Biography
Yonke i-Emperor Elexander Aleksandrovich romanov yazalwa nge-26 kaFebruwari (ngokwesitayela esidala) esingu-1845 eSt. Utata wakhe wayengumlawuli-Redomer Alexander II, noMama - ukumkanikazi uMaria uAlexandrovna. Inkwenkwe yayikuMntwana wesithathu kusapho, apho abanye abantwana bazalwa. Umkhuluwa wakhe uNicholas wayelungiselela ubukumkani, kwaye uAlexander walungiswa ngekamva lomkhosi.
Ebuntwaneni, uCesearevich wayenenzondelelo eninzi, kwaye utitshala ebewakhulisa yena. Ezezisekoni yabantu ababephila ngexesha, uAleksander oselula wayengobulumko kakhulu, kodwa enesiphiwo esifanelekileyo nesipho sokuqiqa.
I-nerav Alexander yayinobubele kwaye ineentloni kancinci, nangona le nto yayibalulekile: xa wayesenzeka ngo-193 cm, ubunzima bayo bafika kwi-120 kg. Ngaphandle kokujonga kwakhe, umfana obuthanda ubugcisa. Uthathe izifundo zokupeyinta uNjingalwazi Tikhodova kwaye wayebandakanyeka emculweni. UAlexander wawusalisa umdlalo ngefowuni yobhedu kunye neefowuni zomoya. Emva koko, uya kuwaxhasa ngamakhaya abesekhaya kwaye anyanzelise ukuba ulungelelene nobomi bemihla ngemihla uya kuqokelela ingqokelela yemisebenzi ye-Russia. Kwaye kwi-paiters ye-opera kunye nesandla sakhe esikhanyayo, i-operas yeRussia kunye ne-ballets iya kuqala ukubeka ngaphezulu kune-European.
UCesarevichi Nikolai no-Alexander babesondele kakhulu. Umzalwana omncinci uthandabuze ukuba akukho mntu usondeleyo kwaye uthandwa nguye, ngaphandle kukaNicholas. Ke ngoko, xa ngo-1865, indlalifa kwitrone ngexesha lohambo e-Italiya lwaziva kakubi kwaye ngequbuliso wasweleka kwi-spinal tuberculosis, uAlexander wayengakwazi ukuthatha le lahleko ixesha elide. Ngapha koko, kwavela ukuba ngulowo waba ngumfaki-sicelo kwitrone leyo, eyayingakulungeli i-Alexander.
Abakhweli babafana ngaxa lithile beza nokothusa. Umfana wawuchonga ngokukhawuleza ikhondo lweentetho ezikhethekileyo ezimfundela umcebisi we-Konstantin. Emva kophawu loBukumkani, uAlexander uya kwenza uMcebisi woMfundisi wakhe kwaye aqhagamshelane naye de kube sekuphelisweni kobomi bakhe. Omnye umncedisi uZesvicevich wanyulwa uNikolay Alexandrovich Kachalov, omelwe nguMfana owenza uhambo oluya eRussia.
Umtshato kwiTrone
Ekuqaleni kuka-Matshi 1881, emva kokubulawa, uMlawuli uAlexander II, umlawuli uAlexander II wasweleka, waza wacela ngokukhawuleza unyana wakhe kwitrone yakhe. Kwiinyanga ezimbini kamva, umlawuli omtsha wenza "i-avendo kwi-Idiolaim ye-Autoracy", ethi ihambisa zonke iinguqu zenkululeko kuRhulumente wamiselwa nguYise.
Imfihlakalo yomtshato wobo Buko emva kwexesha emva kwe-15 kaMeyi, 1883 kwicawa yengqondo yeMoscow kremren. Ngexesha lolawulo, usapho lwasebukhosini lwafudukela kwibhotwe eGatchna.
Umgaqo-nkqubo wangaphakathi uAlexander III
I-Alexander III inamathele kwigama elibizwa ngokuba yimonicachical kunye nemigaqo yobuzwe, izenzo zayo zezopolitiko zasekhaya zinokubizwa ngokuba yimbuyekezo. Umlawuli wokuqala osayiniweyo otyikityelwe ngoxolo lwenkonzo yaseLiberal. Phakathi kwazo yayiPrince Konstalaevich, m. T. Loris-Melikova, D. Munyikova, D. Munyikova, A A. MALI. Wenza i-K. P. Victorone -'itieva, D. A. Tolstoy, M. Katkova ngomanani aphambili okusingqongileyo.
