I-Boris i-Parternak-biography, ifoto, ubomi bomntu, imibongo, imisebenzi, ukufa

Biography

I-Boon Leonidovich ye-Paytersak yenye yeenkosi ezimbalwa zamagama anikwa ibhaso le-NOBEL. Imibongo yakhe neenguqulelo zakhe zangena kwiNgxowa-mali yeGolide yeRussia nezamazwe angaphandle.

UBoris Parinak wazalwa ngoJanuwari 29, 1890 eMoscow ngosapho olukhuni. Umama - ipiyanisi, eyaqala ukusebenza kweOdessa, apho usapho lwahamba khona phambi kokuzalwa kukaCurs. Utata ngumculi kunye nelungu lemfundo yobugcisa. Ezinye zokupeyinta kwakhe zafunyanwa ngumxhasi odumileyo wegalyakov yegalari. Utata kaBoris wayengabahlobo kunye ne-lvom nikolayevich eTolstoy kwaye ebandakanyeka kwimifanekiso yakhe. I-boris yayizibulo, emva kwakhe, abanye abantwana abathathu babonakala entsatsheni.

Ukususela ebuntwaneni, imbongi ijikeleze imeko yokuyila. Indlu yabazali yavulwa ngenxa yabantu eyahlukileyo. Iindwendwe ezinqwenelekayo zayingonyamakazi i-Tolstoy, abaqambile baseScroline neRakhManov, amagcisa eIvanov, e-Polenov, eNesterov, Ge, uLevitan nabanye abadumileyo. Unxibelelwano kunye nabo alunakuchaphazela imbongi yexesha elizayo.

Igunya elikhulu lenkwenkwe laliScroriabin, liphantsi kwempembelelo yomqambi ixesha elide wayenomdla kumculo waza waphupha ngokuhamba emanyathelweni katitshala wakhe. UBoris ufunda ngokugqibeleleyo, ugqibezele i-gymnasium ngembasa yegolide. Ngokuhambelana nophando lwe-provering.

Kwibhayiloji ye-biebripak, kwafuneka iimeko zaphindaphindwa, kwaye olu khetho lwalusoloko luntsonkothi. Esi sigqibo sokuqala sasiyinto yokwaliwa komculo. Emva kweminyaka, ucacisa le meko ngokungabikho kwamandla apheleleyo. Injongo nefanelekileyo, yonke into awayenzayo, yaziswa ngokupheleleyo. UBoris waqonda ukuba, ngaphandle kokuthanda komculo, akanakufikelela ukuphakama kwintsimi yomculo.

Ngo-1908, iba ngumfundi weYunivesithi yaseJurfuk Moscow, unyaka kamva waguqulelwa kwisebe lefilosofi. Ngokwezinye izifundo, uneziphakamiso ezibalaseleyo, kwaye ngo-1912 ungena kwiDyunivesithi yaseMargarg. EJamani, i-paritermak icacisa umsebenzi ophumelelayo, kodwa ngokungalindelekanga ngokupheleleyo uthatha isigqibo sokuba yimbongi, hayi ifilosofi.

Amanyathelo okuqala kubuchule bokuyila

Isampulu yepeni iwele ngo-1910. Imibongo yakhe yokuqala ibhaliwe phantsi kohambo nosapho lwayo ukuya eVenice kunye nokwala intombazana abayithandayo, eyenza isithembiso. Omnye wohlobondlebe wakhe ubhala loo nto yayiyimibongo yabantwana, kodwa intsingiselo intsingiselo kakhulu. Emva kokubuyela eMoscow, iba liqela kwimijikelezo yencwadi ethi "Ingoma" kunye "ne-Musiag", apho ayifunda khona imibongo yakhe. Ekuqaleni, uphawu lwakhe kunye nokuzifuziswa kwakhe kwamfake kuye, kodwa kamva ukhetha indlela ezimeleyo kuyo nayiphi na imibutho yolwazi.

Ngo-1913-1914 - iminyaka izaliswe yiminyhadala emininzi yokuyila. Iqela lemibongo layo lapapashwa, ingqokelela yemibongo "yamawele emafini" aphuma. Kodwa imbongi ifuna kuye, ijonga indalo yakhe ayonelanga. Ngo-1914, udibana ne-mayakovsky, onempembelelo enkulu kwi-pariternak kwi-pariter.

