yaseRussia.
Ukudlala kunye neemovie
UMlawuli waseSoviet uSeergey Yutykelevich uthathe ifilimu malunga nokudlala "Seagull". Iteyiphu ifumene igama elithi "iyelenqe lebali elincinci."URobert odidi kunye ne-DMIMMY FRENKL, usebenzisa iinyani kwi-biography yombhali, ngo-1991 wabeka eNetherlands Pration "Chenokv".
I-biographical Drama "Uxoleleni, Dr. Chenokv!" Ubomi bomdlalo odlalwayo basuswa kwisicelo sikaRhulumente weMoscow ngo-2007.
Ngo-2012, kwakhutshwa ifilimu, ukuthetha nge-anton Pavlovich kunye neLydia Avilova ubudlelwane buka-Lydia Avilova. Kumfanekiso obizwa ngokuba ngu "Abalandeli", oonobumba abadumileyo baseRussia oleg oleg tabakov kunye ne-kirill piragi ibhola.
Ngo-2015, uMlawuli waseFrance Fere Ferr kwinkundla yakhe ye-Antorio ye-Anton Cheokhov 1890 Tape. Indima ye-Russian Playpt yenziwa i-actor yolutsha u-Zhiro. Ipladi yefilimu yakhiwe ngomhla wobomi bombhali ukusuka ngo-1885 ukuya kwi-1890.
Ubomi Buqu
Ubomi bombhali bombhali buyindawo yothando. Ubudlelwane bukaChenokhov kunye neenkanuko zakhe zaqhubeka iminyaka. Iinoveli zombhali azange zenzeke ngokugqibeleleyo. Abafazi bakhe babehlala besazi omnye komnye, kodwa abakhange bakhawuleze bahlukane nontanda.
Ngo-1888, umbhali waba nomdla kuLidiya Mysina. Intombazana eneminyaka elishumi elinesithoba yayiyintombi yoodade baseChenkov. I-Lick Mizinov yayifuna ukuba ngumfazi wombhali, kwaye wayefuna ukukhululeka kwaye azimele. Njengomlingane, le ntombazana yayingenamdla kuye. Ayithinteli i-chenkov iminyaka elishumi ukunika ithemba lobuhle. Wayemnandipha eluntwini, kodwa ephephe iincoko ngomtshato noqoqosho oludibeneyo.
Iminyaka embalwa yokuqala yonxibelelwano kunye nobuso beChekhhov ihlekise ukuba ibambeke ebusweni bakhe, inciphisa abasebenzi abanokubakho ukufumana indawo yentokazi. Emva kwexesha, u-Anton Pavlovich ngokwakhe wazisa ngaphandle kokuthandana noTelinas Ignatius Potapenko.
I-Mizinova yangena ekunxibelelaneni ne-fan etshatileyo, ikhulelwe kwaye yazala intombi. Umntwana wasweleka kwiminyaka yokuqala yobomi. I-Czechs isebenzise ezi zibakala kwaye zenziwe i-Mysine i-prototype yeNina Zarechny kwi "Seagull". Emva kwemidlalo enzima kwaye ejikelezwe nge-chenokv kunye ne potapenk, ubuso bafumana intuthuzelo emtshatweni. Ngo-1902, watshata nomphathi weholo yeholo yeholo Alexander Sanina.
Kumashumi asibhozo eenkulungwane zeshumi elinesithoba, u-Anton Pavlovich waqhelana no-Elena Shavarov. Intombazana eneminyaka elishumi elinesihlanu ubudala yazisa i-Chekilev yebali lakhe kwaye yathandana nombhali ngaphandle kwenkumbulo. Intombazana iqonde ukuba kukho amathuba amancinci okuphindaphindwa, kwaye iminyaka emihlanu emva kwentlanganiso yabo etshatileyo.
