Biography
I-Homer yimbongi yamaGrike yamaGrike-umbhali, imbali yomqokeleli, umbhali wemisebenzi yakudala yoncwadi ye "Iliad" kunye ne "Odysse".
Idatha ngqo ngomhla wokuzalwa kwebali lembali ayinayo. Ihlala iyimfihlakalo nendawo yokuzalwa kwembongi. Ababhali-mbali bakholelwa ukuba eyona nto iphambili yobomi baseHomer yinkulungwane ye-X-viii kwixesha lethu. Enye yezi zixeko zithandathu ithathwa njengendawo yelizwe laseAthens: IAthens, iRhodes, Chios, iSalamin, i-SMYRNA, i-SMYRNA, i-SMYRNA, i-SMYRNA, i-smgosna, i-smin.
Ngaphezu kweendawo zokuhlala ezingaphezulu kweGrisi yamandulo zakhankanywa kubabhali abahlukeneyo ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo, ngenxa yokufika kwekhaya. Rhoqo, umbhali uthathwa nguwomthonyama weSmirns. Imisebenzi ye-homer ibhekiswe kwimbali yakudala yehlabathi, akukho zibhengezo zabantu abadala, ezibonisa ukuthandana kwexesha lobomi bombhali. Kukho imbali yokuba i-homer yakho yayingayazi indawo yokuzalwa kwakhe. Ukusuka kwi-Oracle, utitshala wafumanisa ukuba isiqithi se-ISO yayiyindawo awazalelwa kuyo kunina.
Idatha yebhayiloji yobomi bomchasi, eboniswe kwimisebenzi yamaxesha ngamaxesha, ibangele ukuba ababhali-mbali bathandabuza. Kwimisebenzi yobomi bembongi, kukhankanywa ukuba i-HOSER ligama ukuba imbongi ifunyenwe ngenxa yobumfama bakhe bafumana ubumfama bakhe. Iguqulelwe, inokuthi "ingaboni" okanye "ikhoboka". Emva kokuzalwa, umama wayenziwa nguMeszign, okuthetha ukuba "ukuzalwa nguMoses River." Ngokutsho kwentsomi, i-oplex ye-homer xa wabona ikrele lakwa-Achilles. Kwintuthuzelo ye-thestidace uTestida wambeka kwisipho semifanekiso.
Kukho inguqulelo apho imbongi yayingelo "khoboka", kodwa "ekhokelela". I-Homer yayalela ukuba akamwiselanga uMfundisi, akaboni, kodwa kwathi ngoku, yaqala yaqalisa ukuthetha ngobulumko. Ngokutsho koonyana baka-Antique biographens, uMelzigen wazalwa ngumfazi ogama linguMbilid.
Umphulisi wathetha eminyhadala yabantu abahle, kwiintlanganiso ezidolophini, kwiimarike. Ngokutsho kwababhali-mbali, iGrisi yamandulo ngexesha lobomi basekhaya onomdla wokuchuma kwakhe. Imbongi iphinda iphinde iphinde iphinde iphinde iphinde iphinde iphinde iphinde iphinde iphinde iphinde iphinde iphinde iphinde iphinde iphinda-phinda amalungu athile kwimisebenzi yakhe, ehamba ukusuka esixekweni esiya esixekweni. Wasebenzisa intlonipho, wayehlala, ukutya kwaye wayengengomntu ongcolileyo obeka i-bigographers.
Kukho uguqulelo 'Odyssey "," ILIID "kunye ne" Amampunge eMfilic "ngumsebenzi wababhali abahlukeneyo, kunye ne-HOSER kuphela komdlali we-Peloyer kuphela. Ababhali-mbali bacinga ngohlobo olungeyombongi kwintsapho yeemvumi. EGrisi yamandulo, i-handraft kunye nabanye abanobugcisa babedla ngokudluliselwa kwizizukulwana ngezizukulwana. Kule meko, naliphi na ilungu losapho elinokudlala phantsi kwegama lekhaya. Kwizizukulwana kwisizukulwana sembali kunye nendlela yokuphunyezwa kwadluliselwa kwisalamane kwisalamane. Le nyaniso yayiza kucacisa ixesha elahlukileyo lokuyilwa kwemibongo, kwaye iya kucacisa umbuzo ngemihla yebali lebali.