Ngo-1889, ipolitiki enetalente kunye nezemali s. Yu. Ngu-Alexander Alexandrovich kungekudala wanyula kungekudala uMphathiswa WezeMali noMphathiswa wezoNxibelelwano kungekudala. USergey Yulievich wenza lukhulu kwiRussia enkulu. Wazisa i-Ruble ngegolide yelizwe, eyaba negalelo ekomelezeni imali yaseRussia kwimarike yamanye amazwe. Oku kukhokelele kwinto yokuba ukuhamba kwengqekembe yelinye ilizwe kuBukhosi baseRussia kwandiswa, kwaye uqoqosho luye lwaqala ukukhulisa isantya sesantya salomeleza. Ukongeza, wenza okuninzi kuphuhliso nolwakhiwo lwendlela e-Seriber-seberia yaseSiberia, eyeyona kuphela kwendlela yokuqhagamshela i-vladivosok nge moscow.
Ngaphandle kwento yokuba abantu baseAlexander III baqinisa ilungelo lokufumana imfundo kunye nevoti kunyulo lweZeestvo, wabazisa ithuba lokuthatha imali ephantsi ukuze akhulise isikhundla sawo emhlabeni. Kuba izidwangube, umlawuli wazisa isithintelo. Sele kunyaka wokuqala weBhodi, warhoxisa zonke iintlawulo ezongezelelweyo kuNondyebo wasebukhosini oqikelelweyo, kwaye wenza okuninzi ekupheliseni urhwaphilizo.
UAlexander III womeleze ukubekwa kweliso kwabafundi, waseka umda kwinani labafundi abangamaYuda kuwo onke amaziko emfundo, oqinileyo obonke. Isiqubulo sakhe saba libinzana: "IRussia kubantu baseRussia." Phezu kwangaphandle kobukumkani, wavakalisa ukuduma ngokusebenzayo.
UAlexander III wenza okuninzi kumzi mveliso wensimbi kunye nophuhliso lokumbiwa kweoyile kunye negesi. Ngayo, i-boom yokwenene yaqala ukuphucula intlalo-ntle yabantu, kwaye izoyikiso zabanqolobi ziye zayeka ngokupheleleyo. Ndenze ii-autracts ezininzi kunye ne-orthodoxy. Ngebhodi yayo, inani leedayisi liyanda, kwakhiwa oomonasteries ezintsha kunye neetempile ezintsha. Ngo-1883, enye yezona zinto zibalaseleyo zakhiwe - Ibandla likaKristu uMsindisi.
Kwilifa, emva kolawulo lwayo, uAlexander III washiya ilizwe ngoqoqosho olomeleleyo.
UAlexander III UMGAQO-NKQUBO WOKUGQIBELA
Umlawuli uAlexander III ngobulumko bakhe kumgaqo-nkqubo wezangaphandle isebenza kunye nokuthintelwa kweemfazwe zangena ibali njengomgcini woxolo. Kodwa kwangaxeshanye akazange alibale ukuqinisa amandla omkhosi. Ngaphantsi kweAlexandra III, iRight Fleeet yaba sisithathu emva kweFrancely France kunye ne-UK.
Umlawuli ulawula ukugcina ubudlelwane thula kunye nazo zonke iimbambo eziphambili. Utyikitye izivumelwano zoxolo neJamani, eNgilani, kwaye womeleza ubuhlobo baseFranco-Russia behlabathi kwinqanaba lehlabathi.
Ngexesha lolawulo lwayo, ukuqhelisela uthethathethwano oluvulekileyo kusekwe, kwaye abalawuli bamagunya aseYurophu baqala ukuthemba inkosi yaseRussia, njengomphathi-mkhosi onobulumko, ekusombululeni yonke imicimbi ephikisayo phakathi kwamazwe.
Ubomi Buqu
Emva kokubhubha kwendlalifa yeNicholas, wayenomtshakazi, uDanish Prince maria Dagmar. Ngesiquphe kwaqonda ukuba uAlexander oselula wayethandana naye. Kwaye nangona ngamanye amaxesha wanyamekela i-freelina, iphuluriya meshcherskaya, uAlexander eneminyaka engama-21 wenza ukuba umnikelo waseMaria Sophia Frederic. Ke ngoko ngexesha elingephi, ubomi bobuqu yeAlexander batshintsha, into angazange azisole kamva.
Emva kwemfihlakalo yomtshato, eyayiqhutywa kwicawe enkulu yebhotwe lasebusika, amaqabane aselula afudukela kwibhotwe, apho babehlala khona ngaphambi kokuba itrone ye-alexander yetrone.
Kusapho luka-Alexander Alexandrovich nenkosikazi yakhe, uMary Fedorovna, onje, njengamtshato, wazalelwa abantwana abathandathu, abahlanu baphila phambi komntu omdala.
