Biography
UFyodor Mikhailovich dostoevsky wavela nge-11 kaNovemba, i-1821 eMoscow. Utata wakhe uMikhail Andreevich wenzekile kuhlobo lwe-dostoevsky yengubo ye-ARS RIAVAN. Wafumana imfundo yezonyango kwaye wasebenza kwi-Borodino Forment, isibhedlele saseMoscow, nakwisibhedlele saseMariinskaya kubantu abahluphekayo. Umama wombhali wexesha elizayo, iNechava Maria Fedorovna, yayiyintombi yomrhwebi kaMoscow.Abazali bakaFenar babengabantu abazizityebi, kodwa basebenze ngokungakhathali ukuba banike usapho kwaye banike abantwana imfundo elungileyo. Emva koko, uDostoevsky waqonda rhoqo ukuba wayenombulelo ongazenzisiyo kuba uYise nonina ngemfundo ebalaseleyo nemfundo, eyayifanelekile.
Inkwenkwe yafunda ukuyifunda umama, wayisebenzisa le ncwadi "amabali ama-104 angcwele kwiTestamente Endala neNtsha." Ngokwenxalenye, ke, kwincwadi edumileyo yeDostoevsky ", i-karafazov", umlinganiswa uZosima kwenye yeencoko uthi ebuntwaneni wafunda ukuyifunda kule ncwadi.
Izakhono zokufunda ezenziwa nguFender Ebenziwe kwincwadi yeBhayibhile kaYobhi, eyathi yabonakaliswa kwimisebenzi yakhe elandelayo: umbhali wasebenzisa inoveli yakhe kule ncwadi xa wayesekufihlakeleyo ". Utata wenza igalelo lakhe kwimfundo yakhe, efundisa isiLati sakhe.
Lilonke, abantwana abasixhenxe bazalelwa kwintsapho yaseDostoevsky. Ke, uFenar wayengoyena Mzalwana uMzalwan 'uMikhail, awayesondelelene naye ngokukhethekileyo, nodade osele e-Vintura. Ukongeza, wayenabantakwethu abancinci uAndrei noNikolai, kunye noodadewethu abancinci iVera kunye neAlexander.
Ebutsheni bakhe, i-mikhail noFeder ifundiswe n.i. Dursis, utitshala Alexandrovsky kunye nesikolo sikaCatherine. Ngoncedo lwayo, oonyana abakhulu baseDostoevsky bafunda isiFrentshi, kunye noonyana bakatitshala ,.ND. I-Dlumbussov kunye noV.n. I-Drashas, ifundise amakhwenkwe kwiMathematics noncwadi, ngokwahlukeneyo. Ngexesha ukusuka nge-1834 ukuya kwi-1837, uFener noMikhail wayeqhubeka nezifundo zabo kwiMetropoloukhouse L.i. I-Cram, eyayiliziko lemfundo elivakalayo kakhulu.
Ngo-1837, yenzekile yenzekile: UMaria Fedorovna Dostoevskaya wasweleka e-chaokhotka. UFyodor ngexesha lokufa kukamama wayeneminyaka eli-16 kuphela ubudala. Ukuhlala ngaphandle kwenkosikazi, i-Dostoevsky-sr. Igqibe kwelokuba ithumele i-ferr kunye ne-mikhail ukuya kwi-St. Pestersburg, ukuya kwi-Pension K.f.F I-Kostomarova. Utata wayefuna ukuba amakhwenkwe angenise esona sikolo siphambili senjineli. Okubangela umdla kukuba, bobabini oonyana abadala baseDostoevsky ngelo xesha babezithanda kwaye babefuna ukunikela ngobomi babo kuye, kodwa uBawo akazange aziqonde ukuba ukuthanda kwabo.
Ukuhambisa ukuthanda kukaBawo amakhwenkwe akazange afumane. UFerdo Mikhailovich ngempumelelo uqeqesho ngempumelelo kwiNdlu yeeNdwendwe, wangena esikolweni kwaye walisebenzisa kuye, kodwa wachitha ixesha lakhe lokufunda. I-Shakespeare, eHoffman, i-Byron, i-goehe, i-gothin, i-rasin, i-rasin, i-goorn, i-gogol, i-gogol, i-gogol, i-gogol, i-gogols, i-gogols, endaweni yenzululwazi ye-Anjining.