Ukuqulunqwa kwembongi
Elinye lawona mabali aneenkcukacha malunga nokwenziwa kwe-HOER njengembongi ye-Peru Herodotus Galicarnas, uCicero obizwa ngokuba ngu "utata wembali". Ngokutsho kombhali-mbali wakudala, imbongi yayiza kuzalwa iMulezign. Wayehlala nonina kwiSmirna, apho waba ngumfundi womnini wesikolo wabasetyhini. UMelzigen wayelumkile kwaye walwa isayensi.
Utitshala wafa, eshiya umntwana wakhe obalaseleyo esikolweni. Emva kokuba besebenze ixesha elithile nguMcebisi, uMelzie gen wagqiba kwelokuba enze kwandomeleza ulwazi lwayo ngehlabathi. Mncede ahlole umntu ogama linguMestem, owayevela kwi-Lefkad Island. UMelzign uvale isikolo kwaye wahamba ngenqanawa yomhlobo kuhambo lwaselwandle ukuya kubona izixeko ezitsha kunye namazwe.
Ngexesha lohambo, owayekhokela efundisisa imbali, iintsomi, ebuza ngamasiko abantu bendawo. Ukufika e-Itaca, uMelziGen waziva efumbathe. IINGOZI ZOKUSETYENZISELA I-SATEELTELISITE phantsi kweliso lomntu othembekileyo kunye nes swam kwilizwe layo. Kuhambo, uMelzign waqhubeka ngeenyawo. Endleleni, waphinda amabali aqokelelwa nguye ngexesha lohambo.
Ngokutsho kwe-rolidota galicarnas, ekugqibeleni ukufunyanwa kukatitshala kwisixeko saseKolofon. Apho uthathe igama elitsha. Abaphandi bale mihla bathandabuza imbali yeHerodot, kunye nokubhalwa kwamanye amabhali amandulo malunga nobomi bekhaya.
Umbuzo wasekhaya
Ngo-1795, i-rirrich August Cawf kwintshayelelo yokupapasha isicatshulwa kwimibongo ye-palate yamandulo yamaGrike ibeke phambili ithiyori eyabizwa ngokuba ngu "mbuzo waseKhaya". Eyona ntsingiselo yoluvo lukasosayensi yayikukuba imibongo ngexesha lasekhaya yayiligcisa lomlomo. Imfama, umthengisi webali omangalisayo akanakuba ngumbhali womsebenzi wobugcisa onzima.
I-HOSHERR equlunqwe iingoma, iingoma, i-eascal Epos, eyenza isiseko se "iliad" kunye "odyssey." Ngokutsho kwengcuka, ukujonga lowo ugqityiweyo kombongo ofunyenwe, ngenxa yababhali. Ukususela ngoko, izazinzulu zibandakanyekile kwimisebenzi yeHomer zahlulahlulwe zaba ziinkampu ezimbini: "Abahlalutyi" baxhase ithiyori ye-Wolf, kunye ne "United States" zilandela umanyano olungqongqo lwe-Epic.
Ubumfama
Abanye babaphandi bobuchule bokuyila bathi imbongi yayililize. Ngenxa yokungabikho kotitshala, umntu ongenantlonelo uyathetha ukuba iintanda-bulumko nabacinga ziqwalaselwe kwiGrisi yamandulo ngabantu bahluthwe ngombono oqhelekileyo, kodwa sinesipho sokujonga kwinto yezinto. Ubumfama bunokuba lusizi ngobulumko. I-Homer yayithathwa njengenye yabadali bomfanekiso obanzi wehlabathi, uMbhali we-Pedigree. Ubulumko kwakulungiselelwe wonke umntu ocacileyo.
Abathunywa bebhayoloji bakhupha kanye owona mzobo wehomer kwimisebenzi yabo, kodwa baqalisa imisebenzi yabo kwiinkulungwane ezininzi emva kokusweleka kwembongi. Kuba idatha enokuthenjwa malunga nobomi bembongi yayingagcinwanga, ukutolikwa kweebhargraphe zakudala akunakulungiswa. Ukuphelisa le nguqulo, inyani yobukho kuzo zonke iibhayiloji zeziganeko zentsomi ezibandakanya abalinganiswa bentsomi.