I-Nikolai ephezulu iya kuba yi-vikolai yokugqibela yaseRussia ali kwi-Romanov Denasty. Kubantwana abancinci - uAlexander, uGeorge, u-Kseniil, uMikhail, kuphela oodade bobutshaba baya kuhlala ekukhuleni. UAlexander uza kufa eneminyaka yobudala, uGoorgy uza kufa ebutsheni bakhe esisukeleyo, kwaye uMisikalill uzahlulahlule isiphelo somzalwana - i-bolsheviks iza kudutyulwa.
Umlawuli wakhulisa abantwana bakhe engcwabeni. Iingubo zabo kunye nesondlo bezilula kakhulu. Abantakwenu basebukhosini babandakanyeka kwimizimba, kwaye bafumana imfundo elungileyo. Intsapho yabelela uxolo kunye nemvume, amaqabane athile abantwana bahlala bekhutshelwa kwiDenmark kwiZihlobo.
Umzamo ongaphumelelanga
NgoMatshi 1, 1887, umzamo ongaphumelelanga wabanjwa ngobomi boMlawuli. Abafundi be-vasipanov baba ngabathathi-nxaxheba kwiyelenqe, jikelele ngokubanzi, i-pakhomy andreyuyushkin kunye ne-alexander ulyanov. Ngaphandle koqeqesho lweenyanga ezininzi zesenzo sobugrogrisi phantsi kwesikhokelo sikaPeter uShewressReva, abantu abaselula basilele ukwenza isiphelo. Zonke ezine zifakiwe ngamapolisa kunye neenyanga ezimbini emva kwetyala, ibulawa ngokuxhonywa kwinqaba ye-SHLOLBURG.
Iqela labathathi-nxaxheba lesangqa esiguqukayo, ababanjiweyo abalandela ubunqolobi, bathunyelwa ixesha elide.
Ukufa
Kunyaka emva kokuzama kubomi bosapho lwasebukhosini, isiganeko esingathandekiyo senzekile: Uloliwe apho uAlexander wahamba khona kwaye izalamane zayo zawa phantsi kweKharkov. Inxalenye yokuqulunqa iguqukile, abantu bafa. Uphahla lwenqwelo moya apho bekukho abasebenzi basebukhosini, umlawuli onamandla wabamba ixesha elide kunye neyemizuzu engama-30. Wabalungela ngako konke okubekwe ecaleni kwakhe. Kodwa i-overstrain yagqwetha impilo yokumkani. UAlexander Alexandrovich waqalisa isifo sezintso, eqhubeka ngokuthe ngcembe.
Kwiinyanga ezingama-1894, umlawuli wabanda kakhulu kwaye waziva engalunganga emva kweenyanga ezintandathu. Unjingalwazi wezamayeza ovela eJamani uErnst Leden, oye wafumanisa ukuba uNephropathy ovela eAlexander Alexandrovich, wabizwa njalo. Kwingcebiso kagqirha, umlawuli wathunyelwa eGrisi, kodwa kwindlela awaba mandundu, kwaye izihlobo zakhe zagqiba ekubeni zihlale eLiviadia ukuya e-Livadia.
Ngexesha lenyanga yomzimba weBogati, ukumkani waseUstas ngamehlo onke phambi kwamehlo kwaye ngenxa yokusilela ngokupheleleyo kwezakwane wasweleka ngoNovemba 1, 1894. Kwinyanga ephelileyo, i-vesti yakhe kaJohn (Yanishev), kunye no-Archiest John Sergiev, kwixesha elizayo, kwixa elizayo, belukrwada.
Emva kweeyure ezinesiqingatha emva kokusweleka kuka-Alexander III, unyana wakhe uNicholi wafunga ubukumkani. Ibhokisi enebhokisi yomzimba ye-Emperor yathunyelwa kwi-petersburg kwaye ingcwatywe ngokulandelelana kwi-petropavlovsky.
Umfanekiso we-emlawuli kubugcisa
Malunga neAlexandra III ayizizo iincwadi ezibhaliweyo njengezinye ii-emperors-eziphambili. Oku kwenzeka ngenxa yokuthula kwakhe kwaye kungangqubani. Umntu wakhe ukhankanywe kwezinye iincwadi ezizezinikele kusapho lwaseRomanov.
Kumatshini, ulwazi malunga nalo luboniswa kwiimbambo ezininzi zentatheli Gleb Panfilov kunye ne-Leon Partfenov. Iifilimu zobugcisa apho umlinganiswa we-Alexander III wezisiwe, waqala ukubonakala ukususela ngo-1925. Iyonke, iipeyinti ezi-5 zapapashwa, kubandakanya "unxweme lobomi", apho uMlawuli-womgcini wadlala ingonyama i-zungu ye-nikita mikita mikhalkov.
Ifilimu yokugqibela, apho iqhawe lika-Alexander III liyavela, yayingumfanekiso ka-Alexey Titshala. Kuyo, ukumkani wadlala iSergey Garmash.