Ngo-1916, ubomi bukaTreak kwiPhondo, kwilali ye-IralvoDodo-Vilva, apho imelwe nguMphathi weZityalo zeChemical Sris zbarsky. Imisebenzi kumncedisi weofisi kwimbalelwano yeshishini kwaye uzibandakanya kurhwebo kunye nengxelo yemali. Ngokwembono ebanzi, i-Yuurchatin evela kwinoveli eyaziwayo "yeHshivago" yi-Premitype yePerm. Utyelela isityalo se-berezniki soda eKime. Phantsi kwembono yento awayeyibona kwileta eya kuS. P. Bobrov ibiza isityalo kwaye sakhiwe phantsi kwelali yesampula yaseYurophu "iBelgium encinci ye-Belgium".

Indalo

Uyilo yinkqubo emangalisayo. Kwabanye, kukukhanya kwaye kumnandi, kuba abanye - ukusebenza nzima, befuna imizamo emikhulu yokufezekisa injongo kwaye bafezekise imfezeko. I-Boris yayingowesibini kudidi lwesibini lwabantu. Kwimisebenzi emininzi, amabinzana anamabinzana apheleleyo kunye nemvano-siphelo. Ingqokelela "Udade wethu bubomi", ophuma ngo-1922, uzibona impumelelo yakhe yokuqala kwintsimi yoncwadi.

Inomdla, nkqu nendlela enomdla ngayo yebhayiloji yayibubudlelwane bakhe neSergey yeSenzenin, engazange ayithande umsebenzi kaPatterwork. Ngenxa yesi siseko, ulwalamano lwabo lwaguquka lwaba luhambo oluvulekileyo. Nje ukuba kubekho ulwaza phakathi kweembongi. Kukho iinkumbulo ezinomdla ze-katheva, apho iEenina ayibiza ngokuba "korolevich", kunye ne-pain'at ".

"I-Korolovyza ibambe i-mulatto ekrelekrele yesandla esinye, kwaye enye izama ukuyinika, ngelixa i-Mulat - kwimbonakalo ye-Araba kunye nehashe elivuthayo Ngamaqhosha okomeleleyo ngobukrelekrele ngokungapheliyo, wayekhethwe ukuba athambekele inqindi ebomvu kangangokuba wayengenakuphumelela. "

Ngeminyaka yee-1920 kukho inani lemicimbi ebalulekileyo: Ukufuduka kwabazali ukuya eJamani, umtshato we-Evgenia Lurie, ukuzalwa koNyana, ukupapashwa kweMibongo entsha.

IGunya laseSoviet

Ebutsheni beminyaka yee-1930s, i-paristonak kwaye umsebenzi wakhe uyawamkela amandla. Ukuqokelelwa kwemibongo kuqhutywa rhoqo ngonyaka, ngo-1934 uthetha nentetho kwinkomfa yemanyano yababhali. Ithathwa njengeyona ndawo intle kwilizwe laseSoviet. Ngo-1935 iya eParis kwiNkomfa yeHlabathi yababhali. Ukwahlulwa kwe-nervous kwenzeka kuhambo, umbhali ukhalaza nge-insomnia kunye ne-nerves.

Kwakuloo nyaka, kumazwe amaninzi kuNyana kunye nendoda yakhe, uAnna Akhitova, ababanjiweyo, emva koko bakhulula i-stalin emva kweeleta zakhe. Ngombulelo ngoDisemba 1935, imbongi ithumela i-stalin njengesipho sencwadi yencwadi yengoma ye-Georgia. Kwileta ehamba nale nombulelo "ngenkululeko yekhaya lezalamane zeAkhmatova."

NgoJanuwari 1936, ukupapashwa kwemibongo yakhe emibini, awayithandayo i. V. Stalin. Ngaphandle kweenzame, amandla abantu akazange axolele intembeko yokuthathelela izalamane zawo ze-Akehmatova, kunye nokuzikhusela kweGumidov kunye ne-mandallstam. Ngo-1936 kuyasuswa kwobomi boncwadi, otyholwa ngokude nobomi kunye nemozulu yehlabathi.