Sebenza
Amangqina amandulo agciniweyo anika umbono wokuba kwixesha lezinto zakudala zomsebenzi waseHomer wathathwa njengomthombo wobulumko. Imibongo inike ulwazi malunga nawo onke amanqanaba obomi-ukusuka ngokuziphatha iphela kwiziseko zobugcisa boMkhosi.
UPlutarch wabhala ukuba uAlexander Greater Greater ka-Macecensky wayehlala egcina ikopi 'ye-Iliad' kunye naye. Abantwana baseGrisi bafundiswa ukuba bafunde i-Odysee, kwaye ezinye izinto ezivela kwimisebenzi yefilosom yasekhaya - iPythagoardia zamiselwa njengendlela yokulungisa umphefumlo.
I-Homer ithathwa njengombhali kungekuphela "i-Iliad" kunye "ne-odyssey." Utitshala unokuba nguMdali woMbongo ohlekisayo "iMargit" kunye "ne-hymfric hymf". Phakathi kweminye imisebenzi echazwe kwisithethi samaGrike amandulo, kukho umjikelo wezicatshulwa malunga nokubuya kwamaqhawe kwimfazwe yaseTrojan eGrisi: "iCyprisa", "imbuyekezo" . Imibongo ye-Homer yahlula ulwimi olukhethekileyo olungenalo i-analogue kwintetho ye-colloftial. Indlela yebali ebingalibalekiyo kwaye inomdla.
Ukufa
Kukho intsomi echaza ukufa kwe-HOSHR. Ebudala, utitshala ongaboniyo waya kwisiqithi se-ISO. Ukuhamba, i-Homer yadibana nabafakeli ababini abancinci, abacenga iqhinga: "Sinento esingakhange siyibambe, kwaye siyikhutshelwe ngaphandle." Imbongi ibonakaliswe kwisigqibo sephazili ixesha elide, kodwa ayizange ifumane impendulo efanelekileyo. Amakhwenkwe abambe iingcongconi, hayi iintlanzi. I-Homer yacaphuka yinyani yokuba wayengenakuyisombulula le qhina, elalityibilika labetha intloko.Ngokutsho kolunye uhlobo, utitshala wazibulala naye, kuba ukufa kwakungabikalisile kuye njengokuphulukana nengqondo.
Iinyani ezinomdla
- Kukho malunga ne-dozen biografities katitshala, eyafikayo kwixesha lethu ukusuka kwakudala, kodwa zonke zineento ezintle kwaye zikhankanya ukuthatha inxaxheba koo thixo bakudala baseGorkshini kwiziganeko zobomi bakudala.
- Imbongi yasasaza imisebenzi yakhe ngaphandle kweGrisi yamandulo ngoncedo lwabafundi. Babizwa ngokuba baseKerida. Babhadula kwizixeko ezahlukeneyo, bazalisekisa izikwere zomsebenzi wabo.
- Ubuchule bukaHomer badume kakhulu kwiGrisi yamandulo. Malunga nesiqingatha sayo yonke i-papyrus yamandulo imiqobo yamaGrike idibanisa izinto ezahlukeneyo zembongi.
- Imorakhi yombhali yadluliselwa ngomlomo. Imibongo esiyaziyo namhlanje yaqokelelwa kwaye yakhiwe kwimisebenzi epheleleyo evela kwiingoma zomkhosi osasazekileyo weembongi ze-pirana zePissistrat. Ezinye iinxalenye zezitekisi ziye zahlelwa zithathe inxaxheba kwiminqweno yomthengi.
- I-Soviet Gqibezela i-SOVEET MAMARTEAM ngo-1915 wabhala lo mbongo "i-insomnia. I-HOSER. Iiseyile eziqinileyo ", apho i-bile" iliad "ibizwa ngokubamba kunye namagorha.
- Kude kube lishumi elinambini lenkulungwane yamashumi amabini, iziganeko ezichazwe kwimibongo yasekhaya zaqwalaselwa njengentsomi ecocekileyo. Kodwa i-thereeolotion ye-heinrich schlimaman, eyafumana itroy, yangqina ukuba ubuchule bembongi yamandulo yamaGrike isekwe kwimisitho yokwenene. Emva kokufunyanwa kwakufunyanwa, abalandeli bakaPlato akomeleze ngethemba lokuba abembi bemihlambi babeyifumana kunye ne-Atlantis.