Ngo-1838, iDostoevsky, kunye nabahlobo, yaze yalungelelanisa isangqa sabo seSikolo soBunjineli, ukongeza eFenar Mikhailovich, eGrigorovich, Beketov, Berezhetsky, bebengenisiwe. Sele ke umbhali waqalisa ukudala imisebenzi yakhe yokuqala, kodwa ayikayeki ukuba ekugqibeleni ime kumendo wombhali. Ugqibe uqeqesho ngo-1843, wade wafumana isikhundla se-injinier-liqabane kwiqela le-Sttersburg, kodwa wakhwela inkonzo ixesha elide. Ngo-1844, wagqiba kwelokuba abandakanye noncwadi kuphela kwaye arhoxile.
Ubomi Buqu
Umfazi wokuqala waseDostoevsky waba nguMaria Isausa IV, awayedibana naye kungekudala nje emva kokuba ebuyani. Iyonke, umtshato noMariya waqalisa iminyaka esixhenxe, ngaphambi kokubulawa okuzinzileyo kweqabane lombhali ngo-1864.
Ngexesha elinye leehambo zakhe zokuqala ekuqaleni kwe-1860s ye-Dostoevsky, i-e-e-e-E-Apollinaria uSusov yayinomdla. Kwakuye ukuba uPolina ubhalwe "kwi-Namidlali", i-naviya filippovva kwi-idiot kunye nenani labalinganiswa ababhinqileyo.
Nangona kwakulo xesha lonyaka wesine ongowomlo, kwakukho ubudlelwane bexesha elide noIsaeva noSurilova, ngelo xesha abafazi bakhe bebengekamkhetha ulonwabo olunjalo njengabantwana. Oku kungekho mfazi wesibini wombhali-anna dnikkin. Wayengabi liqabane elithembekileyo kuphela, kodwa nomncedisi obalaseleyo kumbhali: bacinga ngeengxaki zokupapashwa kweenoveli zeDostoevsky, zisonjululwe imicimbi yakhe yemali, yalungisa imicimbi yakhe yeGesi. "Abazalwana baseRomaki bakwa-Romas Naratazov" Fyodor Mikilovich zinikezelwe kuye.
UAna Grigovna wazala iqabane labantwana abane: eSophia nothando, oonyana bakaFyodor no-Alexey. I-Sobs, Sofia, kwafuneka ukuba ngumntwana wokuqala wesibini otshatileyo, wasweleka kwiinyanga ezimbalwa emva kokuzalwa komntwana. Kubo bonke abantwana bakaFyodor Mikhailovich, ngunyana kuphela onguFenar waba ngumgucweli wombhali wakhe.
Ukuqala kweNdlela yokuyila
Nangona le ntsapho yayingazamkeli izigqibo ze-cantir yolutsha, wakrokrela ukuba aqale ahlelele imisebenzi ngaphambili aze akhule izimvo zabatsha. I-1844 iphawulwe ngumbhali we-novice ngokukhutshwa kwencwadi yakhe yokuqala - "abantu abahlwempuzekileyo." Impumelelo yomsebenzi idlulile kuzo zonke izinto ezilindelweyo zombhali. Abagxeki nababhali baxabisa kakhulu iDostoevsky, abakhuselwe kwincwadi yezihloko bafumana impendulo ezintliziyweni kwabafundi abaninzi. UFyodor Mikhailovich wathatha i "Balinsky Circle", waqala wabizwa ngokuba "yi-gogol" entsha ".Impumelelo ihleli ixesha elide. Malunga nonyaka emva koko, i-Dostoevsky yazisa incwadi ethi "Phinda kabini", kodwa yaye yangaqondakali ukuba ingaqondakali kubathandekayo betalente yetalente yobukrakra. Ndiyakuncoma kwaye ndidumise umbhali athatyathelwe indawo yokugxekwa, ukungoneliseki, ukuphoxeka kunye nokuntywisa. Emva koko, ababhali babutyhila ubuchule balo msebenzi, ayithandi kwiinoveli zeminyaka, kodwa ngexesha lokukhululwa kwencwadi ayizange ive ngathi akukho namnye.