Iinguqulelo

I-Pariternak ifumene udumo lwayo kungekuphela njengembongi, kodwa injengenkosi yokuguqulela imibongo yangaphandle. Ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yee-1930, umyinge wobunkokeli belizwe utshintsha ubuntu bakhe, imisebenzi ayishicilelwanga, kwaye ihlala ingenabomi. Le yimikhosi imbongi ibhekisele kwinguqulelo. Kubo, i-Pastik ibhekisa kumsebenzi wobugcisa obaneleyo. Ilungele ukusebenza ngononophelo olukhethekileyo, izama ukuyenza igqibelele.

Iqala ukusebenza kwinguqulelo ngo-1936, kwilizwe lasePeredakin. Inkqubo yokuqhutywa yi-pironak ithathelwa ingqalelo intsingiselo yemisebenzi emikhulu. Udluliselo alunaye kuphela ithuba lokuqulatha usapho kwimiqathango, kodwa nakwindlela yokuphumeza njengembongi. Iinguqulelo zikaShakespeare ezenziwe nguBoris Prisak zaba yiklasikhi.

Imfazwe

Ngenxa yokwenzakala komntwana, ayixhomekeki kwinkanuko. Ilahlekile ecaleni lembongi nayo ayikwazanga. Iphela iikhosi, ifumana imeko yembalelwano yomkhosi kwaye ihamba ngaphambili. Emva kokubuya, kudala umjikelo wemibongo yokuthand 'izwe.

Kwiminyaka yasemva kwemfazwe, isebenza kakhulu, isebenza kakhulu, ijongene neenguqulelo, njengoko zihlala kuphela umvuzo. Imibongo ibhala kancinane - lonke ixesha lakhe lisebenzisa i-iguqulelo kwaye ndibhale inoveli entsha, isebenza ngokuguqulelwa "i-goust" gothere.

"UGqirha Zhavago" kunye neGena

Incwadi ethi "Gr. Zhivago" yenye yeyona misebenzi ibalulekileyo yembongi kwiproses, ngeendlela ezininzi yinoveli ye-autobiographical, apho i-painbak iminyaka elishumi. I-prototype yophawu oluphambili lwenoveli yayingumfazi wakhe uZinaida pastenak (nigauz). Emva kokuvela kwe-olga Ivinskaya ebomini bakhe, umculo omtsha wembongi, sebenza kwincwadi yahamba ngokukhawuleza.

Inqaku lenoveli liqala ukusuka ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane kwaye liphela ngeMfazwe yeLizwe enkulu. Igama lencwadi njengoko bendiyibhalile. Ekuqaleni wabizwa ngokuba "ngamakhwenkwe namantombazana", emva koko ke "emva koko" ke "ikhandlela letshisiwe" kunye "nokufa."

Ngebali eliyinyani kwaye wajonga iziganeko zezo minyaka, umbhali wayelima kakubi, kwaye uGqirha Zhavago akazange aqwalaselwe njengobunkokeli belizwe. KwiSoviet Union, inoveli yayingashicilelwanga, kodwa isidima sakhe sayiqonda phesheya. Ipapashwe e-Itali ngo-1957 Rurn Zhivago "ifumene i-pubsry uphononongo lwentshiseko yabafundi kwaye yaba yimvakalelo yokwenene.

Ngo-1958, amabhaso eNobel anikwa i-paronk. Inoveli iguqulelwa kwiilwimi zamazwe ahlukeneyo kwaye isebenza ngoxolo, epapashwe eJamani, eBritain neHolland. Abasemagunyeni baseSoviet bazama ukuzama ukususa umbhalo obhaliweyo kwaye bayithintele incwadi, kodwa yaya iyaziwa.

Ukuqwalaselwa kwetalente yombhali yehlabathi kuluntu lwehlabathi luye lolona lonwabo kunye nosizi ngaxeshanye. Ukwanda kokulimala akunamandla nje, kodwa nawo usebenza nabo. I-rallies ezifikelelekayo ziqhutywa kwiifektri, kumaziko, kwimibutho yabasebenzi kunye neminye imibutho. Iileta ezihlanganisiweyo ziqhutywa ngemfuno yokohlwaya imbongi ye-stroble.