Ngo-1897, wafika etyelele izihlobo eMoscow. Badibana neChenkov, kunye nenoveli ezenzekileyo phakathi kwabo. Abathandi basinda kwi-crista. E-Yalta, bachitha ixesha kunye, kodwa bahlukana. UChekrav wabhala u-Elena malunga neeleta ezisixhenxe zeshumi elinasixhenxe, ngaphezu kwakhe nawuphi na othandekayo. U-Anton Pavlovich uxele umfanekiso weShavarov kwibali "inenekazi elinenja".
Ngo-1898, kwi-preefere yeqhenqa "Chaika" yadibana nomdla odlalayo i-karsh. Wayethandana noChenokv ukusuka kwiminyaka elishumi elinesibini kwaye akazange aphoswe ithuba lokuzama ukupela kwakhe kumbhali. I-Anton Pavlovich iqhubekile. Iziphumo zalo mnqweno yayikukukhulelwa kweNINA. Kukholelwa ukuba umbhali akana nzala ngqo, kodwa ngo-1900 wayenentombi yeTatyana. I-Chenokv ibingazi ngale meko, njengoko wanika ukurhoxa kukaNina ngenxa yenoveli ene-nquipper. UKorsh akazange axelele umbhali malunga nokukhulelwa. Emva kokuzalwa, intombi kaNina nabazali bakhe bemka eParis. UTatyana Antonovna waba ngugqirha, esiya emanyathelweni kaBawo.
I-Olga Bhuti yavela ekubeni ngumfazi owaziyo ukuba uyayithanda i-Chekrav ukuze itshate naye. Badibana ngo-1898 kwenye yeendlela zokudlala "zeSeagull". I-olga yayingumfazi omhle nonomtsalane, umbakala. Ngo-1901, abathandi batshata. Kwakungekho abantwana abavela kwisibini. Incwadi yayikhulelwe, kodwa indlalifa yayingazalwanga.
Iileta ezivela kwindawo yokugcina i-chenokv ishiya impondo emibini yempumelelo yemanyano yakhe ngencwadi. UOlga akazange ashiye le ndawo, kwaye amaCzechs ahlala ehlala eYalta, etyhafisa uhlaselo lwesifo sephepha. Ibali lothando lombhali kunye nenkosikazi yakhe baqala ukuziva neemvakalelo ezintle, kodwa zajika zaba yinoveli epististolay enezintlanganiso ezinqabileyo.
Abahlobo baKhethav babekholelwa ukuba, ukuba umbhali akatshatanga u-Olga, ngewayehlala ubomi obude nobonwabisayo. Eli bali, eli bali alizange liphelelwe yinto emangalisayo njengoko inokuba njalo. Ngemihla yokugqibela yobomi bomdlalo odlalayo, umfazi wayekulo xa wayekholo, engakhenketho.
Isifo nokufa
I-chenokv yayigula sisifo sephepha. Okokuqala wafumana imiqondiso yabathengi abaneminyaka engama-24. Imalaise yakhe ukusukela ngo-1885 yabonakala ngokucacileyo, iqondo lobushushu lahamba kunye nokukhohlela kwegazi, njengoko kungqinwe ziinkumbulo zombhali. Ebutsheni bakhe, u-Anton uPavlovich akazange aphathwe kwisifo sephepha. Kwabonakala ngathi iimpawu zenye yesi sigulo.
Emva kwexesha, umbhali wawufihla impilo-ntle yakhe evela kubantu ababathandayo kunye nabantu bomthonyama. Wayengafuni ukuphazamisa udadewabo kunye nonina. Ngo-1897, i-playfulid yayisele igula kakhulu, yayihlala iyopha imiphunga yasekunene. Le nyaniso yammenza ukuba afumane uphando phantsi kweliso likaNjingalwazi Ostrumov.