Kungekudala uDostoevsky waxakwa i-turgenev kwaye wagxothwa kwi "Blinsky Circle", kwaye waxabana noN.A. I-nekrasov, umhleli we "Dolophu". Nangona kunjalo, ukupapasha imisebenzi yakhe kwavunywa kwangoko ngokupapashwa "kwamanqaku esidlangalawuleni" ahlelwe ngu-Andrei Kraevsky.
Nangona kunjalo, ukuthandwa okuthandekayo kwe-fermavich kuzisa impapasho yakhe yokuqala yayivunyelwe ukuba enze inani lesangqa elinomdla kwaye liluncedo kwimijikelezo ye-St. Uninzi lwabaqhelileyo abaqhelene nabo luhlobo lwabalinganiswa abahlukeneyo bemisebenzi elandelayo yombhali.
Ukubanjwa kunye ne-kartorga
Intlekele yombhali yaqhelana neM.V. I-Petrashevsky ngo-1846. I-Petrashevsky yaneliseka 'ngoLwesihlanu ", ngexesha lokupheliswa kweSerfdom, inkululeko yeTypography, iinguqu eziqhubekayo kwinkqubo yenkqubo neminye imiba yesi sicwangciso.
Ngexesha lentlanganiso, ngandlela thile kunye ne-petrashevs, i-Dostoevsky yadibana nomsindo. Ngo-1848, ngo-1848 walungiselela uluntu oluyimfihlo oluvela kubantu abayi-8 (kubandakanywa ne-ferne mikhailovich), eyayikujongela phantsi isiko elizweni kunye nokudalwa kweTypography engekho mthethweni. Kwiintlanganiso zoMbutho, i-Dostoevsky ifunde ngokuphindaphindiweyo "ileta yeBelokinsky Gogol", eyathi ivunyelwe.
Kwi-1848, i-Fydor yaseRoma mikhailovich "yapapashwa, kodwa, Yoha, wayengenakuonwaba. Unxibelelwano olufanayo nolwalamano oluhle kakhulu lwadlala ngokuchasene nombhali, kwaye ngoAprili 23, 1849 wabanjwa, njengabanye ne-petrashevtsev. UDostoevsky wakhaba ityala lakhe, kodwa wakhunjulwa "yileta yolwaphulo-mthetho" yeBelinsky, ngoNovemba 13, 1849 wagwetywa ngumbhali kwisigwebo sentambo. Ngaphambi koko, wasilela kwisigqibo kwi-Petropavlovsk inqaba yeenyanga ezisibhozo.
Ngethamsanqa uncwadi lwaseRussia, isigwebo senkani sikaFeder Mikhailovich asizalisekanga. NgoNovemba 19, abaphulaphuli ngokubanzi bambuyisela ukuba angabahambelani nempazamo yeDostoevsky, kwaye ke isigwebo sentambo sathatyathwa sithathelwe indawo ngumthi womthi oneminyaka esibhozo ubudala. Kwaye ekupheleni kwenyanga enye, uCholas ndathambisa isohlwayo: Umbhali wabhekiswa kwi-COUCRE kwi-TACOME eSiberia iminyaka emine endaweni yesibhozo. Kwangelo xesha, wahluthwa isikhundla esincinci kwaye emva kweqonga lamaqonga, laliveliswa kumajoni.
Ngaphandle kwalo lonke ubuncwane kunye nokuthobeka, ophakamisa isigwebo esifanayo, ukungenisa amajoni akuthetha okugcweleyo kwe-dostoevsky yamalungelo akhe oluntu. Yayilityala lokuqala eRussia, kuba ngokufuthi abo bantu bagwetywe umsebenzi wenkolo, de kuphele ubomi babo baphulukana neminyaka emininzi yaseburhulumenteni kwaye babuyela ebomini basimahla. Umlawuli uNicholis ndazisola umbhali oselula kwaye wayengafuni ukonakalisa italente yakhe.