Bacela ukuyithumela kweli lizwe, kodwa imbongi ayizikhetha ngaphandle kwelizwe lakhe. Uchaza amava akhe obukrakra ngeli xesha kwi-Nobel Paize Porte (1959), epapashwa kwelinye ilizwe. Phantsi koxinzelelo lwephulo lokuphatha kwibhaso, wanyanzelwa ukuba avume, kwaye wayetyholwa ngokuvutha kwendinyana. I-Boridovich ayibandakanyi umanyano lwababhali be-USSR, kodwa uhlala ehleli ecaleni, uqhubeka epapasha kwaye afumane imirhumo.

Umbongo

Kwivesi yexesha lokuqala, impembelelo yofuziselo iyabonakala. Zibonakaliswa yimifanekiso enzima, imifanekiso engacacanga kunye nokuthelekisa. Ngexesha lemfazwe, isitayela sakhe sitshintsha ngokumangalisayo - imibongo iba lula, siyaqondakala kwaye kulula ukuyifunda. Oku kungumntu ngakumbi kwimibongo yayo emifutshane, njenge "Matshi", "umoya", "hmel", "Hambat". Ubuhlakani be-parikak kukuba nemibongo yakhe mincinci inentsingiselo ebalulekileyo yentanda-bulumko.

Umsebenzi obhalwe ngo-1956 wexesha lokugqibela lomsebenzi wakhe xa wayehlala kwaye esebenza ePeredkino. Ukuba owokuqala wemibongo yakhe wayebahle, emva koko kamva uluntu luvela kubo.

Umxholo owuthandayo wembongi ngumanyano lomntu kunye nendalo. "Julayi" ngumzekelo wemifanekiso emnandi yebala, apho ayithandayo umtsalane wenye yeenyanga ezintle zonyaka.

Kwingqokelela yakhe, ingqokelela yakhe iza kungena lo mbongo "I-Sheght", yabhalwa ngo-1957. Umsebenzi uquka amacandelo amabini: Ukubonakalisa umhlaba wokubonakalisa kunye nokubonakalisa intanda-bulumko kwintsingiselo yobomi kunye nokuhamba kwayo rhoqo. I-wingd iya kuba ngumgca "kwaye eyona mini inde ide" ivela kumbongo wakhe "kwiintsuku ezi-5" (ngo-1959), nto leyo eyayingenayo.

Ubomi Buqu

Ibhayiloji ye-boris ingenakuphelela ngaphandle kokuchaza ubomi bakhe. Imbongi yayitshatile kabini, okokuqala - ebutsheni bakhe, okwesibini - emdala. Uthando lwayo lwesithathu lwalunjalo.

Bonke abafazi bakhe babengama-amaya, banika ulonwabo kwaye bavuya kunye naye. Uyilo lwakhe, ukuthanda kwendalo, ukuntywila kumda wemvakalelo yayingunobangela wokungaguquguquki kubudlelwane bobuqu. Akazange ahle aye kungcatsha, kodwa akanakuba ngumfazi othembekileyo ongatshatanga.

Umfazi wakhe wokuqala u-Engeny uLurie wayengumculi. Wadibana naye ngo-1921 kwaye wabagqala intlanganiso yokomfuziselo. Ngeli xesha, i-parinak igqiba umsebenzi kwibali "lobuntwana beluvalo", iqhawe elalingumfanekiso womthamo womculi oselula. I-heroine yomsebenzi ibizwa ngokuba yi-Evgenia. Ukuthandeka, ukubethelisa nokubetheka kwabo kwakudityaniswa okumangalisayo kuyo ngenjongo yokwanela kunye nokwanela. Intombazana iba ngumfazi wakhe kunye neyumyuzi.

Ukudibana naye emphefumlweni wembongi kwabangela ukuphakamisa okungaqhelekanga. Banoyolo ngokwenene, bazalwa bengamazibulo, unyana uEugene. Imvakalelo yomeleleyo kwiminyaka yokuqala yomtshato inyibilika ngobunzima, kodwa ngokuhamba kwexesha intlupheko kunye nobungqola bobomi beminyaka engama-20 iboniswe kakuhle yintsapho yabo. U-Eugene wayefuna ukuba aphunyezwe njengomculi, ukuze inxenye yeenkxalabo yosapho idluliselwe.