Ukufunda iimpawu zesifo sikaChenhov, ubekwe esibhedlele. Oogqirha bafunyaniswe, unyango olumiselweyo. Ngokukhawuleza xa umbhali sele engcono, waqala wacela ekhaya. I-Chenokv yayifuna ngokwenene ukuqhubeka nemisebenzi yakhe yoncwadi. Ngo-1898, uhlaselo lokukhohliswa kwegazi kwaqala ukolula eChechov kangangeentsuku ezininzi. Wayifihla le nto kwizalamane zakhe.
Iimvakalelo ezibuhlungu zaba lubomi obukhulu be-Chenokv, umbhali wawanika amagorha akhe. Olu tshintsho luphawuleka kakhulu emsebenzini webali lomntu ongaziwayo.
Umbhali wayetyelelwe kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zokuchithela kuzo iiholide, indlela eya kuthi ngamanye amaxesha inzima kakhulu kumntu ogulayo. Hlala eYalta wobomi kumbhali de watshata. U-Ivan Bungen wayekholelwa ukuba iqabane lijongiwe yimpilo ka-Antovavich ngokuphumelela rhoqo. Akazange adibane nodadewethu amthandayo uMaria, ongeza iqabane lezizathu zokuncipha. Ngaphambi nje kokuba afe kwe-Chechov nenkosikazi yakhe zaya kwindawo yokuhamba eMzantsi Afrika.
Ngehlobo le-1904, umbhali wasweleka eBebinvaler. Unobangela wokufa kukaChekilev - Isifo sephepha. Yonke iqalile ngento yokuba umdlali odlala ngawo uziva kakubi kunesiqhelo. Xa ibhedi yakhe yayinogqirha, uChenokvuka sele uxelile ukuba uyafa. Wamcela ukuba afe i-champagne, esela iglasi kwaye wasweleka.
Iinyani ezinomdla
- Ebuntwaneni, uChenokv wabizwa ngokuba "yibhombu", kuba wayenentloko enkulu. Ekunye nabazalwana, wayecula kwikwayala yecawa, eyakhokelela kuyise.
- Umbhali akasoloko esayina imisebenzi yakhe yeli gama lokugqibela. Ngaphezulu kweshumi elinesine le-Dmeududusms Antonin Pavlovich eyaziwa ngokuba yigxeki yoncwadi.
- Umbhali wabathanda izinja. Wayephethe ii-dachvend ezimbini. Umdlali odlalayo u-Khaina Markovna kunye ne-Bromimine Nievich kwi-Houdines ethandwayo. Umbhali wagcinwa kwindlu kaMangoste.
- Umdlalo wokudlala wayenobuhlobo noPeter Tchaikovsky, Maxim gork, uIsaac Leon, i-Ivan Bunin, nengonyama uTolstoy ebizwa ngokuba yithixo.
- I-Anton Pavlovich yayimde ngaphezulu kwe-180 yeesentimitha. Umtsalane wakhe utsala inani elikhulu labasetyhini. Abahlobo bomdlalo wokudlala kwi-Joke ababizwa ngokuba "nguAntonovkov".
- Ibhokisi yomzimba yombhali yasiwa eMoscow evela eJamani emotweni kunye nombhalo ". Yayiyinxalenye yokuqulunqwa kweMpatshi efakwe kwiikhabhathi zefriji.
- Emva kokusweleka kombhali, omnye wabaqhelene naye kwimisebenzi yoncwadi ekhuphe uluhlu "A. P. Chenokv ebomini bam. " U-Lidia Avilova waxoxwa ukuba iinkanuko ezinzulu zidlalwa phakathi kwakhe nombhali, nangona ubungqina obubhaliweyo bungekho. Kwiileta zakhe, u-Anton Pavlovich waguqukela kuye "umama" okanye "umnandi". I-Lydia Avilova ichaze oku kwinto yokuba watshisa uninzi lwembalelwano ngokudlala.
- Ababhali-mbali bayabuthandabuza ubunyani beeGrases zakhe, ukukholelwa ukuba umbhali ufuna ukutsala umdla woncedo lwegama lomntu onomdla.