Iminyaka e-fer Pedoilovich echithwe kwi-Tartorga, yenza into engathandekiyo kuye. Umbhali wafumana ukubandezeleka okungapheliyo kunye nesizungu. Ukongeza, wayenexesha elininzi lokumisela unxibelelwano oluqhelekileyo namanye amabanjwa: Abo ixesha elide alizange alithathe ngenxa yesihloko esihle.
Ngo-1856, uMlawuli omtsha uAlexander II waxolelwa kuzo zonke ii-PETrashevs, kwaye ngo-1857 Dostoevsky waxolelwa, oko kukuthi, wafumana uxolelo kwaye wabuyiselwa njengokupapashwa kwemisebenzi yakhe. Kwaye ukuba, kulutsha lwaseFenar Mikhailovich, owayengagqibekanga kukhetheka kwakhe, efuna ukufumana inyaniso aze akhe inkqubo yemigaqo yobomi, emva koko emva koko, emva kwe-1850s waba ngumzekeliso oqolileyo. Iminyaka enzima kwi-katerga yenza umntu ongonqulo olunzulu kuye, awayehlala kuye kwada kwasekufeni.
Ukudakumba okuhamba
Ngo-1860, umbhali wapapasha indibano yemibhalo emibini yemibhalo, apho ibali elithi "ilali elithi" iLibhwini yamaLawana kunye nabemi balo "kunye" Malume balala ". Kwathi malunga nebali elifanayo kunye ne "mbini" - nangona imisebenzi eyenziweyo kamva yanikwa uvavanyo oluphezulu, abantu ababephila ngexesha abangazange bawe. Nangona kunjalo, ukupapashwa "kwamanqaku avela kwindlu efileyo" kwancedwa ukuba bafumane ingqalelo yabafundi kwiDostoevsky eqolileyo, banikezelwe kubomi benkolelo kwaye babhaliwe ikakhulu ngexesha lokufikelela.Kubemi abaninzi beli lizwe abangazange bazele lento yoyikekayo ngokwabo, umsebenzi waphantse wangcungcuthekiswa. Abantu abaninzi bathuswa yinto exelwayo ngumbhali, ngokukodwa ukuba ngaphambili umxholo wesihloko samaCorticia wababhali baseRussia yayiyinto efana ne-taboo. Emva koko, uHerzen waqalisa ukubiza iDostoevsky "Russia".
Ukuphazamiseka umbhali waba ngu-1861. Kulo nyaka, ngokubambisana nomkhulu wakhe uMikhail, wafumana indlu yokupapasha yegazi lakhe lokubhala kunye nezopolitiko elalibizwa ngokuba "lixesha". Ngo-1863, impapasho yavalwa, kwaye endaweni yoko, bazalwana bakaDostoevsky baqala ukuprinta nelinye iphephabhuku - elibizwa ngokuba "ngu-Epoch".
La maphephancwadi, okokuqala, ayomeleza isikhundla sabazalwana kwindawo esihlala kuyo. Okwesibini, kwanamaphepha "ahlatywayo kwaye ukhubekile", "amanqaku avela kwindlu efileyo", "i-anecdote entle" kunye neminye imisebenzi emininzi yeFyodor Mikhailovich. I-mikhail dostoevsky idlulile: Wabushiya ubomi bakhe ngo-1864.
Nge-1860s, umbhali waqalisa ukukhwela kwelinye ilizwe, ukufumana kwiindawo ezintsha kunye nokukhuthaza iinoveli zakhe ezintsha. Ukubandakanya, ngokuchanekileyo ngelo xesha, i-Dostoevsky ivela kwaye umbono womsebenzi "womdlali" uqalise ukuze uphunyezwe.