Ubudlelwane buphangiwe xa imbongi iqala ukuhambelana ne-marina Tsvetaeva, ibangela ikhwele lomfazi wakhe, ethi kwiimvakalelo eziphazamisayo liphuma liye eJamani kubazali baka-Paris. Emva kwexesha, uyakukwala ukuthengisa ubuchule babo bokudala kwaye uzahlulele ngokupheleleyo kusapho. Kodwa ngeli xesha imbongi ibonakala iyintanda ethandekayo-zinaida Nemuz. Ungu-32, sele eyi-40, umyeni wakhe kunye nabantwana bobabini.

I-Nehigaus - eyahlukileyo yomfazi wokuqala. Uyinkosikazi elungileyo kwaye ngaphandle kokubulala usapho. Kwakungenayo ukucocwa komfazi okokuqala, kodwa wathandana naye xa wayejonga. Umtshato kunye nabantwana abakhethiweyo imbongi khange bayiyeke, ufuna ukuba kunye naye, ngokuchasene nayo yonke into. Ngaphandle kokuhlulelana, u-Pasteryak wayesoloko enceda usapho lwangaphambili, eyayisaza ubudlelwane kunye nabo.

Umtshato wesibini wonwabile. Umfazi onengqondo unikezele ngoxolo kunye neemeko ezifanelekileyo zomsebenzi. Unyana wesibini wembongi - wazalwa uLeonid. Njengomfazi wokuqala, ulonwabo lwahlala elingaphezulu kweminyaka elishumi. Emva koko umyeni waqala ukulibazisa ukukhululwa ngokutsha, ngokuthe ngcembe bashenxise kude nosapho. Ngokuchasene nemvelaphi yokupholisa ubudlelwane bosapho, kwi-ofisi yoHlelo leMagazini "kwihlabathi elitsha", udibana neMyuziyam yomyalelo kunye nomhleli we-Olga Ivanskaya magazine.

UBoris wayengafuni ukumshiya umfazi wakhe, ephindaphindekayo ukuzama ukwaphula ubudlelwane ne-olga. Ngo-1949, ukunxibelelana nembongi yolwimi, i-Ivandaya ibanjiwe yathunyelwa iminyaka emi-5 ukuya enkampini. Kule minyaka, uyamnceda umama wakhe kunye nabantwana bakhe - uthatha kwaye aqinisekise ngezemali.

Iimvavanyo ezinzima zichaphazela impilo yakhe. Ngo-1952, wazifumana esibhedlele sinesifo sentliziyo. Emva kokuba ebuyile kwiinkampu olga, uPasternak unobhala ongekho semthethweni. Abasebenzi de kuphele ubomi bakhe.

Ukufa

Ingca ukusuka kwicala loogxa bakhe kunye noluntu lwenze impilo yakhe. Ngo-Epreli 1960, i-parismak ikhula ngokuqinileyo. Kwakukuthoba nge-metastasis esiswini. Esibhedlele kufutshane nebhedi yakhe, uZinaida usemsebenzini.

Kwangoko ke, ukuba ukwaziwa kuye, ukuba isifo asinyangeki, kwaye kufuneka ulungiselele ukufa. Nge-30 kaMeyi, ngo-1960 akazange. UZinaida uzakushiya ubomi emva kweminyaka emi-6, unobangela wokufa uyafana nokutshabalalisa.

Kumngcwabo wakhe, ngaphandle kwesimo sengqondo esingalunganga sabasemagunyeni, abantu abaninzi beza. Phakathi kwazo yayinguAndrei Voznennky, Bulat Okoudzhava, Naum Korzorvin nabanye. Ingcwaba lakhe likwindawo yamangcwaba ePeredakin. Yonke intsapho ingcwatyelwe apho. Umbhali welitye lesikhumbuzo kwindawo yokungcwaba i-scrippitor sarah lehleev.

Imisebenzi kunye neencwadi

• "Amawele Emafu"
• "Umthandi wobuntwana"
• "Izahluko ezithathu ezivela kwiBali"
• "UkuFunda Kokhuseleko"
• "Iindlela zomoya"
• "Ukuzalwa kwesibini"
• "Amazwi aseGeorgia"
• "Kwindlela yokuqala"
• "Xa uhamba"
• "Gqirha Zhivago"
• "Umbongo kunye nemibongo: kwi-2 t"
• "Andibhaleli imibongo ..."
• "Imisebenzi ekhethiweyo"
• "Iileta eziya kubazali noodade"
• "Imbalelwano yeGrady Bris Pasternak"
• "Umhlaba womhlaba"