Ngo-1865, ukupapashwa kwephephabhuku "i-Epoch", ababhalisileyo bancitshiswa ngokuzinzileyo, kwafuneka bavaliwe. Ngaphezu koko: Kwanasemva kokuvalwa kwempapasho, umbhali wajongana nexabiso elichukumisayo. Ukuphuma ngandlel 'ithile kwimeko enzima yemali, waqokelela isivumelwano esingazinzanga nzuzo kupapasho lwentlanganiso yakhe kunye nomshicileli uStelovsky, kwaye emva koko waqala ukubhala inoveli yakhe enkulu. Indlela yentanda-bulumko yezizathu zentlalo yaqatshelwa ngokubanzi phakathi kwabafundi, kwaye iDostoevsky yeRostoevsky ngelixa ubomi.
Incwadi enkulu elandelayo uFer Pedor Mikhalovich yaba "yidiot", epapashwe ngo-1868. Umbono wokubonisa umntu ogqwesileyo ozama ukwenza nabuphi na abanye abalinganiswa, kodwa akanako ukoyisa amandla anentiyo kwaye, ngenxa yoko, ukubanakala kwaye kuya kuba lula ukubulawa ngamazwi. Ngapha koko, i-Dostoevsky ibizwa ngokuba ngu "Idiot" yenye yezona zinzima ukubhala incwadi, nangona iNkosana iMyshkin yaza yaba ngumlinganiswa wakhe owathandayo.
Ukuphelisa umsebenzi kule noveli, umbhali wagqiba kwelokuba abhale i-Epic ebizwa ngokuba "kukungakholelwa kubukho bukaThixo" okanye "ubomi besono esikhulu 'sesono esikhulu" okanye "ubomi besono esikhulu'. Wayengakwazi ukuqonda umbono wakhe, ezinye izimvo zenze isiseko seencwadi ezintathu ezilandelayo zeDostoevsky: "Iidemon" ngo-1871-1872, imisebenzi ye "mntwana", yagqitywa ngo-1875, Kwaye inoveli "inoveli ka-Karafanav", sebenza apho i-dostoevsky igqitywe ngo-1879-1880.
Okubangela umdla kukuba, "iidemon" apho umbhali ebecinga ukuba ivakalisa isimo sengqondo sokungavumi kwabo bafanele bamelwe ngokuguqukayo kwiRussia, ngokuthe ngcembe batshintshwa ngexesha lokubhalwa. Ekuqaleni, umbhali wayengazukuphinda enze i-stavrogina, kamva waba ngomnye wabalinganiswa bakhe abadumileyo, iqhawe eliphambili lenoveli. Kodwa umfanekiso wakhe wawunamandla kangangokuba uFyodor Mikhailovich wagqiba ekubeni atshintshe umbono kwaye wongeze idrama yokwenyani kunye nentlekele kumsebenzi wezopolitiko.
Ukuba ngaphakathi "BEST", phakathi kwezinye izinto, umxholo wootata waziva mnandi kakhulu, emva koko kwinoveli elandelayo - "umbhali okwishumi elivisayo.
Isiphumo esikhethekileyo sendlela yokuyila yeFyodor Mikhailovich, i-analogue yoncwadi yokushwankathela, "abazalwana beKarmezov" baba yi-analogue yoncwadi. Iziqendu ezininzi, imizila yesakhiwo, abalinganiswa balo msebenzi babekwe ngokuyinxenye kwiinoveli ezibhaliweyo ezazikhethwe ngaphambili, ukuqala ngenoveli yakhe yokuqala eyapapashiweyo "."
Ukufa
I-Dostoevsky iswelekile nge-28 kaJanuwari, 1881, unobangela wokufa unganyangeki, i-pulmonary tuberculosis kunye ne-Emphysema. Ukusweleka kombhali ngomhla wamashumi amathandathu obomi.
Ukuthetha kakuhle kwizihlwele zombhali zeza izihlwele zetalente yakhe, kodwa iFendar Mikhalovich ibalaseleyo, iinoveli zakhe ezingenakukhathazeka kunye nezicatshulwa ezilumkileyo zazisemva kokusweleka kombhali.